Sixth Term Examination Papers 9475

MATHEMATICS 3 Morning

FRIDAY 27 JUNE 2014 Time: 3 hours

   

Additional Materials: Answer Booklet

Formulae Booklet

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INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

Each question is marked out of 20. There is no restriction of choice.
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You are provided with a Mathematical Formulae Booklet.

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_____________________________________________________________________________

This question paper consists of 9 printed pages and 3 blank pages.

© UCLES 2014
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Section A: Pure Mathematics

1 Let a, b and c be real numbers such that a + b + c = 0 and let

(1 + ax)(1 + bx)(1 + cx) = 1 + qx2 + rx3

for all real x. Show that q = bc + ca + ab and r = abc.

(i) Show that the coefficient of xn in the series expansion (in ascending powers of x) of
ln(1 + qx2 + rx3 ) is (−1)n+1 Sn where

an + bn + cn
Sn = , (n ⩾ 1).
n

(ii) Find, in terms of q and r, the coefficients of x2 , x3 and x5 in the series expansion (in
ascending powers of x) of ln(1 + qx2 + rx3 ) and hence show that S2 S3 = S5 .

(iii) Show that S2 S5 = S7 .

(iv) Give a proof of, or find a counterexample to, the claim that S2 S7 = S9 .

2 (i) Show, by means of the substitution u = cosh x , that

∫ √
sinh x 1 2 cosh x − 1
dx = √ ln √ +C.
cosh 2x 2 2 2 cosh x + 1

(ii) Use a similar substitution to find an expression for

∫
cosh x
dx .
cosh 2x

(iii) Using parts (i) and (ii) above, show that

∫ 1
√
1 π + 2 ln( 2 + 1)
du = √ .
0 1 + u4 4 2
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3 (i) The line L has equation y = mx + c, where m > 0 and c > 0. Show that, in the case
mc > a > 0, the shortest distance between L and the parabola y 2 = 4ax is
mc − a
√ .
m m2 + 1

What is the shortest distance in the case that mc ⩽ a?

(ii) Find the shortest distance between the point (p, 0), where p > 0, and the parabola
y 2 = 4ax, where a > 0, in the different cases that arise according to the value of p/a.
[You may wish to use the parametric coordinates (at2 , 2at) of points on the parabola.]
Hence find the shortest distance between the circle (x − p)2 + y 2 = b2 , where p > 0
and b > 0, and the parabola y 2 = 4ax, where a > 0, in the different cases that arise
according to the values of p, a and b.

4 (i) Let
∫ 1( ∫
′ 2
) 1
I= (y ) − y 2
dx and I1 = (y ′ + y tan x)2 dx ,
0 0
where y is a given function of x satisfying y = 0 at x = 1. Show that I − I1 = 0 and
deduce that I ⩾ 0. Show further that I = 0 only if y = 0 for all x (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1).

(ii) Let
∫ 1( )
J= (y ′ )2 − a2 y 2 dx ,
0
where a is a given positive constant and y is a given function of x, not identically zero,
satisfying y = 0 at x = 1. By considering an integral of the form
∫ 1
(y ′ + ay tan bx)2 dx ,
0

where b is suitably chosen, show that J ⩾ 0. You should state the range of values of a,
in the form a < k, for which your proof is valid.
In the case a = k, find a function y (not everywhere zero) such that J = 0.
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5 A quadrilateral drawn in the complex plane has vertices A, B, C and D, labelled anticlock-
wise. These vertices are represented, respectively, by the complex numbers a, b, c and d.
Show that ABCD is a parallelogram (defined as a quadrilateral in which opposite sides are
parallel and equal in length) if and only if a + c = b + d . Show further that, in this case,
ABCD is a square if and only if i(a − c) = b − d.
Let P QRS be a quadrilateral in the complex plane, with vertices labelled anticlockwise, the
internal angles of which are all less than 180◦ . Squares with centres X, Y , Z and T are
constructed externally to the quadrilateral on the sides P Q, QR, RS and SP , respectively.

(i) If P and Q are represented by the complex numbers p and q, respectively, show that
X can be represented by ( )
2 p(1 + i) + q(1 − i) .
1

(ii) Show that XYZT is a square if and only if P QRS is a parallelogram.

6 Starting from the result that

∫ x
h(t) > 0 for 0 < t < x =⇒ h(t) dt > 0 ,
0

show that, if f ′′ (t) > 0 for 0 < t < x0 and f(0) = f ′ (0) = 0, then f(t) > 0 for 0 < t < x0 .

(i) Show that, for 0 < x < 21 π,

cos x cosh x < 1 .

(ii) Show that, for 0 < x < 12 π,

1 sin x x
< < .
cosh x x sinh x
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7 The four distinct points Pi (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) are the vertices, labelled anticlockwise, of a cyclic
quadrilateral. The lines P1 P3 and P2 P4 intersect at Q.

(i) By considering the triangles P1 QP4 and P2 QP3 show that (P1 Q)(QP3 ) = (P2 Q)(QP4 ) .

(ii) Let pi be the position vector of the point Pi (i = 1, 2, 3, 4). Show that there exist
numbers ai , not all zero, such that
∑
4 ∑
4
ai = 0 and ai pi = 0 . (∗)
i=1 i=1

(iii) Let ai (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) be any numbers, not all zero, that satisfy (∗). Show that
a1 + a3 ̸= 0 and that the lines P1 P3 and P2 P4 intersect at the point with position
vector
a1 p1 + a3 p3
.
a1 + a3
Deduce that a1 a3 (P1 P3 )2 = a2 a4 (P2 P4 )2 .

8 The numbers f(r) satisfy f(r) > f(r + 1) for r = 1, 2, . . . . Show that, for any non-negative
integer n,
∑−1
kn+1
k (k − 1) f(k
n n+1
)⩽ f(r) ⩽ k n (k − 1) f(k n )
r=kn
where k is an integer greater than 1.

(i) By taking f(r) = 1/r, show that

2 ∑−1
N +1
N +1 1
⩽ ⩽ N + 1.
2 r
r=1

∑
∞
1
Deduce that the sum r does not converge.
r=1

(ii) By taking f(r) = 1/r3 , show that

∞
∑ 1
⩽ 1 13 .
r3
r=1

(iii) Let S(n) be the set of positive integers less than n which do not have a 2 in their
decimal representation and let σ(n) be the sum of the reciprocals of the numbers in
S(n), so for example σ(5) = 1 + 31 + 14 . Show that S(1000) contains 93 − 1 distinct
numbers.
Show that σ(n) < 80 for all n.
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Section B: Mechanics

9 A particle of mass m is projected with velocity u. It is acted upon by the force mg due to
gravity and by a resistive force −mkv, where v is its velocity and k is a positive constant.
Given that, at time t after projection, its position r relative to the point of projection is
given by
kt − 1 + e−kt 1 − e−kt
r= g + u,
k2 k
find an expression for v in terms of k, t, g and u. Verify that the equation of motion and
the initial conditions are satisfied.
Let u = u cos α i + u sin α j and g = −g j, where 0 < α < 90◦ , and let T be the time after
projection at which r . j = 0. Show that
( )
kT
uk sin α = −1 g.
1 − e−kT

Let β be the acute angle between v and i at time T . Show that

(ekT − 1)g
tan β = − tan α .
uk cos α

Show further that tan β > tan α (you may assume that sinh kT > kT ) and deduce that β > α.

10 Two particles X and Y , of equal mass m, lie on a smooth horizontal table and are connected
by a light elastic spring of natural length a and modulus of elasticity λ. Two more springs,
identical to the first, connect X to a point P on the table and Y to a point Q on the table.
The distance between P and Q is 3a.
Initially, the particles are held so that XP = a, Y Q = 12 a , and P XY Q is a straight line.
The particles are then released.
At time t, the particle X is a distance a + x from P and the particle Y is a distance a + y
from Q. Show that
d2 x λ
m 2 = − (2x + y)
dt a
d2 y
and find a similar expression involving . Deduce that
dt2
x − y = A cos ωt + B sin ωt

where A and B are constants to be determined and maω 2 = λ. Find a similar expression for
x + y.
Show that Y will never return to its initial position.
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11 A particle P of mass m is connected by two light inextensible strings to two fixed points A
and B, with A vertically above B. The string AP has length x. The particle is rotating
about the vertical through A and B with angular velocity ω, and both strings are taut.
Angles P AB and P BA are α and β, respectively.
Find the tensions TA and TB in the strings AP and BP (respectively), and hence show that
ω 2 x cos α ⩾ g.
Consider now the case 2
√ that ω x cos α = g. Given that AB = h and BP = d, where h > d,
show that h cos α ⩾ h − d . Show further that
2 2

mgh
mg < TA ⩽ √ .
h2 − d2
Describe the geometry of the strings when TA attains its upper bound.
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Section C: Probability and Statistics

12 The random variable X has probability density function f(x) (which you may assume is
differentiable) and cumulative distribution function F(x) where −∞ < x < ∞. The random
variable Y is defined by Y = eX . You may assume throughout this question that X and Y
have unique modes.

(i) Find the median value ym of Y in terms of the median value xm of X.

(ii) Show that the probability density function of Y is f(ln y)/y, and deduce that the
mode λ of Y satisfies f ′ (ln λ) = f(ln λ).

(iii) Suppose now that X ∼ N(µ, σ 2 ), so that

1
f(x) = √ e−(x−µ) /(2σ ) .
2 2

σ 2π
Explain why ∫ ∞
1
e−(x−µ−σ
2 )2 /(2σ 2 )
√ dx = 1
σ 2π −∞
1 2
and hence show that E(Y ) = eµ+ 2 σ .

(iv) Show that, when X ∼ N(µ, σ 2 ),

λ < ym < E(Y ) .

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13 I play a game which has repeated rounds. Before the first round, my score is 0. Each round
can have three outcomes:
1. my score is unchanged and the game ends;
2. my score is unchanged and I continue to the next round;
3. my score is increased by one and I continue to the next round.
The probabilities of these outcomes are a, b and c, respectively (the same in each round),
where a + b + c = 1 and abc ̸= 0. The random variable N represents my score at the end of
a randomly chosen game.
Let G(t) be the probability generating function of N .

(i) Suppose in the first round, the game ends. Show that the probability generating
function conditional on this happening is 1.

(ii) Suppose in the first round, the game continues to the next round with no change in
score. Show that the probability generating function conditional on this happening
is G(t).

(iii) By comparing the coefficients of tn , show that G(t) = a + bG(t) + ctG(t) . Deduce that,
for n ⩾ 0,
acn
P (N = n) = .
(1 − b)n+1

(iv) Show further that, for n ⩾ 0,

µn
P (N = n) = ,
(1 + µ)n+1

where µ = E(N ).
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© UCLES 2014
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© UCLES 2014
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© UCLES 2014