Solution

13. A solution of glucose (molar mass = 180 g mol–1)

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2.1 Expressing Concentration of Solutions
in water is labelled as 10% (by mass). What
1. Define the following term : would be the molality and molarity of the

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Molarity solution?
2. Define the following term : (Density of solution = 1.2 g mL –1)
Mole fraction
2.2 Solubility

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3. What is meant by molality of a solution?
14. Why aquatic animals are more comfortable in
4. State the main advantage of molality over cold water than in warm water?
molarity as the unit of concentration.
15. Gas (A) is more soluble in water than gas (B) at
5. Calculate the molarity of 9.8% (w/W) solution AC
of H2SO4 if the density of the solution is 1.02 g
mL –1. (Molar mass of H2SO4 = 98 g mol–1)
the same temperature. Which one of the two
gases will have the higher value of KH (Henry’s
constant) and why?
6. Difference between molarity and molality of a 16. Explain the following :
solution. How can we change molality value of Henry’s law about dissolution of a gas in a
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a solution into molarity value? liquid.
7. Define : 17. State the following :
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(i) Mole fraction (ii) Molality Henry’s law about partial pressure of a gas in a
mixture.
8. A solution of glucose (C6H12O6) in water is
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labelled as 10% by weight. What would be the 18. State Henry’s law and mention two of its
molality of the solution? important applications.
(Molar mass of glucose = 180 g mol–1) 19. Explain why aquatic species are more
comfortable in cold water rather than in warm
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9. Differntiate between molarity and molarity

water.
in a solution. What is the effect of tempreture
change on molarity and molality in a solution? 20. State Henry’s law correlating the pressure of a
gas and its solubility in a solvent and mention
10. Differntiate between molarity and molality
AC

two applications for the law.

of a solution. Explain how molarity value of a
solution can be converted into its molality? 21. State Henry’s law. Why is air diluted with
helium in the tanks used by scuba divers?
11. Define the term, ‘molarity of a solution.’ State
one disadvantage in using the molarity as the 22. State Henry’s law. Calculate the solubility of
unit of concentration. CO2 in water at 298 K under 760 mm Hg. (KH
for CO2 in water at 298 K is 1.25 × 106 mm Hg)
12. An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6g
of ethylene glycol (C2H4(OH)2) and 200 g of 23. Give reasons for the following.
water. Calculate the molality of the solution. (a) Aquatic species are more comfortable in
If the density of this solution be 1.072 g mL –1 cold water than in warm water.
what will be the molality of the solution?
 (b) At higher altitudes people suffer from 2.4 Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions
anoxia resulting in inability to think.
24. The partial pressure of ethane over a saturated 35. What happens when acetone is added to pure
solution containing 6.56 × 10–2 g of ethane is ethanol
1 bar. If the solution contains 5.0 × 10–2 g of 36. In non-ideal solution, what type of deviation
ethane, then what will be the partial pressure shows the formation of maximum boiling
of the gas? azeotropes?
25. If N2 gas is bubbled through water at 293 K, 37. Some liquids on mixing form ‘azeotropes’.
how many millimoles of N2 gas would dissolve What are ‘azeotropes’?

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in 1 litre of water? Assume that N2 exerts 38. Define the following term :
a partial pressure of 0.987 bar. Given that

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Azeotrope
Henry’s law constant for N2 at 293 K is 76.48 k
bar. 39. Define the following term :
26. What concentration of nitrogen should Ideal solution
be present in a glass of water at room

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40. How is it that alcohol and water are miscible in
temperature? Assume a temperature of 25°C, all proportions ?
a total pressure of 1 atmosphere and mole
41. Write two differences between ideal solutions
fraction of nitrogen in air of 0.78.
and non-ideal solutions.
[KH for nitrogen = 8.42 × 10–7 M/mm Hg]

2.3 Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions

AC 42. What type of azeotropic mixture will
be formed by a solution of acetone and
chloroform? Justify on the basis of strength of
27. Identify which liquid will have a higher intermolecular interactions that develop in the
vapour pressure at 90°C if the boiling points solution.
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of two liquids A and B are 140°C and 180°C,
respectively. 43. What is meant by positive deviations from
Raoult’s law? Give an example. What is the
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28. Define Raoult’s law sign of ∆mixH for positive deviation?

29. State the following : 44. Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is
Raoult’s law in its general form in reference to
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formed by positive deviation from Raoult’s

solutions. law? Give an example. (Delhi 2015)
30. State ‘Raoult’s law’ for a solution of volatile 45. What is meant by negative deviation from
liquids. Raoult’s law? Give an exmaple. What is the
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31. State Raoult’s law for the solution containing sign of ∆mixH for negative deviation?
volatile components. What is the similarity 46. Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is
between Raoult’s law and Henry’s law? formed by negative deviation from Raoult’s
32. State Raoult’s law for a solution containing law? Give an example.
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volatile components. Name the solution which

follows Raoult’s law at all concentrations and 47. What type of deviation is shown by a mixture
temperatures. of ethanol and acetone? Give reason.

33. State Raoult’s law. How is it formulated for 48. What is meant by positive and negative
solutions of non-volatile solutes? deviations from Raoult’s law and how is the
34. The vapour of pure liquids A and B are 450 and sign of ∆mixH related to positive and negative
700 mm Hg respectively, at 350 K. Find out deviations from Raoult’s law?
the composition of the liquid mixture if total 49. Explain why a solution of chloroform and
vapour pressure is 600 mmHg. Also find the acetone shows negative deviation from Raoult’s
compositon of the vapour phase. law.
50. Non-ideal solutions exhibit either positive or 57. Define the following term :
negative deviations from Raoult’s law. What Colligative properties
are these deviations and why are they caused?
Explain with one example for each type. 58. What are isotonic solutions?

51. What type of intermolecular attraction exists 59. Define the following term :
in each of the following pairs of compounds: Molal elevation constant (Kb)

(i) n-hexane and n-octane 60. How is the vapour pressure of a solvent affected
(ii) methanol and acetone when a non-volatile solute is dissolved in it?
61. Define the following term :

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52. State Raoult’s law for solutions of volatile
liquids. Taking suitable examples explain the Osmotic pressure

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meaning of positive and negative deviations 62. Define the following term :
from Raoult’s law. Isotonic solutions
53. What is meant by negative deviation from 63. Explain the following :
Raoult’s law? Draw a diagram to illustrate the Boiling point elevation constant for a solvent.

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relationship between vapour pressure and 64. What is meant by colligative properties?
mole fractions of components in a solution to
represent negative deviation. 65. State the condition resulting in reverse
osmosis.
2.5 Colligative Properties and Determination AC 66. For a 5% solution of urea (Molar mass = 60 g/mol),
of Molar Mass calculate the osmotic pressure at 300 K.
[R = 0.0821 L atm K–1 mol–1]
54. Assertion (A) : Osmotic pressure is a colli
gative property. 67. Visha took two aqueous solutions – one
containing 7.5 g of urea (Molar mass = 60 g/
Reason (R) : Osmotic pressure is directly
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mol) and the other containing 42.75 g of
proportional to molarity.
substance Z in 100 g of water, respectively.
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(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are It was observed that both the solutions froze
correct statements, and Reason (R) is the at the same temperature. Calculate the molar
correct explanation of the Assertion(A). mass of Z.
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(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are 68. Give reasons :
correct statements, but Reason (R) (i) 0.1 M KCl has higher boiling point than
is not the correct explanation of the 0.1 M glucose.
Assertion (A).
(ii) Meat is preserved for a longer time by
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(c) Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) salting.

is incorrect statement.
69. Calculate the freezing point of a solution
(d) Assertion (A) is incorrect, but Reason containing 60 g of glucose (molar mass = 180
AC

(R) is correct statement. g mol–1) in 250 g of water.(Kf of water = 1.86 K

55. What happens when a pressure greater than kg mol–1)
osmotic pressure is applied on the solution side 70. (i) Out of 1 M glucose and 2 M glucose,
separated from solvent by a semi-permeable which one has a higher boiling point and
membrane? why?
56. Give reason for the following : (ii) What happens when the external
Measurement of osmotic pressure method pressure applied becomes more than the
is preferred for the determination of molar osmotic pressure of solution?
masses of macromolecules such as proteins 71. Blood cells are isotonic with 0.9% sodium
and polymers. chloride solution. What happens if we place
blood cells in a solution containing
 (i) 1.2% sodium chloride solution? 83. A 4% solution (w/w) of sucrose (M = 342 g mol–1)
(ii) 0.4% sodium chloride solution? in water has a freezing point of 271.15 K.
Calculate the freezing point of 5% glucose
72. Why does a solution containing non-volatile
(M = 180 g mol–1) in water. (Given : Freezing
solute have higher boiling point than the pure
point of pure water = 273.15 K)
solvent? Why is elevation of boiling point a
colligative property? 84. At 300 K, 30 g of glucose present in a litre of its
solution has an osmotic pressure of 4.98 bar.
73. Calculate the mass of compound (molar mass =
If the osmotic pressure of a glucose solution is
256 g mol–1) to be dissolved in 75 g of
1.52 bar at the same temperature, what would

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benzene to lower its freezing point by 0.48 K.
be its concentration?
(Kf = 5.12 K kg mol–1).

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74. 18 g of glucose, C6H12O6 (Molar mass = 180 g 85. A 10% solution (by mass) of sucrose in water
mol–1) is dissolved in 1 kg of water in a sauce has freezing point of 269.15 K. Calculate
pan. At what temperature will this solution the freezing point of 10% glucose in water,
boil? if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
(Kb for water = 0.52 K kg mol–1, boiling point of (Given : Molar mass of sucrose = 342 g mol–1,

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pure water = 373. 15 K) molar mass of glucose = 180 g mol–1)
75. An aqueoussolution of sodium chloride freezes 86. 30 g of urea (M = 60 g mol–1] is dissolved in
below 273 K. Explain the lowering in freezing 846 g of water. Calculate the vapour pressure
of water for this solution if vapour pressure of
point of water with the help of a suitable
diagram.
76. Define the terms osmosis and osmotic
AC pure water at 298 K is 23.8 mm Hg.
87. Calculate the freezing point of the solution
pressure. Is the osmotic pressure of a solution when 31 g of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) is
a colligative property? Explain. dissolved in 500 g of water.
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77. List any four factors on which the colligative (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1)
properties of a solution depend. 88. A solution containing 15 g urea (molar mass =
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79. Define the terms, ‘osmosis’ and osmotic 60 g mol–1) per litre of solution in water has the
pressure’. What is the advantage of using same osmotic pressure (isotonic) as a solution
osmotic pressure as compared to other of glucose (molar mass = 180 g mol–1) in water.
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colligative properties for the determination of Calculate the mass of glucose present in one
molar masses of solutes in solutions? litre of its solution.
79. Outer hard shells of two eggs are removed. 89. Calculate the boiling point elevation for a
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One of the egg is placed in pure water and the solution prepared by adding 10 g of CaCl2 to
other is placed in saturated solution of sodium 200 g of water. (Kb for water = 0.52 K kg mol –1,
chloride. What will be observed and why? molar mass of CaCl2 = 111 g mol–1)
80. Find the boiling point of a solution containing 90. Define the following terms :
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0.520 g of glucose (C6H12O6) dissolved in 80.2 g (i) Osmotic pressure

of water. (ii) Colligative properties
[Given : Kb for water = 0.52 K/m]
91. Some ethyleneglycol,HOCH2CH2OH,is added
81. Define the term ‘osmotic pressure.’ describe to your car’s cooling system along with 5kg
how the molecular mass of a substance can be of water. If the freezing point of water-glycol
determined on the basis of osmotic pressure solution is –15.0°C, what is the boiling point of
measurement. the solution?
82. Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid (Molar (Kb = 0.52 K kg mol–1 and Kf = 1.86 K kg mol–1
mass = 176 g mol–1) to be dissolved in 75 g of for water)
acetic acid, to lower its freezing point by 1.5°C .
(Kf = 3.9 K kg mol–1)
92. 1.00 g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 100. What mass of NaCl must be dissolved in 65.0
50 g of benzene lowered the freezing point of g of water to lower the freezing point of water
benzene by 0.40. The freezing point depression by 7.50°C? The freezing point depression
constant of benzene is 5.12 K kg mol–1. Find constant (Kf ) for water is 1.86°C/m. Assume
the molar mass of the solute. van’t Hoff factor for NaCl is 1.87.
93. A 5% solution (by mass) of cane-sugar in (Molar mass of NaCl = 58.5 g mol–1).
water has freezing point of 271 K. Calculate 101. The molecular masses of polymers are
the freezing point of 5% solution (by mass) of determined by osmotic pressure method and
glucose in water if the freezing point of pure not by measuring other colligative properties.

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water is 273.15 K. Give two reasons.
[Molecular masses: Glucose C6H12O6 : 180 m;

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102. Calculate the boiling point of one molar
Cane-sugar C12H22O11 : 342 m] aqueous solution (density 1.06 g mL –1) of KBr.
94. A solution of glycerol (C3H8O3) in water was [Given : Kb for H2O = 0.52 K kg mol–1, atomic
prepared by dissolving some glycerol in 500g mass : K = 39, Br = 80]
of water. This is solution has a boiling point

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of 100. 42°C while pure water boils at 100°C. 103. A solution prepared by dissolving 1.25 g of
What mass of glycerol was dissolved to make oil of winter green (methyl salicylate) in 99.0
the solution? g of benzene has a boiling point of 80.31°C.
(Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol–1) Determine the molar mass of this compound.

95. 15.0 g of an unknown molecular material

was dissolved in 450 g of water. The resulting
AC (B.pt. of pure benzene = 80.10°C and Kb for
benzene = 2.53°C kg mol–1)

solution was found to freeze at –0.34°C. What 104. What mass of ethylene glycol (molar mass =
is the molar mass of this material? 62.0 g mol–1) must be added to 5.50 kg of water
to lower the freezing point of water from 0°C
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(Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1) to – 10.0°C? (Kf for water 1.86 K kg mol–1)
96. A solution containing 30 g of non-volatile
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105. 100 mg of a protein is dissolved in just enough

solute exactly in 90 g of water has a vapour water to make 10.0 mL of solution. If this
pressure of 2.8 kPa at 298 K. Further 18 g of solution has an osmotic pressure of 13.3 mm
water is added to this solution. The new vapour Hg at 25°C, what is the molar mass of the
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pressure becomes 2.9 kPa at 298 K. Calculate protein?

(i) the molecular mass of solute and (R = 0.0821 L atm mol–1 K–1 and 760 mm
(ii) vapour pressure of water at 298 K. Hg = 1 atm.)
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97. Calculate the boiling point of a solution 106. Calculate the amount of sodium chloride which
prepared by adding 15.00 g of NaCl to 250.00 must be added to one kilogram of water so that
g of water. (Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol–1), the freezing point of water is depressed by 3 K.
(Molar mass of NaCl = 58.44 g)
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[Given : Kf = 1.86 K kg mol–1, atomic mass :

98. A solution prepared by dissolving 8.95 mg Na = 23.0, Cl = 35.5]
of a gene fragment in 35.0 mL of water has
an osmotic pressure of 0.335 torr at 25°C. 107. x g of a non-electrolytic compound (molar
Assuming the gene fragment is a non- mass = 200) is dissolved in 1.0 L of 0.05 M
electrolyte, determine its molar mass. NaCl aqueous solution. The osmotic pressure
of this solution is found to be 4.92 atm at 27°C.
99. What would be the molar mass of a compound Calculate the value of x. Assume complete
if 6.21 g of it dissolved in 24.0 g of chloroform dissociation of NaCl and ideal behaviour of the
to form a solution that has a boiling point solution. (R = 0.082 L atm mol–1 K–1)
of is 61.7°C and the boiling point elevation
constant, Kb for chloroform is 3.63°C/m. 108. Calculate the freezing point of a solution
containing 18 g glucose, C6H12O6 and 68.4 g
 sucrose, C12H22O11 freezing point of pure water 119. A solution contains 5.85 g NaCl (Molar mass
is 273 K and Kf for water is 1.86 K m–1. = 58.5 g mol–1) per litre of solution. It has
109. Calculate the temperature at which a solution an osmotic pressure of 4.75 atm at 27°C.
containing 54 g of glucose, (C6H12O6), in 250 g Calculate the degree of dissociation of NaCl in
of water will freeze. this solution.
(Kf for water = 1.86 K mol–1 kg) (Given : R = 0.082 L atm K–1 mol–1)
120. When 19.5 g of F - CH2 - COOH (molar mass
110. A solution containing 8 g of a substance in 100 = 78 g mol–1) is dissolved in 500 g of water,
g of diethyl ether boils at 36.86°C, whereas the depression in freezing point is observed to

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pure ether boils at 35.60°C. Determine the be 1°C. Calculate the degree of dissociation of
molecular mass of the solute. (For ether F - CH2 - COOH.

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Kb = 2.02 K kg mol–1) [Given : Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1]
111. A 0.1539 molal aqueous solution of cane sugar 121. The freezing point of a solution containing 5
(mol. mass = 342 g mol–1) has a freezing point g of benzoic acid (M = 122 g mol–1) in 35 g of
of 271 K while the freezing point of pure water benzene is depressed by 2.94 K. What is the
is 273.15 K. What will be the freezing point of

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percentage association of benzoic acid if it
an aqueous solution containing 5 g of glucose forms a dimer in solution?
(mol. mass = 180 g mol–1) per 100 g of solution. (Kf for benzene = 4.9 K kg mol–1)
2.6 Abnormal Molar Masses 122. Calculate the freezing point of solution when
112. Give reason for the following :
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Elevation of boiling point of 1 M KCl solution is
1.9 g of MgCl2(M = 95 g mol–1) was dissolved
in 50 g of water, assuming MgCl2 undergoes
nearly double than that of 1 M sugar solution. complete ionization.
113. Define the following term : (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1)
Abnormal molar mass 123. When 2.56 g of sulphur was dissolved in 100 g
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114. Define the following term : of CS2, the freezing point lowered by 0.383 K.
Van’t Hoff factor Calculate the formula of sulphur (Sx).
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115. What is van’t Hoff factor? What type of values (Kf the CS2 = 3.83 K kg mol–1, atomic mass of
can it have if in forming the solution the solute sulphur = 32 g mol–1)
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molecules undergo 124. Calculate the boiling point of solution when

(i) Dissociation (ii) Association? 4 g of MgSO4 (M = 120 g mol–1) was dissolved
in 100 g of water, assuming MgSO4 undergoes
116. Assuming complete dissociation, calculate
complete ionization.
the expected freezing point of a solution
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(Kb for water = 0.52 K kg mol–1)

prepared by dissolving 6.00 g of Glauber’s salt,
Na2SO4 10H2O in 0.100 kg of water. 125. 3.9 g of benzoic acid dissolved in 49 g of
benzene shows a depression in freezing point
(Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1, atomic masses :
of 1.62 K Calculate the van’t Hoff factor and
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Na = 23, S = 32, O = 16, H = 1) predict the nature of solute (associated or

117. A 1.00 molal aqueous solution of dissociated).
trichloroacetic acid (CCl3COOH) is heated to (Given : Molar mass of benzoic acid=122 g
its boiling point. The solution has the boiling mol–1, Kf for benzene = 4.9 K kg mol–1)
point of 100.18°C. Determine the van’t Hoff 126. Calculate the mass of NaCl (molar=58.5 g mol –1)
factor for trichloroacetic acid. to be dissolved in 37.2g of water to lower the
(Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol–1 ) freezing point by 2°C, assuming that NaCl
118. What is van’t Hoff factor? What possible value undergoes complete dissociation.
can it have if the solute molecules undergo (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1)
dissociation?
127. Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution 133. A decimolar solution of potassium ferrocyanide
prepared by dissolving 2.5 × 10–2 g of K2SO4 K4[Fe(CN)6] is 50% dissociated at 300 K.
in 2 L of water at 25°C, assuming that it is Calculate the value of van’t Hoff factor for
completely dissociated. potassium ferrocyanide.
(R = 0.0821 L atm K–1 mol–1, molar mass of 134. The boiling point elevation of 0.30 g acetic
K2SO4 = 174 g mol–1) acid in 100 g benzene is 0.0633 K. Calculate
128. Calculate the amount of KCl which must be the molar mass of acetic acid from this data.
added to 1 kg of water so that the freezing What conclusion can you draw about the
point is depressed by 2 K (the Kf for water = molecular state of the solute in the solution?

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1.86 K kg mol–1). [Given Kb for benzene = 2.53 K kg mol–1]

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129. Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous 135. The freezing point of a solution containing 0.2
solution containing 10.50 g of MgBr2 in 200 g g of acetic acid in 20.0 g of benzene is lowered
of water. (Molar mass of MgBr2 = 184 g mol–1) by 0.45°C. Calculate.
(Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1) (i) the molar mass of acetic acid from this
data

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130. A 0.561 m solution of an unknown electrolyte
depresses the freezing point of water by 2.93°C (ii) van’t Hoff factor
What is van’t Hoff factor for this electrolyte? [For benzene, Kf = 5.12 K kg mol–1]
The freezing point depression constant (Kf ) for What conclusion can you draw from the value
water is 1.86°C kg mol–1).
131. Phenol associates in benzene to a certain
extent to form a dimer. A solution containing
AC of van’t Hoff factor obtained?
136. (i) The depression in freezing point
of water observed for the same
20 g of phenol in 1.0 kg of benzene has its molar concentration of acetic acid,
freezing point lowered by 0.69 K. Calculate the trichloroacetic acid and trifluroacetic
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fraction of phenol that has dimerised acid increase in the order as stated above.
[Given Kf for benzene = 5.1 K m–1] Explain.
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132. An aqueous solution containing 12.48 g of (ii) Calculate the depression in freezing
barium chloride in 1.0 kg of water boils at point of water when 20.0 g of
373.0832K.Calculate the degree of dissociation CH3CH2CHClCOOH is added to 500 g of
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of barium chloride. water.

[Given Kb for H2O = 0.52 K m–1; [Given : Ka = 1.4 × 10–3, Kf = 1.86 K kg
Molar mass of BaCl2 = 208.34 g mol–1] mol–1]
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AC