BABY BULLET-Q

*SR.ZOOLOGY-LAQ *t* SSP 12 * t t

BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION

8MARKS
Describe the structure of the heart of man with the help of neat labelled diagran.
I: 17, 16, 19,20,22]
|AP 18,22,23,24|| T'S
muscular. cone shapd and pulsating
A: Structure of the Human heart: Human heart is a hollow
organ situated betweeen lungs. Its size is about a clenched tist. OHearty
Wekoming
Human heart consists of 4 parts: Question
Pericardium II) Heart wall IIID Extermal Structure IV) .nternal Structure
1) Pericardium: Heart is covered by double walled pericardium. The outer layer is fibrous
pericardium and inner layer is serous pericardium. In between these wo layers, there is
pericardial fluid which reduces friction and allows free movement of the heart.
II) Heart wali: It consists of 3 layers. O PHEI

(1)Outer epicardium (2)Middle myocardium (3)lnner endocardium.

III) External Structure : Human heart has four chambers.
(1) Two small upper chambers are called atria (L.A & R.A)
(2) Two large lower chambers are called ventricles (L.V & R.V)
(3) Atria and ventricles are separated by adeep transverse groove called coronary suleus.
(4) The ventricles are separated by two inter ventricular grooves, in which the coronary
arteries and their branches are located. AVNA
IV) Internal structure: 1) Atria 2) Ventricles 3) Nodal tissue 4) Aortic arches.
(1) Atria:
i) Atria are thin walled blood receiving chambers. The right one is larger than the lett.
(ü) The two atria are separated by thin inter-atrial septum.
(ii) Atria and ventricles are separated by a membrane called atrio -ventricular septum.
(iv) In the foetal heart, the atrial septum has a small pore called foramen ovale.
(v) In adults, fossa ovalis is present in the inter atrial septum
(vi) Bicuspid valve is in between L.A & L.V.
(viü) Tricuspid valve is in between R.A & R.V.
PHEI: Pure Heart Excites India
AVNA: AVenkat Narayan A
* BABY BULLET-Q *** SSP 13 *** SR.ZOOL0GY-LAQ *
(2) Ventricles :
(i) These are thick walled blood 'pumping chambers' (lower chambers)
() The two ventricles are separated by an interventricular septum.
(i) The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle
(iv) The inner surface of the ventricles raised into muscular ridges called coumnae carneae.

(v) Some of these ridges are large and conical, and are called papillary muscles.
(vi) Chordae tendineae are collagenous cords that connect papillary muscies to the
tricuspid valve and the bicuspid valve in the heart.
(3) Nodal tissue (Pacemaker):
i) It is a modified heart muscle. It consists of two nodes SAN, AVN and fibres.
() SAN(SinoAtrial Node) is located in the 'right upper corner of right atrium',
(close to the opening of superior venacava.)
(iü) AVN (Atrio VentricularNode) is located in the lower left corner of the right atrium',
(close to the opening of coronary sinus.)
(iv) AVN forms AV bundle or "His" bundle. It is divided into right and left bundle branches.

(4) Aortic arches: There are two aortic arches in man.

() Pulmonary Arch: It arises from the left anterior angle of the right ventricle. Its opening
is guarded by the pulmonary valve and it carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
(i) Systemic Arch:It arises from the left ventricle. Its opening is guarded by the aortic
valve. It transports oxygenated blood to diferent parts of the body through its branches.

Systemic arch

Pulmonary arch
Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Right atrium
Bicuspid valve
Chordae tendinae
Tricuspid valve
Papillary muscle
Right ventricle -Left ventricle
Columnae carneae

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE HEART

* SR.ZOOLOGY-LAQ *** SSP 14 * *t BABY BULLET-Q
2. Write notes on the working of the heart of man. (TS l6,23,24]|AP I&16.17.18,19]
A: Working of heart: It involves 4phases.
I) Generation &Conduction of action potentials. IDCardiac Cycle GCCD
Ill) Cardiac Output IV) Double Circulation.
I) Generation &Conduction of action potentials:The contractions of heart chambers are
due to the action potential generated by nodal tissue SAN. They cause the conration of atna.
II) Cardiac Cycle: The cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heart beat to the
begining of the next beat is called cardiac cycle. It lasts for about 0.8 seconds
Cardiac cycle consists of 3phases (1) atrial systole (2) ventricular systole (3) cardiac diastole
(1) Atrialsystole: The SAN generates an action potential which stimulates both the atria
and tocontract simultaneously causing the'atrial systole'. OWorking
i) It lasts for about 0.1 s. Heart says
(ü) This increases the flow of blood into the ventricles by about 30 . Always
(m) The remaining blood flows into the ventricles before the atrial systole. Work Hard

(2) Ventricular systole: The action potential reaches AVN. It is arelay centre. The electrical
impulses pass through bundle ofHis and purkinjefibres. This causes ventricular systole.
() It lasts for about 0.3 s.
(ii) The atria undergo relaxation along with the ventricular systole.
(m) It increases the pressure causing the closure of the AV valves.
(Iv) This prevents the 'backflow' of blood.
(v) It results in the production of the first heart sound known as 'Lub'.
(vi) As the ventricular pressure increases further, the semilunar valves are open. This allows
the blood to flow into the aortic arches.
(3) Cardiac diastole: The ventricles now relax and the ventricular pressure falls.
This causes the closure of the semilunar valves which prevents the back flow of blood.
i) It lasts for about 0.4 s.
(i) This results in the production of the second heart sound known as 'Dup'.
(i) Allthe heart chambers are now again in a relaxed state (joint diastolic phase). Soon
another cardiac cycle begins.
IIID Cardiac Output: The volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle for each heart beat is
known as stroke volume. The volume ofblood pumped out by the heart from each ventricle
per minute is called cardiac output.
Cardiac output =stroke volume(7Oml) x No.of beats per minute(72 beats)= S040 ml'min or
approximately Sliters.
IV) Double Circulation: There are 2 independent circulations.
(1) Pulmonary circulaion: Blood from the right ventricle flows through pulmonary arteries
to lungs. The blood is aerated and goes back to left atrium through pulmonary veins.
(2) Systemic Circulation: The left ventricle pumps the blood through systemic arch to
various parts of the body through arteries. Blood collected from various parts of the
body by veins is brought back to the right atrium through venaecavae.

GCCD: Gencon Car Car DC

 Lung
Pulmonary vein
Pulmonary Pulmonary

Vena cava Aorta to body

Deoxygenated Systemic Oxygenated

Capillaries in
body organs
apart from the

DOUBLECIRCULATION

Notcompulsory to draw this in the Public Exam.

 *** SSP 16 * * BABY BULLET-Q
t SA.ZOOLOGY-LAa

THEIR ELIMIATION
|2 CRETORYPRODUGTS&
8 MARKS
structure of a nephron.
3. Describe the excretory system of man, giving the
consists of 4 parts. |AP 19|[TS 15,19|
A: I) Human excretory system: It
bladder 4) Urethra.
1) Apair of Kidneys 2) Apair of Ureters 3) Urinary OKUUU
1) Kidneys:
(i)These are reddish brown, retroperitoneal bean shaped organs.
(i) These are located on either side of vertebral column at the level of
anterior lumbar vertebrae.
notch called hilum.
(i11) Outer surface of kidney is convex and inner surface is concave with a deep
(iv) Internally, kidney consists of two regions, the outer cortex and inner medulla.
convoluted tubules of
(V) The cortex contains the malpighian capsules, proximal and distal
nephrons.
pyramids.
(vi) The medulla is divided into multiple cone shaped masses of tissue called renal
are the projec
(vÜ) Renal columns ganofBetibi) separate the renal pyramids. These
tions of cortex into the medulla.
emerging from the pelvis
2) Ureters:There are two ureters which are slender whitish tubes
of the kidneys. They run downwards and open into the urinary bladder.
lower abdominal cavity.
3) Urinary bladder: It is a median storage sac, situated in the
sphincter
4) Urethra: The neck of the bladder leads into the urethra. It has an internal urethral
and external urethral sphincter.

Inferior Adrenal gland

vena cava -Renal artery
Peivis Kidoey
Medulla
Cortex Renal vein

-Dorsal aorta

Ureter

Urinary
bladder

Urethra

STRUCTURE OF HUMAN URINARYSYSTEM

KUUU: Kidding UUU; BR PHD: BabuRao with PHD

BABY BULLET-Q *** SSP 17 * ** SR.ZOOLOGY-LAQ
Il) Structure of Nephron:lt consists of 2 parts. ()) Bowman's capsule (2) Renal tubule.
1) Bownman's capsule:
()) It is present in cortex. (ii) It is a double walled cup.
(i) The inner wall of the Bowman's capsule has certain unique cells called podocytes.
(1V) The podocytes are arranged so as to leave some minute spaces called filtration slits.
(v) The Bowman's capsule enclosesa tuft of capillaries called glomerulus.
(vi) The glomerulus and inner wallof Bowman's capsule together form asieve.
(vi) Blood enters the glomerulus through afferent arteriole and leaves by efferent arteriole.
2) Renal tubule: It consits of 3 segments (a) PCT (6) Henle's loop (c) DCT
(a) PCT (Proxima Convoluted Tubule):
() It is present in cortex. (ii) It is wide and highly coiled.
(i) It is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium with brush border.
(b) Henle's loop :
(i) It is present in medulla. (ii) It is hairpin shaped. It has descending and ascending limbs.
(i) The proximal part of the ascending limb is thin and the distal part is thick.
(iv) The thick ascending limb continues into the DCT.
(c) Distal Convoluted TubuleDCT):
(1) It is present in cortex.
(ii) The DCT present in cortex continues as the initial collecting duct' in the cortex.
(ii) Some initial collecting ducts combine to fornm astraight collecting duct, which passes
through the medullary pyramid.
(iv) In the medulla, the tubes of each pyramid join and form the duct of Bellini, which
finally opens on the tip of the renal papilla.

Afferent
Efferent arteriole
arteriole
Glomerulus
Bowman's
Proximal
capsule
convoluted
tubule

Distal

Descending limb
Cd convoluted
tubule
of loop of Henle
Henle's loop
Ascending limb
of loop of Henle

Vasa recta Collecting duct

STRUCTURE OF NEPHRON
 BABY BULLET-Qt
t SR.ZOOLOGY-LAQ *** SSP 18* **

3 NUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

8 MARKS

female reproductive system of a woman with the help of a labelled diagram.

4. Describe
A: FEMALEREPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: |AP 15, 19,22,24] |TS 15,17,19,20,23]
Female Reproductive System consists of 6 parts.
Vagina V) Vulva VI) Accessory glands
I) Ovaries II) Fallopian tubes III) Uterus IV)
I) Ovaries:
produce female gametes (ova).
(1) Ovaries are the primary female sex organs that
of the lower abdomen.
(2) A pair of ovaries are located one on each side
of peritoneumcalled mesovarium.
(3) Ovary isconnected with the wall ofabdominal cavity by afold
and tunica albuginea.
(4) Ovaries are covered by germinal (ovarian) epithelium
(5) The main body of ovary iscalled stroma.
medulla.
(6) The outer part of stroma is cortex and inner part is
I) Fallopian tubes:
to the uterus.
(1) Each fallopian tube extends from the periphery of each ovary
(2) Fallopian tube is the site of fertilization.
(3) Fallopian tube is attached to the body wall by mesosalpnix.
Infundibulum iv) Fimbriae
(4) Parts of Fallopian tube: i) Isthums i) Ampulla ii)
III) Uterus:
bladder and rectum.
(1) Uterus is single and is also called womb. It is present between urinary
(2) Itis alarge pear shaped sac. It is highly muscular and vascular.
(3) Itis connected to body wall by mesometrium (peritoneal fold).
is cervix.
(4) The narrow part by which the uterus is connected to vagina
(5) The cervicalcanal and vagina together form birth canal.
inner Endometrium.
(6) The wall ofthe uterus is made up ofouter Perimetrium, middle Myometrium and
(7) Endometrium undergoes regular cyclic changes called menstrual cycle.
IV) Vagina: vaginal orifice.
(1) It is a large fibro muscular tube that extends from cervix to
vascular.
(2) It is lined by non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. It is highly
V) Vulva :
(1) The term vulva refers to the external genitals of the female.
(2) The vestibule has two apertures.
vaginal orifice
(3) One is the upper external urethral orifice ofthe urethra and the other is lower
(4) Vaginal orifice isoften covered partially by a membrane called hymen
(5) Clitoris is a sensitive, erectile structure, which lies at the upper junction of the two labia minora
(6) Clitoris is homologous to the penis of a male as both are supported by corpora cavernosa.
(7) Mons pubis is a cushion of fatty tissue covered by skin and pubic hair present above labia majora.
Interior Ovaries & Fallopian Tubes are connected to Uterus
which extends to Vagina & Vulva with accessories BSM
BABY BULLET-Q
*** SSP 19 *** SH.ZOOLOGY-LAQ

VI) Accessory glands ( Reproductive glands of female) :

1) Bartholin's glands:
(i) Positon: The Bartholin's glands are two glands located slightly posterior and to the
left and right of the opening of the vagina.
(0) Functlon: They secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina and are homologus to the
bulbourethral glands of the male reproductive systern.
2) Skene's glands:
() Positlon: The Skene's glands are located on the anterior wall of the vagina, around the
lower end of the urethra.
() Function: They secrete a lubricating fluid when stimulated.
3) Mammary glands:
() The mammary glands are paired structures
Fat
(breasts) that contain glandular tissue and Marnmary lobe
variable amount of fat. Mammary alvelus

() Mammary glands contain alveoli which Ampulla Rib

secrete milk after the birth of child. Wuscies

( The Alveoli open into mammary tubules. The

Nipple
tubules of each lobe join to form amammary Areola Pectoralis
duct. major
nuscle

(iv) Several mammary ucts join to form awider

mammary ampulla which is connected to SECTIONAL VIEW OF
lactiferous duct through which milk is MAMMARY GLAND
sucked out by the baby.

Uterus
Fallopintube Isthmus

Ampulla

tr Infundibulum
Endometrium Ovary -Fimbriae
Ovary Myometrium
Perimetrium
Cervix

Cervical canal
Bartholin's glands
Vagina
Skene's glands Vulva

STRUCTURE OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

 BABY BULLET-Q+
SR.ZOOLOGY-LAQ *** SSP 20* t t
Draw a labelled diagram of it.
5. Deseribe male reproductive system of a man.
16,17,18,20,23,24||/TS 16,17,18,19,22,24]
A: MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: JAP
Male Reproductive system consists of 6 parts:
I) Testes II) Epididymis III)Vasa deferentia
IV) Urethra V)Penis VI) Accessory Glands
I) Testes (Testicles) :
(1) Testes area pair of oval pinkish male primary sex organs.
called scrotum.
(2) They are suspended outside the abdominal cavity within apouch
(3) The scrotum is connected to abdomninal cavity through inguinal canal.
(4) Spermaticcord is formed by the blood vessels, nerve and vas deferens.
(5) Tunica albuginea project inside the testis as septa.
(6) There are about 250 testiscular lobules in each testis.
(7) Each lobule contains 2 or 3 highly coiled seminiferous tubules.
(8) Each seminiferous tubules consists of germinal epithelium and sertoli cells.
(9) Germinal epithelium produces sperms.
(10) Sertoli cells nourish the sperms.
contain Leydig cells.
(11) Regions outside the seminiferous tubules are called interstitial spaces which
(12) They produce male hormone testosterone called androgens.
(13) Testosterone controls the development of secondary sexual characters and spermatogenes.
(14) Seminiferous tubules open in rete testis. Rete testis opens into vasa efferentia.
(15) Vasa efferential open into a highly coiled epididymis.
II) Epididymis :
surface of each testis.
(1) It is a narrow tightly coiled tube located along posterior
(2) Vasa efferentia leave the testis and open into epididymis
(3) Epididymis provides space for maturation and storage of sperms.
(4) Epididymis is divided into 3regions
() caput epididymis (i) corpus epididymis and (ii) cauda epididymis.
vasa efferentia.
(5) Caput epididymis receives the sperms from the testis through
II) Vasa deferentia:
(1) The Vasa deferentia is a long, narrow, muscular tube.
canal into the abdomen
(2) It starts from the tail of the epididymis, passes through the inguinal
and loops over the urinary bladder.
gland.
(3) The two ducts open into urethra at the centre of the prostate

Testis are covered by Epididymis along with Vasa deferentia

which is connected to Urethra and Penis with Accessories SPB
* BABY BULLET-Q *** SSP 21 * ** SR.ZOOLOGY-LAQ *
IV) Urethra:
(1) The urethra originates from the urinary bladder and extends through the penis to its
external opening called urethral meatus.
(2) The urethra provides an exit for urine as well as for semen during ejaculation.
(3) Urethra is shared terminal duct of the reproductive and urinary systems.
(4) Urethra is the urinogenital duct of man which passes through penis to open outside.
V) Penis:
() The penis serves as a urinal duct.
(2) Itis the intromittent organ that transfers spermatozoa to the vagina of a female.
(3) has 3columns ot-tissue. Two uppèr corpora cavernosa andape ventral corpùs
spóngiossm.
(4) Skin and asubcutaneous layer enclose all three columns, which consist of special tissue.
(5) It helps in erection of the penis to facilitate insemination.
(6) The terminal enlarge part is glans penis covered by loose skin(fore skin) càted prèpuce.
VI) Male accessory genital glands:
(1) Seminal vesicles:
) pair of simple tubular glands is present below the urinary bladder.
A
Each seminal vesicle opens into the corresponding vas deference.
(i) Its secretion constitutes 60% of total seminal fluid. It is alkaline and viscous fluid.
(ü) Fructose acts as the main energy source of the sperm.
(2) Prostate gland: (i) It is present below the urinary bladder. Its contribution to seminal fluid
is 15-30%. (iü) Its secretion is slighty acid . It activates the sperms and provides nutrition.
(3) Bulbourethral glands:
(i) These are present below the prostate gland. They add an alkaline fluid to semen
during the process of ejaculation.
(i) The fluid secreted by these glands lubricates the urethra.

Ureter Urinary
bladder
Vas deferens -Seminal
vesicle
- Prostate
Bulbourethral
bland
Epididymis Urethra
Vasa efferentia
Rete testis
-Scrotum
Testicular lobules -festis

Foreskin
Glans penis

STRUCTURE OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM