THE INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS OF NIGERIA

PATHFINDER
MAY 2016 FOUNDATION EXAMINATION
Question Papers
Suggested Solutions
Plus
Marking Guide
Examiners‟ Reports

0
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUBJECTS

QUANTITATIVE TECHNICQUES IN BUSINESS (QTB) 2

BUSINESS AND FINANCE (BF) 40

FINANCAL ACCOUNTING (FA) 66

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION (MI) 93

BUSINESS LAW (BL) 118

1
 THE INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS OF NIGERIA
FOUNDATION LEVEL EXAMINATION – MAY 2016
QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES IN BUSINESS
Time Allowed: 3 hours

SECTION A: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS (20 Marks)

INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION

Write ONLY the alphabet (A, B, C, D, or E) that corresponds to the correct option in each of
the following questions/statements:

1. A company expects to produce and sell 150,000 units of its product during the first
year with this figure growing by 3%% per annum. Then the number of units to be sold
in year 5 is
A. 153.798
B. 163,798
(. 173,798
D. 183,798
E. 193,798
2. A store holding a clearance sale advertises that all prices have been discounted by
20%. if a certain article is on sale for N28.00. What was its price before the sale?
A. N15
B. N25
C. N35
D. N45
E. N55

3. The demand function for an item is given by p = 32q − q 2 . Find the elasticity of
demand at q = 4
A. -0.17
B. 1.00
C. 1.11
D. 1.17
E. 1.20

2
4. A line with a negative slope passes through the point (2, 4). If its x-intercept
value is thrice the y-intercept value, then the slope-intercept form of the
equation of the line is
1 14
A. y= + x
3 3
14 x
B. y= −
3 3
1 14
C. y= − x
3 3
14 x
D. y= +
3 3
14
E. y= −x
3

5. A man plans to start saving in June. He plans to set aside N3,500 in June
and to increase this amount by N275 in each of the subsequent months. In
April of the following year, he would have set aside
A. N6,025
B. N6.205
C. N6,250
D. N6,502
E. N6,520

6. The revenue function of a company is R = 48 x + 3 x 2 , and the cost function is

C= .x 2 + 46x + 180. where x is the number in units of item produced and
sold.
Obtain the break-even quantity.
A. 8
B. 9
C. 10
D. 11
E. 12

7. Which of the following diagrams is useful for estimating the mode of a

grouped frequency distribution?
A. Component bar chat
B. Pie chat
c. z-chat
D. Histogram
E. Ogive

3
 8. The mean of a certain number of observati ons is 40. If two items with values 50
and 64 are added to this data, the mean rises to 42. The number of items in the
original data is ·
A. 12
B. 13
c. 14
D. 15
E. 16

9. Which of the following statistics is affected by extreme values in a data

distribution?
A. Mode
B. Range
C. Median
D. Mean
E. Variance

10. Which of the following does NOT give an indication of the degree of clustering
around the value of an array?
A. Variance
B. Mean
c. Standard deviation
D. Range
E. Quartile deviation

11. In a QTB examination, where the maximum possible mark in a question is 20 marks
and the Coefficient of Variation is given as 25%, find the variance if the mean score is
12 marks.
A. 3
B. 9
C. 12
D. 15
E. 18

12. The difference between the median and the range of the set of numbers: 18,
25, 48, 26, 36, 55, 42, 12. 38, 27, 64, 58, 20, 58, 30, 40, is
A. -19
B. -17
c. -15
D. 6
E. 25

4
13. Which of the followi ng is NOT true about expected values?
A. The worth of a decision can be evaluated as the expected value of outcomes where
probabilities are assigned to different outcomes
B. Expected value is evaluated as the weighted-variance of possible outcomes
c. Use of expected values is a technique for comparing risk and return of
different decisions of options
D. The expected average value is calculated by multiplying the probability of each
possible outcome by the value of the outcome
E. Information can be analyzed where risk can be assessed in terms of
probabilities of different outcomes

14. If a coin and an unbiased die are tossed together, what is the probability of
obtaining a tail and a number greater than 3?
A. 0.25
B. 0.33
c. 0.35
D. 0.50
E. 0.75

15. The plot of a Time Series as a graph is called

A. Histogram
B. Ogive
c. Pie chat
D. Historigram
E. Z-chart

16. Which of the following is used to measure the degree of association between two
variables?
A. Regression
B. Percentiles
C. Quartiles
D. Correlation
E. Coefficient of variation

17. A company takes stock for 5 months in each year. The stock figures of materials for the
most recent three years are as tabulated below:

January March May July September

Year 1 76 84 90 84 86
Year 2 86 94 100 94 96
Year 3 96 104 110 104 106

5
 Determine the trend stock for month 6.
A. 84
B. 85
c. 86
D. 87
E. 88

18. The daily sales record of a company with their correspondi n g

probabilities are tabulated as follows:

Daily Sales Probability

0 0.15
1 0.30
2 0.12
3 0.25
4 0.11
5 0.07
The probability of total sales of 6 in two consecutive days is
A. 0.1039
B. 0.1309
c. 0.1930
0. 0.3019
E. 0.3109

19. A company makes two products X and Y. It takes 2¼ hours to make one unit of
x and 3¾ hours to make one unit of Y. If only 18,000 direct labour hours are
available, then the production time constraint is expressed as

A. 3.75x + 2.25y ≤ 18,000

B. 2.25x + 3.75y ≤ 18,000
C. 3.75x + 2.25y ≥ 18,000
D. 2.75x + 3.75y ≥ 18,000
E. 3.75x + 2.25y = 18,000

20. In a simple queue, if the arrival rate is 5 customers in 15 minutes and the
service rate is 8 customers in 12 minutes. the traffic intensity or utilization
factor is
A. 0.25
B. 0.50
c. 0.55
D. 0.65
E. 1.00

6
 SECTION B: OPEN - ENDED QUESTIONS (80 Marks)

INSTRUCTION: ANSWER ANY FOUR OUT OF SIX QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION

QUESTION 1

a. A company plans to introduce a new product into the market. 6,000 units are to
be produced in the first year with an annual growth rate of 3.5%. Selling price is
to be set at Nl,050 per year with an annual growth rate of 6.5%.

Required:

If the production costs are to be pegged at N850 in the first year with an annual
growth rate of 5%, calculate the profit earned in year 5.
(10 marks)

b. An aluminum manufacturing company in Lagos incurs a daily total cost of N5,000

for one unit of production. To produce 4 units. the company spends N30,000
as its total cost.

Required:

i. Draw a graph to depict the above information.

( 3 marks)

ii. Use your graph above to estimate the number of units to be produced to
incur a total cost of N70,000. ( 2 marks)
iii. Deduce
• The daily fixed costs of the company from the graph above (1 mark)
• From the above, obtain the equation representing the company' s activity
( 3 marks)
iv. Comment on the results obtained in ( iii ) above. (1 mark)
(Total 20 marks)

QUESTION 2

a. A barber invests N100,000 for 5 years. At the end of the investment period, he
receives a cash transfer of N120.600 as final settlement of the investment.

Required:

Use logarithm (to base 10) to determine the compound interest rate on the
investment. (10 marks)

7
b. i. The Students Union of a University plans to have an end-of-year party
for all its members. The party is scheduled to take place at a major hotel
that can take up to 500 persons. The hotel was to charge N800 per
person. At this gate fee, the hotel expects to sell 400 tickets. But
market research postulates that for every N40 increase or reduction in
the ticket price, the demand will fall or increase by 16.

Required:

If the variable cost per student for the dinner is N210, determine the
Marginal Revenue (MR) function. ( 6 marks)

ii. JANG PLC. produces and sells two products G and H. G and H respectively
make contributions of N10 and N15. The company wishes to maximize its
profit. 4,150 units and 3,175 units of G and H respectively, are to be sold.
Direct labour hours per unit are 2.5 hours and 1½hours respectively, for G
and H while machine hours per unit are 45 minutes and 3 hours for G
and H respectively. Total direct labour hours available and total
machine hours available are respectively 18,000 hours and 10,000 hours.

Required:

Derive the followi ng constraints: the direct labour, machine time, sales
demand for G, sales demand for H and Non-negativity. (4 marks)
(Total 20 marks)

QUESTION 3

The annual expenditures (N’OOO) of a family from 2000 to 2009 were as follows:

Year Expenditure (N’OOO)

2000 600
2001 610
2002 580
2003 590
2004 480
2005 560
2006 550
2007 620
2008 490
2009 530

8
 Required:
Setting year 2000 to 0, fit the least squares line for the annual expenditures.
(15 marks)
Forecast what the expenditure will be in the years
i. 2012 ( 2½ marks)
ii. 2016 ( 2 ½ marks)
(Total 20 marks)

QUESTION 4

a. A gambler plays a game of chance inwhich he has 60% chance of winning. If he wins, he
collects N1,800 but if he loses he pays N2,300.

Required:
If he loses alternate games,
i. Obtai n the sample spaces respectively for 12 games and 14 games ( 2 marks)
ii. Calculate his expected returns for 12 games and 14 games. ( 6 marks)
iii. Advise the gambler if he initially staked N1000 ( 2 marks)

b.
i. A house built in Ikoyi increased in value by 8% in year 1, 25% in year 2, 35% in
year 3, 43% in year 4 and 22% in year 5.

Required:
If the house cost N10,000.000 to build,
- Estimate its value at the end of 5 years. (3 marks)
- Calculate the average growth rate over the 5-year period. (3 marks)

ii. A company's Demand/Supply situations together with unit transportation costs are
as shown below:

Supply
Factory A 4 7 5 3 2 700
Factory B 3 6 7 5 4 850
Factory C 7 3 6 4 5 1,250
Demand 400 550 500 700 650

Required:
Identify the initial feasible tableau using the Least Cost Method. (4marks)
(Total 20 Marks)

9
QUESTION 5

a. The marginal cost of producing a particular item is given by 3q2 - 40q + 600.
Required:
Find the
i. Total cost function C(q), if the cost of producing 2 items is 1,660
(7 marks)
ii. Cost of producing 50 items (3 marks)

b. The weights of bags of Pando Yam produced by Swallow Company limited are
normally distributed with mean 3,020 grams and standard deviation 4 grams.
Required:
If a bag is picked at random, what is the probability that it weighs
i. Less than 3,012 grams? (4 marks)
ii. Between 3,012 grams and 3,021.6 grams? (6 marks)
Show all the relevant normal distribution diagrams.
(Total 20 marks)

QUESTION 6
a. The quarterly sales figures of company ABC Plc. for 3 years are as recorded below:
Sales Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4
Year 1 30 34 37 41
Year 2 45 49 54 57
Year 3 59 66 70 74

Required:
Calculate:
i. The moving averages (9 marks)
ii. The centered moving average for Quarter 3, Year 1. (1 mark)

b.

10
i. The following moving average analysis is obtained for the quarterly sales of a
bakery based on additive model

Quarter 1 Trend Actual Sales Variation

in (Actual – Trend)
the Quarter
Year 1: Q3 29.375 29 -0.375
Year 1: Q4 33.125 33 -0.125
Year 2: Q1 37.125 37 -0.125
Year 2: Q2 41.250 41 -0.250
Year 2: Q3 45.000 46 1.000
Year 2: Q4 47.875 48 0.125
Year 3: Q1 53.000 51 -2.000
Year 3: Q2 57.125 58 0.875

Required:
Calculate the seasonal adjustment for each quarter. (6 marks)

ii. An electrical bulb making company runs a production line that contains 760 bulbs
of the same wattage. These bulbs fail on regular basis according to the following
probability distribution:

Life (months) Probability of

failure (P)
1 0.27
2 0.56
3 0.17

Required:
If the cost of replacing a bulb is N60, determine the following:
• The life span (2 marks)
• The average number of replacements in the period (1 mark)
• The average monthly cost of replacing the bulbs. (1 mark)
(Total 20 Marks)

11
 Formulae
PROBABILITY
A B = A or B A B = A and B (overlap).
P(B A) = probability of B, given A

Rules of Addition
If A and B are mutually exclusive: P(A B) = P(A) + P(B)
If A and B are not mutually exclusive: P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A B)

Rules for Multiplication

If A and B are independent: P(A B) = P(A) * P(B)
If A and B are not independent: P(A B) = P(A) * P(B |A)

E(𝑿𝑿) = (probability * payoff)

Quadratic Equations
If 𝒂𝒂𝑿𝑿𝟐𝟐 + 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 + c = 0 is the general quadratic equation, the two solutions (roots) are given by:

−𝒃𝒃 ± √𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐 − 𝟒𝟒𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂

𝒙𝒙 =
𝟐𝟐𝒂𝒂

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Arithmetic Mean

x=
∑x x=
∑ fx (frequency distribution)
n ∑f
Standard Deviation

SD = ∑ (x − x )
2
SD =
∑ fx 2

−x 2 - (frequency distribution)
n ∑f
INDEX NUMBERS
Price relative = 100 * 𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 ⁄𝑷𝑷𝟎𝟎 Quantity relative = 100 * 𝑸𝑸𝟏𝟏 ⁄𝑸𝑸𝟎𝟎

Price: 𝑷𝑷
∑ 𝒘𝒘 ∗ � 𝟏𝟏 �
𝑷𝑷𝟎𝟎
x 100
∑ 𝒘𝒘

Quantity: 𝑸𝑸
∑ 𝒘𝒘 ∗ � 𝟏𝟏 �
𝑸𝑸𝟎𝟎
x 100
∑ 𝒘𝒘

TIME SERIES:
Additive Model Series = Trend + Seasonal + Random

Multiplicative Model Series = Trend * Seasonal * Random

12
LINEAR REGRESSION AND CORRELATION

The linear regression equation of Y on X is given by:

Y = a + bX or 𝒀𝒀 − 𝒀𝒀
� = 𝒃𝒃[𝑿𝑿 − 𝑿𝑿
�]

Where
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 (𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿) 𝒏𝒏 ∑ 𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿 − (∑ 𝑿𝑿)(∑ 𝒀𝒀)
𝒃𝒃 = =
𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽 (𝑿𝑿) 2
𝒏𝒏 ∑ X𝟐𝟐 − (∑ X)

and � - 𝒃𝒃𝑿𝑿
𝒂𝒂 = 𝒀𝒀 �

or solve
∑ 𝒀𝒀 = na + 𝒃𝒃 ∑ 𝑿𝑿
∑ 𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿 = a ∑ 𝑿𝑿 + 𝒃𝒃 ∑ 𝑿𝑿𝟐𝟐

Coefficient of Correlation
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 (𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿) 𝒏𝒏 ∑ 𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿 − (∑ 𝑿𝑿)(∑ 𝒀𝒀)
𝒓𝒓 = =
�𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽(𝑿𝑿) . 𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽(𝒀𝒀) 2 2
��𝒏𝒏 ∑ X 𝟐𝟐 − (∑ X) ��𝒏𝒏 ∑ 𝒀𝒀𝟐𝟐 − (∑ Y) �

𝟔𝟔 ∑ 𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐
R (rank) = 1 -
𝒏𝒏 �𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏 �

FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS

Compound Interest (Values and Sums)

Future Value S, of a sum of X, invested for n periods, compounded at r% interest
n
S = 𝑿𝑿 (𝟏𝟏 + 𝒓𝒓)

Annuity
Present value of an annuity of N1 per annum receivable or payable for n years, commencing in
one year, discounted at r% per annum
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
PV = �𝟏𝟏 − �
𝒓𝒓 n
(𝟏𝟏 + 𝒓𝒓)

Perpetuity
Present value of N1 per annum, payable or receivable in perpetuity, commencing in one year,
discounted at r% per annum.
𝟏𝟏
PV =
𝒓𝒓

13
 Annuity Table
Present value of an annuity of 1 i.e. 1 - (1 + r)-n
r
Where r = discount rate
n = number of periods
Discount rate (r)
Periods
S
(n) 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%
1 0·990 0·980 0·971 0·962 0·952 0·943 0·935 0·926 0·917 0·909 1
2 1·970 1·942 1·913 1·886 1·859 1·833 1·808 1·783 1·759 1·736 2
3 2·941 2·884 2·829 2·775 2·723 2·673 2·624 2·577 2·531 2.487 3
4 3·902 3·808 3.717 3·630 3.546 3.465 3·387 3·312 3·240 3·170 4
5 4·853 4·713 4·580 4·452 4·329 4·212 4·100 3·993 3.890 3·791 5
6 5·795 5·601 5·417 5·242 5·076 4·917 4·767 4·623 4.486 4·355 6
7 6·728 6.472 6·230 6·002 5·786 5·582 5·389 5·206 5·033 4·868 7
8 7·652 7·325 7·020 6·733 6·463 6·210 5·971 5·747 5·535 5·335 8
9 8·566 8·162 7·786 7.435 7·108 6·802 6·515 6·247 5·995 5·759 9
10 9·471 8·983 8·530 8·111 7·722 7·360 7·024 6·710 6.418 6·145 10
11 10·368 9·787 9·253 8·760 8·306 7·887 7.499 7·139 6·805 6.495 11
12 11·255 10·575 9·954 9·385 8·863 8·384 7·943 7·536 7'161 6·814 12
13 12·134 11·348 10·635 9·986 9·394 8·853 8·358 7·904 7·487 7·103 13
14 13·004 12·106 11·296 10·563 9·899 9·295 8·745 8·244 7·786 7·367 14
15 13·865 12·849 11·938 11·118 10·380 9·712 9·108 8·559 8·061 7·606 15
(n) 11 12% 13% 14% 15% 16% 17% 18% 19% 20%
1 0·901 0·893 0·885 0·877 0·870 0·862 0·855 0·847 0·840 0·833 1
2 1·713 1·690 1·668 1·647 1·626 1·605 1·585 1·566 1·547 1·528 2
3 2.444 2.402 2·361 2·322 2·283 2·246 2·210 2·174 2·140 2·106 3
4 3·102 3·037 2·974 2·914 2·855 2·798 2·743 2.690 2·639 2.589 4
5 3·696 3·605 3·517 3·433 3·352 3·274 3·199 3·127 3·058 2·991 5
6 4·231 4·111 3·998 3·889 3·784 3·685 3·589 3.498 3.410 3·326 6
7 4·712 4·564 4.423 4·288 4·160 4·039 3·922 3·812 3·706 3·605 7
8 5·146 4·968 4.799 4·639 4.487 4·344 4·207 4·078 3·954 3·837 8
9 5·537 5·328 5·132 4·946 4·772 4·607 4.451 4·303 4·163 4·031 9
10 5·889 5·650 5.426 5·216 5·019 4·833 4·659 4.494 4·339 4·192 10
11 6·207 5·938 5·687 5.453 5·234 5·029 4·836 4·656 4.486 4·327 11
12 6·492 6·194 5·918 5·660 5·421 5·197 4·988 4·793 4·611 4.439 12
13 6·750 6.424 6·122 5·842 5·583 5·342 5·118 4·910 4·715 4·533 13
14 6·982 6·628 6·302 6·002 5·724 5.468 5·229 5·008 4·802 4·611 14
15 7·191 6·811 6.462 6·142 5·847 5·575 5·324 5·092 4·876 4·675 15

14
15
SOLUTION TO MCQ SET 1

1. C
2. C
3. D
4. B
5. C
6. B
7. D
8. D
9. D
10. B
11. B
12. C
13. B
14. A
15. D
16. D
17. E
18. B
19. B
20. B

WORKINGS

1. 1st year = 150,000

nth year = 150,000 x (1.0375)n-1
∴ 5th year =150,000 x(1.0375)4 = N173,798. (C)

2. Let Cost Price be x

r
Discount = r% of x = • x = 0.01 rx
100
Sales Price = x – 0.01rx
SP = x(1- 0.01r)

16
 SP 28.00
X= =
1 − 0.01r 1 − (0.01)20
28.00
X= = 35 (C)
0.8

3. P = 32q – q2
dp
= 32 − 2q
dq
dq
At q = 4, = 32 − 2(4) = 24
dp
At q = 4, p = 32(4) − 4 2 = 128 − 16 = 112
p 112
dp p q 4 = 28 = 1.17
Elasticity, e = × = = (D)
dq q dp 24 24
dq
x y
4. + =1
a b
But a = 3b
x y
∴ + = 1 ⇒ x + 3 y = 3b
3b b
14
⇒ 2 + 3(4) = 3b ⇒ 3b = 14 ⇒ b =
3
 14 
∴ a = 3  = 14
 3
x y x 3y
hence + =1⇒ + = 1 ⇒ x + 3 y = 14
14 14 14 14
3
14 x
∴ y= −
3 3 (B)

ALITER
Let the y intercept = c
x intercept = 3c
c 1
slope = m = − = −
3c 3
then, equation of the line is
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
y − 4 = − (x − 2)
1
3
3 y − 12 = − x + 2
3 y = − x + 2 + 12
3 y = − x + 14
− x 14
y= +
3 3 (B)

17
 5. It’s an AP such that Tn = a + (n – 1)d,
where a = N3,500, d = N275 and
n = June 2017 to April 2018 = 11 months
T11 = a + d (11 – 1) = N3,500 + N275 x 10 = N6,250 (C)

6. R = c at break even point

x 2 + 46 x + 180 = 48 x + 3 x 2
3 x 2 − x 2 + 48 x − 46 x − 180 = 0
2 x 2 + 2 x − 180 = 0
x 2 + x − 90 = 0
(x + 10)(x − 9) = 0
x = −10 or 9
x cannot be negative
∴x = 9
i.e break even quantity is 9 units. (B)

Σx
8. Mean = n
= 40
Σx
= 40n
40n + 50 + 64
= 42
n+2
40n + 114 =42n + 84
2n = 30
n = 15 (D)

11. C of V =
s
x
()
⇒ s = x C of V

= (x. C of V )
2
∴ variance = s 2
= (12 × 0.25) = 9
2

(B)

12. Arranging in ascending orders

12,18,20,25,26,27,30,36,38,40,42,48,55,58,58,64
Range = 64 – 12 = 52
16th  16 
Median position = and  + 1th = 8 th and 9 th
2 2 
36 + 38 74
Median = = = 37
2 2
Median –Range = 37 – 52 = -15 (C)

18
14.
1 2 3 4 5 6
H H,1 H,2 H,3 H,4 H,5 H,6
T T,1 T,2 T,3 T,4 T,5 T,6
n(S) = 12
P(a tail and no. greater than 3) = P((T,4); (T,5); (T,6))
3 1
= =
12 4
= 0.25 (A)

84 + 86 + 86 + 94 + 100
17. The trend stock for month =
5
450
= = 90 (E)
5

18. Day 1 Day 2

1 and 5 → 0.30 x 0.07 = 0.0210
2 and 4 → 0.12 x 0.11 = 0.0132
3 and 3 → 0.25 x 0.25 = 0.0625
4 and 2 → 0.11 x 0.12 = 0.0132
5 and 1 → 0.07 x 0.30 = 0.0210
0.1309 (B)

19. 2 12 x + 3 34 y ≤ 18000
2.25 x + 3.75 y ≤ 18000 (B)

5 5
20. λ = arrival rate = = = 20
15 0.25
60
8 8
µ = service rate = = = 40
12 0.2
60
λ 20
Traffic intensity, T = = = 0.5 (B)
µ 40
EXAMINER’S REPORT
The questions are adequate (in content and in standard) for the level of the examination. They enjoy a
reasonable spread over the syllabus. Inspite of these inherent features of the questions, the
candidates did not demonstrate the expected understanding of the requirements of the questions
which was why the performance of about 60% of the candidates in this section of the examination was
below average.
Candidates should try to cover the syllabus fairly well to be sure of better performance in future.

19
SOLUTION TO THEORY

SOLUTION 1

a. Units produced and sold in year 1 = 6000

if the growth rate per annum = 1.035, then the
units produced and sold in year 5 = 6000 (1.035)4 = 6885
Selling price in year 1 = N1050
If the growth rate per annum = 1.065, then the
selling price in year 5 = N[(1050 x (1.065)4] = N1350.79
Production costs in year 1 = N850
If the growth rate per annum = 1.05, then the
production costs in year 5 = N[850 X (1.05)4] = N1033.18
profit in year 5 = N[6885(1350.79 – 1033.18)] = N6,885 x 317.61
= N2,186,744.85
b. Explanation
i.
- The graph to be drawn involves 2 points (1,15000) and (4,30000). This gives a
straight line passing through the two points with total costs as dependent
variable and number of units produced as independent variable.

- Read the units produced when the total costs is 100 (i.e. N100,000)

ii. The daily fixed cost of the company is the y-intercept of the above graph.
iii. Use the two given points plus any point (x,y) to determine the equation of the
straight line
OR
deduce the slope of the graph and combine this with any of the two given points
to obtain c in y = mx + c (Note: this is the general equation of a straight line
with slope m and constant c ; c in this case will be equal to the fixed costs
obtained in (ii) above).

• Actual graphing – the solution proper + marking scheme

(i) - Let y (in thousands) represent the total cost and x to be the number of units
produced.

Thus, the two points given are A(1,15) and (4,30).

20
 The graph is as shown with it intersecting the y-axis at y = 10.

- Total cost of N70,000 means y = 70

If y = 70, then x = 12 as shown on the graph.
∴ 12 units were produced at a total cost of N70,000

(ii) - Since the graph cuts the y-axis at y = 10,

21
22
 then, the fixed cost of the company comes to N10,000
- The equation for the straight line drawn is obtained as follows:
From the graph, slope (or gradient) = 5

Considering point A(1,15) and any arbitrary point P(x,y),

then y = m (x –x1) + y ⇒
y =5 (x -1) + 15 ⇒
y = 10 + 5x as the equation of the straight line

(iii) This equation shows that, the fixed cost is given as y = 10 i.e. N10,000 which is
the same as obtained in (ii) above.

Marking Guide
Marks Marks
1
a. Correct growth rate per annum for units produced and sold (i.e. 1.035) ½
Correct expression for units produced and sold in year 5
[i.e. 6,000(1.035)4] ½
Correct answer (i.e. N6,885) 1
Correct growth rate per annum for selling price (i.e. 1.065) ½
Correct expression for selling price in year 5 [i.e. 1,050(1.065)4] ½
Correct answer (i.e. N1,350.79) 1
Correct growth rate per annum for production cost (i.e. 1.05) ½
Correct expression for production cost in year 5 [i.e. 850(1.05)4] ½
Correct answer (i.e. N1,033.18) 1
Correct subtraction of year 5 selling price production cost
(i.e. 1,350.79 – 1,033.00) 1
Correct answer (i.e. 317.61) ½
Correct expression for profit in year 5 (i.e. 6,885 x 317.61) ½
Correct answer for profit (i.e. N2,185,744.85) 2
10

ALITER
a. Correct annual growth rate for units sold (i.e. 1.035) ½
Correct annum growth rate for selling price (i.e. 1.065) ½
Correct annual growth rate for production cost (i.e. 1.05) ½
Correct units sold for years 2, 3, 4, and 5 respectively
(i.e. 6,210.00, 6,427.00, 6,052.00, and 6,885.00) [½ mark each] 2
Correct selling price for years 2, 3, 4, and 5 respectively
(i.e. 1118.25, 1190.94, 1268.35, and 1350.79) [½ mark each] 2
Correct production cost for years 2, 3, 4, and 5 respectively
(i.e. 892.50, 937.13, 983.98, and 1033.18) [½ mark each] 2
Correct profit for years 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 respectively
(i.e. 1,200,000.00; 1,401,907.50; 1,631,236.87; 1,891,629.24; and
2,186,744.85) [½ mark each] 2½
10

23
b. i. Correct identification of point (1,15) or (1, 15000) ½
Correct identification of point (4,30) or (4, 30000) ½
Correct plotting of straight line graph 2
3

b.ii. Correct expression for total cost of 70,000 (i.e. y = 70 or y = 70,000) ½

Correct tracing of y = 70,000 or y = 70 to the line on the graph ½
Correct tracing of point of intersection of y = 70,000 with the line to
x = 12 on the graph ½
Correct answer (i.e. x = 12) ½
2

iii. • Correct tracing of where the graph cuts y- axis at

y = 10 or y = 10,000 on the graph ½
Correct answer for the fixed costs (i.e. N10,000) ½
1
• Correct calculation of slope or gradient from the graph
(i.e. slope = 20 =5)
4 1
Correct formula for the equation of a line [i.e. y - y1 = m (x – x1)] ½
Correct substitution into the formula ½
Correct answer for the equation of the straight line
(i.e. y = 10 + 5x) 1
3

iv. Correct comment 1

20

EXAMINER’S REPORT
The question tests candidates’ understanding of production, cost and profit concepts and their
skills in the use of tables and graphs to compute production levels, costs and profit associated
with business operation/activities in a company or firm setting.
About 45 percent of the candidates attempted the question and their performance was poor.
Most of the candidates showed wobbled understanding of Part (a) of the question and
obtained solutions that are at variance with the required solution as suggested above. It,
therefore, appears that this category of candidates jumped at attempting this question with a
shallow understanding of its requirements
Candidates are, therefore, advised to study questions critically so as to understand their
solution requirements before deciding or rushing to attempt them.

24
SOLUTION 2

a. For compound interest, we have

Amount = principal (1 + r)n
i.e A = P(1 + r)n
Substituting, we have
120,600 = 100.000 (1 + r)5
120,600
∴ (1 + r)5 = = 1.206
100,000
Using logarithm to base 10 gives
5 log (1 + r) = log10 (1.206)
= 0.081347
0.081347
∴ log10 (1 + r) = =0.0163
5
1 + r = anti log of 0.0163 = 1.0382
∴ r = 0.0382
∴ The compound interest rate is 3.82%

b. (i). Let the demand curve be P = a – bQ

where P = sales price
Q= quantity demanded
a = sales price when the quantity demand is zero
b = change in sales price divided by change in quantity sold
Since demand is 400 if the sales price is N800 and demand falls by 16 units for
every N40 increase
400
∴ No of increases before demand falls to zero = = 25
16
∴ 25 increases lead to (25 x N40) or N1000
∴ the price at which the demand would be zero = N800 + N1000 = N1,800
i.e a = N1,800 and
40
b=N = N2.50
16
∴ Demand curve is given as P = 1,800 – 2.5Q
Revenue curve is given as Q (1,800 – 2.5Q)
R = 1,800Q – 2.5Q2
dR
∴ Marginal Revenue function (MR) = =1,800-5Q
dQ
(ii). if g and h respectively represent numbers of units of products G and H, then the
direct/labour constraint is 2.8g + 1.5h ≤ 1,800
Machine line constraint is 0.75g + 3h ≤ 10,000
Constraint for sales demand for product G is g ≤ 4,150
Constraint for sales demand for product H is h ≤ 3,175
Non-negativity constraints are g ≥ 0 and h ≥ 0

25
Marking Guide
Marks Marks
a. Correct substitution into the compound interest formula
[i.e. 120,600 = 100,000(1 + r)5] 1
Correct simplification [i.e. (1 + r)5 = 1.206] 2
Correct expression for log10 (1 + r)5 = log10 1.206
[i.e. 5log10 (1 + r) = log101.206] 1
Correct log10 of 1.206 (i.e. 0.081347) 1
Correct expression for log10(1 + r) = 0.0163 1
Correct anti-log of 0.0163 (i.e. 1.0382) 1
Correct expression for (1 + r) = 1.0382 1
Correct answer for r (i.e. r = 0.0382) 1
Correct compound interest rate (i.e. 3.82%) 1
10
b.i. Correct formula for demand curve (i.e. p = a – bQ 1
Correct number of increases before demand falls to zero (i.e. 400 =25)
16 ½
Correct cost of 25 increases (i.e. 25 x N40 = N1000) 1
Correct price at which demand would be zero
(i.e. N800 + N1,000 = N1,800 = a) 1
Correct value for b (i.e. b = 400 =N2.50)
16 ½
Correct demand curve (i.e. P = 1,800 – 2.5Q) ½
Correct expression for revenue curve [i.e. R = PQ = (1,800 – 2.5Q)Q] ½
Correct revenue curve (i.e. R = 1,800Q – 2.5Q2) ½
Correct marginal revenue function (i.e. MR = 1,800 – 5Q) ½
6
ALITER
b.i. Correct formula for price function using equation of line
(i.e. p – p1 = m (Q – Q1) 1
Correct expression for p2 (i.e. 800 + 40 = 840) ½
Correct expression for Q2 (i.e. 400 – 16 = 384) ½
Correct calculation of slope (i.e. m = − 5 )
2 1
Correct substitution into price formula (i.e. p – 800 = − 5 Q – 400)
2 ½
Correct simplification ½
Correct demand/price functions (i.e. p = 1,800 – 2.5Q) ½
Correct expression for revenue function [i.e. R = PQ = (1,800 – 2.5Q)Q] ½
Correct revenue curve (i.e. R = 1,800Q – 2.5Q2) ½
Correct marginal revenue function (i.e. MR = 1,800 – 5Q) ½
6
b.ii. Correct Direct Labour constraint (i.e. 2.5g + 1.5h ≤18,000) 1
Correct machine hour constraint (i.e. 0.75g + 3h ≤ 10,000 1
Correct sales demand for product g constraint (i.e. g ≤ 4,150) ½
Correct sales demand for product h constraint (i.e. h ≤ 3,175) ½
Correct non-negativity constraint for g (i.e. g ≥ 0) ½
Correct non-negativity constraint for h (i.e. h ≥ 0) ½
4
Total 20

26
EXAMINER’S REPORT
This question tests candidates’ understanding of (a) compound interest analysis and (b)
derivation of (i) marginal revenue function from total revenue function and (ii) constraint
functions associated with specified business activity

About 60 percent of the candidates attempted the question and performance was fair.
Some of the candidates had no clue to the solution to Part (b)(i) of the question as presented
above and hence they didn’t attempt it.

Candidates’ are advised to be familiar with the requirements of questions so that they can be
guided in their choice of questions as partial solution attempts of questions can lead to loss of
marks and poor examination performance as it was the case in this question

27
SOLUTION 3

a.
Year x y x2 xy
2000 0 600 0 0
2001 1 610 1 610
2002 2 580 4 1160
2003 3 590 9 1770
2004 4 480 16 1920
2005 5 560 25 2800
2006 6 550 36 3300
2007 7 620 49 4340
2008 8 490 64 3920
2009 9 530 81 4770
45 5610 285 24590

Let the regression model be y = a + bx

nΣxy − ΣxΣy 10(24,590 ) − (45)(5,610 )

b= =
nΣx − (Σx ) 10(285) − (45)
2 2 2

24,590 − 252,450
2,850 − 2025
− 6,550
825
= -7.94
a = y − b x = 56 − (− 7.94 )(4.5) = 596.73
∴ y = 596.73 − 7.94 x

b. (i) In 2012, x = 12 and y = 596.73 - 7.94 (12) = 501.45

i.e y = N501,450

(ii) In 2016, x = 16 and y = 596.73 - 7.94(16 ) = 469.69

i.e = N469,690

28
Marking Guide

Marks Marks
a. Correct x column (setting year 2000 to zero) 1
Correct ∑ x (i.e. 45) ½
Correct ∑y (i.e. 5,610) 1
Correct x column (-½ for each error)
2
1
∑x
2
Correct (i.e. 285) 1
Correct xy column (-½ for each error) 3½
Correct ∑ xy (i.e. 24,590) 1
Correct substitution into b formula 1
Correct simplification ½
− 6,550
Correct further simplification (i.e. )
825 ½
Correct answer for b (i.e. – 7.94) 1
Correct substitution into a formula 1
Correct answer for a (i.e. 596.73) 1
Correct least squares line (i.e. y = 596.73 – 7.94x) 1
15
b.i. Correct value for x in year 2012 (i.e. x = 12) ½
Correct substitution in the least squares line ½
Correct value of y (i.e. y = 501.45) 1
Correct expenditure for year 2012 (i.e. N501,450) ½
2½
ii. Correct value of x in year 2016 (i.e. x = 16) ½
Correct substitution in the least squares line ½
Correct value of y (i.e. y = 469.69) 1
Correct expenditure for year 2016 (i.e. N69,690) ½
2½
Total 20

EXAMINER’S REPORT

The question tests candidates’ skills in the fitting of least squares line for a given data and in
the use of such fitted line for prediction or forecasting.

About 80% of the candidates attempted this question and performance was good.

29
SOLUTION 4

(a)

(i) 12 games – WL WL WL WL WL WL
14 games – WL WL WL WLWL WL WL

(ii) Expected returns

For 12 games
(0.6 × 1800 × 6) − (0.4 × 2300 × 6) = N960
For 14 games
(0.6 × 1800 × 7 ) − (0.4 × 2300 × 7 ) = N1,200
(iii) The gambler should not play less than 14 games because that is when he/she can
make some gain.

b. (i) - This obeys the Geometric Mean property.

∴ Its value at the end of 5 years
= N10,000 x 1.08 x 1,25 x 1.35 x 1.43 x 1.22
= N31,795,335

- The average growth rate over the 5-year period

31,795,335
= 5
10,000,000
1
= (3.1795335) 5
= 1.26

- . The average growth rate over the 5 – year period is 26%.

(ii) The initial feasible tableau using the least cost method
Supply
Factory A 4 5 3
- 7 - 50 2 700 50 0
- 650
Factory B 3 850 450 0
¤ 400 6 7 5 4
- 450 - -
Factory C 7 4
- 3 6 650 5 1250 700 0
550 50 -
Demand 400 550 0 500 700 650 2800
0 450 0 650 0 0

30
Marking Guide

Marks Marks

a.i. Correct sample space for 12 games 1

Correct sample game for 14 games 1
2
ii. Correct expected gain for 12 games (i.e. N0.6 x 1,800 x 6) 1
Correct expected loss for 12 games (i.e. N0.4 x 2,300 x 6) 1
Correct expected returns for 12 games (i.e. N6,480 – N5,520 = N960) 1
Correct expected gain for 14 games (i.e. N0.6 x 1,800 x 7) 1
Correct expected loss for 14 games (i.e. N0.4 x 2,300 x 7) 1
Correct expected returns for 14 games (i.e. N7,560 – N6,440 = N1,120) 1
6
iii. Correct advice (i.e. not to play less than 14 games) 1
Correct reason (point of making some gains) 1
2

b.i. • Correct annual increase rate for years 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 respectively

(i.e. 1.08, 1.25, 1.35, 1.43, 1.22) [½ mark each] 2½
Correct estimated value at the end of year 5 (i.e. N31,795,335) ½
3
• Correct expression for average growth rate over 5-year period
i.e. 5 31,795,335
10,000,000 ½
Correct simplification [i.e. (3.1795335)
1
5] ½
Correct answer (i.e. 1.26) 1
Correct average growth rate over 5-year period (i.e. 26%) 1
3

ALITER

b.i. • Correct value of the house at the end of year 1 (i.e. 10,800,000) ½
Correct value of the house at the end of year 2 (i.e. 13,500,000) ½
Correct value of the house at the end of year 3 (i.e. 18,225,000) ½
Correct value of the house at the end of year 4 (i.e. 26,061,750) ½
Correct value of the house at the end of year 5 (i.e. 31,795,335) 1
3
• Correct substitution of the annual growth rate for years 1, 2, 3, 4,
and 5 into the geometric mean formula ½
Correct simplification (i.e. 3.1795335 )
5
½
Correct answer (i.e. 1.260) 1
Correct average growth rate over 5-year period (i.e. 26%) 1
3

31
b.ii. Correct allocation of 650 against the transportation cost of 2 along
Factory A row 1
Correct allocation of 50 against the transportation cost of 3 along
Factory A row ½
Correct allocation of 400 against the transportation cost of 3 along
Factory B row ½
Correct allocation of 450 against the transportation cost of 7 along
Factory B row ½
Correct allocation of 550 against the transportation cost of 3 along
Factory C row ½
Correct allocation of 50 against the transportation cost of 6 along
Factory C row ½
Correct allocation of 650 against the transportation of 4 along
Factory C row ½
4
Total 20

EXAMINER’S REPORT
The question tests candidates’ understanding of probability analysis, expected value/returns
computations in game situation and identification of feasible solution in transportation
problem using the least cost method.

About 40% of the candidates attempted the question and performance was poor.
There is virtually no part of the question where candidates who attempted it demonstrated
more than a fair understanding of the requirements of the question. This seems to suggest
that candidates failed to pay adequate attention to the topics covered by this question.

Candidates are, therefore, advised to read widely and ensure that they attach adequate
attention to every area of the syllabus when preparing for future examinations.

32
SOLUTION 5

a. (i) [ ]
C (q) = ∫ 3q 2 − 40q + 600 dq = q 3 − 20q 2 + 600q + k
When q = 2, then q (2) = 1.1600 = 8 − 80 + 1200 + k
∴ k = 53291
i.e. C (q ) = q 3 − 20q 2 + 600q + 532.

(ii) ( )
C (50 ) = 50 3 − 20 50 2 + 600(50 ) + 532 .
= 125000 – 50000 + 30000 + 532
= N105,532

x−µ
b. (i) 3012 grams is below the mean ⇒ Z =
r
3012 − 3020
=
4
= −2
That is, 3012 grams is 2 standard deviations below the mean (fig b(i))
∴ From the table, Z = 2 gives 0.4772 or 47.72% of the distribution to be
within two standard deviations below the mean
∴ P(Z < -2) = 0.5 – 0.4772 = 0.0288
∴ The probability of a bag of Pando yam being less than 3012 grams is
0.0228

(ii) - 3012 grams is below the mean:

x−µ 3012 − 3020
= = −2
Z= σ 4
-. 3021.6 grams is above the mean

33
 3021.6 − 3020 1.6
Z= =+ = 0.4
4 4
We are interested in the area of the normal curve between 2 standard
deviations below the mean and 0.4 standard deviation above the man.
(fig b(ii))
∴ From the table
Z = - 2 (below the mean), probability = 0.4772
Z = 0.4 (above the mean), probability = 0.1554
This gives the total probability as 0.6326
That is , there is a 0.6326 or 63.23% chance that a bag of Pando yam picked at
random will lie between 3012 grams and 3021.6 grams.

Marking Guide

Marks Marks

a.i. Correct expression for total cost function

∫(
i.e. c(q) = 3q 2 − 40q + 600 dq ) 1
Correct integration i.e. c(q) = q − 20q + 600q + k
3 2

( ½ mark for each term) 2

For C(2) = 1,660 1
Correct substitution of q=2 and C(2) = 1,660 into C(q) 1
Correct value of k (i.e. k = 532) 1
Correct total cost function [i.e. C(q) = q − 20q + 600q + 50 ]
3 2
1
7
ii. Correct substitution of q = 50 into C(q)
i.e. c(50) = 50 3 − 20(50 ) + 600(50 ) + 532
2
1
Correct simplification of C(50)
(i.e. 125,000 – 50,000 + 30,000 + 532) 1
Correct answer (i.e. N105,532) 1
3
34
b.i. Correct substitution into z formula (i.e. z = 3,012 − 3,020 )
4 1
Correct value of z (i.e. z = -2) ½
Correct normal distribution diagram with required area shaded
(i.e. z < -2) ½
Correct value of z = 2 from standard normal distribution table
(i.e. 0.4772) 1
Correct probability of z < -2 [i.e. p( z < -2) = 0.0288] 1
4
ii. Correct substitution into z formula (i.e. z = 3,012 − 3,020 )
4 ½
Correct value of z (i.e. z = -2) ½
Correct substitution into z formula (i.e. z= 3,021.6 − 3,020 )
4 ½
Correct value of z (i.e. z = 0.4) ½
Correct normal distribution diagram with required area shaded
(i.e. -2 < z < 0.4) 1
Correct value of ( z = 2 from standard normal distribution table
(i.e. 0.4772) 1
Correct value of z = 0.4 from standard normal distribution table
(i.e. 0.1554) 1
Correct probability of -2 < z < 0.4 [i.e. p (-2 < z < 0.4) = 0.6326] 1
6
Total 20

EXAMINER’S REPORT
This question tests candidates’ ability to:
i. Derive firm’s total cost relations from its marginal cost relations using the calculus
concept of integration; and
ii. Use the normal distribution analysis for probability computations.
About 65 percent of the candidates attempted the question and performance was fair. Some
candidates were unable to derive the required total cost function from the given marginal cost
function using the concept of integration as done in the suggested solution above, a failure
that translated into substantial loss of marks in Part (a) of the question.

35
SOLUTION 6

a.

C1 C2 C3 C4 moving Centred Moving Centred moving

Quarter sales 4.quarter average Total (C5) average
total (= c3 ÷ 4) (= c5 ÷ 2)
1 30

2 34
142 35.5
3 37 35.5 + 39.25 = 37.375
74.75
157 39.25
4 41 82.25 41.125
172 43
5 45 90.25 45.125
189 47.25
6 49 98.50 49.250
205 51.25
7 54 106.00 53.000
219 54.75
8 57 113.75 56.875
236 59
9 59 122.00 61.000
252 63
10 66 130.25 65.125
269 67.25
11 70

12 74

(i). moving averages are shown in column 4

(ii). the centered moving average for Quarter 3 is 37.375

36
ALITER

Year Quarter Sales 4 Quarter (2 x 4) Centre 4 –

C1 C2 C3 moving Quarter Quarter moving
Totals Moving Totals average
C4 C5 (C6= c5 ÷ 8)
1 1 30 - -

2 34 -
142
3 37 299 37.375
157
4 41 329 41.125
172
2 1 45 361 45.125
189
2 49 394 49.250
205
3 54 424 53.000
219
4 57 455 56.875
236
3 1 59 488 61.000
252
2 66 525 65.125
269
3 70 - -
-
4 74 - -

The centred moving average for Quarter 3, Year 1 is 37.375

37
 Variation Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Total

Year 1 -0.375 -0.125

Year 2 -0.125 -0.250 1.000 0.125

Year 3 -2.000 0.875

Average -1.063 0.313 0.313 0.0 -0.437

Adjustment
0.10925 0.10925 0.10925 0.10925 0.437

Seasonal - 0.42225 0.42225 0.10925 0

0.95375
adjustment

a. life (in months(x) probability of failure(p) px

1 0.27 0.27
2 0.56 1.12
3 0.17 0.51
Life span = 1.90
760
- Average number of bulbs replaced = = 400
1.9
- Average monthly cost = 400 x N60 = N24,000

Marking Guide

Marks Marks
a.i. Correct 4-quarter moving total column with correct placement
( -½ for each error) 3
Correct 4-quarter moving average column with correct placement
( -½ for each error) 3
Correct centred moving average i.e. Trend column with correct
placement ( -½ for each error) 3
9

38
ALITER
Correct 4-quarter moving total column with correct placement
( -½ for each error) 3
Correct 2 x 4 quarter moving average column with correct placement
( -½ for each error) 3
Correct centred 4th quarter moving average i.e. Trend column with
correct placement ( -½ for each error) 3
9

ii. Correct value for the centred moving average for quarter 3 (i.e. 37.375) 1

b.i. Correct arrangement of variations 1

Correct average of variations in Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 (i.e. – 1.063, 0.313,
0.313, 0.0) [ ½ mark each] 2
Correct sum of averages over the 4 quarters i.e. -0.437 ½
Correct adjustment for each quarter i.e. 0.437 = 0.10925
4 1
Correct sum of adjustments over the 4 quarters i.e. 0.437 ½
Correct seasonal adjustment which is computed by adding the average
for each quarter to the adjustment for each quarter (i.e. -095375,
0.42225, 0.42225, 0.10925) 1
6

ii. • Correct p.x for month 1 (i.e. 0.27) ½

Correct p.x for month 2 (i.e. 1.12) ½
Correct p.x for month 3 (i.e. 0.51) ½
Correct average life span (i.e. ∑ px = 1.90) ½
2
• Correct expression for average number of bulbs replaced
(i.e. 760 )
1.9 ½
Correct answer (i.e. 400) ½
1
• Correct expression for average monthly cost of replacing the bulbs
(i.e. 400 x 60) ½
Correct answer (i.e. N24,000) ½
1
Total 20

EXAMINER’S REPORT
This question tests candidates’ skills in the computation of:
i. Trend values from quarterly business data; and
ii. Seasonal adjustment for quarterly data
It also tests candidates’ understanding of replacement analysis.
About 68% of the candidates attempted the question and performance was good

39
 THE INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS OF NIGERIA

FOUNDATION LEVEL EXAMINATION – MAY 2016

BUSINESS AND FINANCE

Time Allowed: 3 hours

SECTION A: MULTIPLE –CHOICE QUESTIONS (20 Marks)

INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION

Write ONLY the alphabet (A, B, C, D or E) that corresponds to the correct option in each of the
following questions/statements:

1. An entity that does not have any strategic ambition to gain a position in the larger
market environment is called ........................ Strategy
A. Leader
B. Challenger
C. Follower
D. Sole Trader
E. Nicher

2. “Organisation structure” is the framework wherein the activities of people within the
organisation are co-ordinated and managed. The following are common forms of
business organisation structures EXCEPT
A. Entrepreneurial structure
B. Functional structure
C. Divisional structure
D. Matrix structure
E. Boundary structure

3. The following are TRUE about Not-For-Profit Organisations EXCEPT

A. They exist for purposes other than making profit
B. They operate within the funding and cash available
C. They are wholly or partly funded from non-government sources
D. The operating surplus is retained for the organisation
E. They will aim to operate at a surplus

4. Which of the following is NOT a Non-Governmental Organisation?

A. Women in Management and Business
B. University of Lagos
C. Access to Education for Children
D. Action Aid International Nigeria
E. Lagos Digital Village

40
5. It is often assumed that the main objective of a company should be to maximise the
wealth of its shareholders, Johnson, Scholes and Whittington state that the objective of
an entity should be to ..................
A. Fulfil ‘stakeholder’ expectations
B. Fulfil ‘stakeholder’ values
C. Fulfil ‘shareholder’ expectations
D. Fulfil ‘government’ expectations
E. Fulfil ‘stakeholder’ thinking

6. Unemployment that results from a ‘slump’ in the economy can be described as

A. Frictional unemployment
B. Seasonal unemployment
C. Residual unemployment
D. Cyclical unemployment
E. Recessional unemployment

7. The aim of market skimming is to .............................

A. Build customer demand
B. Offer an attractive price
C. Increase sales volume
D. Maximise the gross profit per unit sold
E. Penetrate the market

8. The following are sources of short-term funds, EXCEPT

A. Bank Overdraft
B. Trade Payables
C. Operating Leases
D. Lease Finance
E. Debt Factoring

9. ABC Limited is considering investing in a project with the following financial data.
ear N
0 (350,000)
Profit before depreciation:
1 200,000
2 195,000
3 90,000
4 75,000
The project life span is FOUR years and has no residual value at the end of the FOUR
years. Calculate the ARR.
A. 25%
B. 30%
C. 32%
D. 33%
E. 35%

41
10. Which of the following is NOT part of Porters’ Model of Strategic Management?
A. The Strategic goal for a company should be to achieve a superior long-term
return on investment
B. Strategy must offer a unique value proposition for the customer
C. There should also be a distinctive value chain
D. The selected strategy will not involve some trade-offs
E. There should be continuity of strategic direction

11. Which of the following is NOT a source of financing?

A. Bank overdrafts
B. Short-term bank loans
C. Suppliers
D. Proceeds of disposal of fixed assets
E. Operating leases

12. Which of the following is NOT a function of a stock exchange?

A. Provide a system in which shares can be traded in a regulated manner
B. Enforce rules of business conduct on market participants
C. Ensure availability of shares and bonds to be traded by investors
D. Ensure that there is an efficient system for providing new financial information
about companies to investors in the market
E. Provide a system for recording information about the prices at which shares are
bought and sold and making them available to participants

13. It is usual for accountants to associate public interest with the following matters
EXCEPT
A. Detecting and reporting any serious misdemeanour or crime
B. Protecting health and public safety
C. Preventing the public from being misled by a statement or action of an
individual or an organisation
D. Protecting health and personal safety
E. Revealing the existence of any conflict of interests of those individuals who are
in a position of power or influence

14. The general public might consider that it has a stake or interest in major companies,
because the actions of these companies can affect society as a whole. Areas of public
concern may include any of the following EXCEPT
A. Public health, especially in the case of food manufacturers and manufacturers of
drugs and medicines
B. Protection of the environment, reducing pollution, and creating ‘sustainable
businesses’
C. Corruption in business practices
D. The exploitation of the consumer through misleading descriptions of goods
E. Excess profit made by these companies

42
15. A role of management in building a team is to provide ................... to teams and
workgroups, so that the term can be successful.
A. Supervision
B. Coordination
C. Leadership
D. Control
E. Motivate

16. In work places, as in all aspects of living, people must communicate. What are the TWO
ways of exchanging information?
A. Formal and informal communication
B. Telephone and fax messages
C. Television and newspapers
D. Television and print media
E. Email messages and mobile phones

17. An example of informal communication is

A. Grapevine
B. Buzz
C. Pipeline
D. Noise
E. Uproar

18. ‘Leadership motivates the people to work and not the power of money’. This concept is
related to the
A. Autocratic model
B. Custodial model
C. Supportive model
D. Collegial model
E. Collective bargaining

19. Which of the following is most likely to be a result of competition?

A. Development of new products
B. Reduction in product quality
C. High prices
D. More monopolies
E. Market regulation

20. Job satisfaction ......................... relates to absenteeism and labour turnover

A. Positively
B. Negatively
C. Directly
D. Elastically
E. Indirectly

43
SECTION B: OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS (80 MARKS)

INSTRUCTION: ANSWER ANY FOUR OUT OF SIX QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION

QUESTION 1
Financial management is about planning and controlling the financial affairs of an
organisation, to ensure that it achieves its objectives, particularly financial objectives.

a. Explain the meaning of financial engineering in the light of the above.

(5 Marks)
b. State and explain briefly THREE main financial objectives of an organisation.
(15 Marks)
(Total 20 Marks)

QUESTION 2
a. Businesses need to establish a strategy for achieving and subsequently sustaining
competitive advantage.

You are required to:

Define and explain briefly the types of competitive advantage.
(5 Marks)

b. Porter’s generic strategies for competitive advantage, has suggested three strategies
for sustaining competitive advantage over rival firms and their products or services.

You are required to:

Identify and explain these THREE strategies. (15 Marks)

(Total 20 Marks)

44
QUESTION 3

a. Professional Accountants and Managers’ attitude to ethics and ethical issues are based
on their backgrounds, experiences, culture, religion and individual values.

Explain the FIVE fundamental principles of professional ethics established in the ICAN
Code of Conduct and Guide for members. (10 Marks)

b. Explain the concepts:

i. Social ecology
ii. Ecological footprint
iii. Sustainable development
iv. Social footprint (10 Marks)
(Total 20 Marks)

QUESTION 4
a. National income, gross national product and gross domestic product are all measures
of total economic activity for a particular country during a given time period, usually
one year.

Required:
Identify and explain TWO broad approaches to the measurement of total economic
activity during a given time period. (5 Marks)

b. The terms “Demand and Supply” refer to the behaviour of people as they interact with
ONE another in the markets.

Required:
Explain the terms
i. Demand
ii. Supply
iii. Market Pricing Mechanism (15 Marks)
(Total 20 Marks)

45
QUESTION 5

a. A workgroup is a group of employees who act with a common purpose and a sense of
identity.

Required:

List and explain briefly TWO types of workgroups. (5 Marks)

b. Bruce Tuckman (1965) provided an analysis of how small teams develop and change
character over time. The appropriate form of team leadership changes as the team
goes through each new stage of development.

Required:
List and explain briefly FIVE stages of team development. (15 Marks)
(Total 20 Marks)

QUESTION 6

a. List FIVE disadvantages of accounting rate of return. (5 Marks)

b. Gidado Nigeria Limited is considering TWO mutually exclusive projects with the
following project data:
Project A Project B
N N
Year 0 (40,000) (140,000)
1 24,000 74,000
2 16,000 56,000
3 15,000 55,000

The company’s cost of capital is 16%.

You are required to advise Gidado on the better project to accept using the NPV and IRR
methods. (15 Marks)
(Total 20 Marks)

46
MULTIPLE CHOICE SOLUTIONS

1 E
2 E
3 E
4 B
5 A
6 D
7 D
8 D
9 B
10 D
11 D
12 C
13 D
14 E
15 C
16 A
17 A
18 C
19 A
20 B

Solution to MCQ Question 9

Average Rate of Return (ARR) = Average profit x 100%

Average investments

Profit for the period after depreciation = (200,000+ 195,000 + 90,000+75,000 -350,000)/4
= 52,500

Average investment = (initial investment + residual value)/2

= (350,000+0)/2
= 175,000

ARR = 52,500 x 100%

175,000
= 30%

47
EXAMINER’S REPORT

Section A tests all the areas of business and finance concepts and principles.

The performance of the candidates that took the paper was average. The major pitfall was that the
candidates displayed inadequate knowledge of basic business concepts and principles.
Candidates are advised to cover the syllabus for better performance in subsequent examinations.

SECTION B: ESSAY QUESTIONS

SOLUTION: QUESTION 1

(a) Meaning of Financial Engineering

Financial engineering involves the use of mathematical techniques to solve financial problems.
It involves the use of tools and knowledge drawn from the fields of statistics, economics,
computer science and applied mathematics to address current financial issues and devise new
and innovative financial products.
Financial engineering is sometimes referred to as quantitative analysis and is primarily used by
investment banks, insurance agencies, hedge funds and commercial banks.

Financial engineering can also be used to refer to strategies adopted by companies to maximise
profits or other metrics through:
i. Derivatives that address unusual risks faced by a party in a transaction;
ii. Instructing a purchase or sale in a way that better addresses the interests of the buyer or
seller.
iii. Using new methods to compute the fair value of new or existing financial instruments.

(b) The financial objective of an organisation can be expressed in a number of different ways, and
each of them has its advantages and weaknesses or limitations with each of them. Three
commonly-used financial objectives are to maximise:

• Shareholder wealth
• Profits
• Growth in earnings per share.

i. Maximising shareholder wealth

The overall objective of a company might be stated as maximising the wealth of its
owners. Shareholders’ wealth is increased by dividend payments and a higher share
price. Corporate strategies are therefore desirable if they result in higher dividends, a
higher share price, or both.

There are some problems with assuming that the financial objective of a company
should be shareholders wealth maximisation. The considerations here include:
• Setting the time period for wealth maximisation.
• Measuring the wealth creation and dividing the wealth created into the portion for
dividend payments and share price growth.

48
 • Consideration of share prices which are often affected by general stock market
sentiment, and short-term increases or falls in a share price might be caused by
investor attitudes rather than any real success or failing of the company itself.

The objective of maximising shareholder wealth is generally accepted as a sound basis

for financial planning, but is not practical in terms of actually setting financial
performance targets and measuring actual performance against the target. Other
financial objectives might therefore be used instead, in the expectation that if these
objectives are achieved, shareholder wealth will be increased by an optimal amount.

ii. Maximising profits

A company might express its main financial objectives in terms of profit maximisation
and targets can be set for profit growth over a strategic planning period, as profit after
tax is what is distributable to the company’s owners.

Profit growth objectives have the advantage of simplicity. When a company states that
its aim is to increase profits by 20% per year for the next three years, the intention is
quite clear and easily understood – by managers, investors and others.

The main problem with an objective of maximising profits is to decide the time period
over which profit performance should be measured.

• Short-term profits might be increased only by taking action that will have a
harmful effect on profits in the longer term. For example, a company might avoid
replacing ageing equipment in order to avoid higher depreciation and interest
charges, or might avoid investing in new projects if they will make losses initially
– regardless of how profitable they might be in the longer term.
• It is often necessary to invest now to improve profits over the longer term.
Innovation and taking business risks are often essential for long-term success.
However, longer-term success is usually only achieved by making some sacrifices
in the short term.

In practice, managers often focus on short-term profitability, and give insufficient

thought to the longer term because:

• Their remuneration might depend on meeting annual performance targets.

Annual cash bonuses, for example, might be dependent on making a specified
minimum amount of profit for the year.
• Managers often do not expect to remain in the same job for more than a few
years; therefore short-term achievements might mean more to them than longer-
term benefits after they have moved on to a different position or job.
• Profits can be increased by raising and investing more capital. When share
capital is increased, total profits might increase due to the bigger investment,
but the profit per share might fall. This is why a company’s financial objective
might be expressed in terms of profit per share or growth in profit per share.

iii. Maximising growth in earnings per share

The most common measure of profit per share is earnings per share (EPS). The financial
objective might be to increase the earnings per share each year and possibly to grow
EPS by a target amount each year for the next few years. If there is growth in EPS, there

49
 will be more profits to pay out in dividends per share, or there will be more retained
profits to reinvest with the intention of increasing earnings per share even more in the
future. EPS growth should therefore result in growth in shareholder wealth over the long
term.

However, there are some problems with using EPS growth as a financial objective. It
might be possible to increase EPS through borrowing and debt capital. If a company
needs more capital to expand its operations, it can raise the money by borrowing. Tax
relief is available on the interest charges, and this reduces the effective cost of
borrowing. Shareholders benefit from any growth in profits after interest, allowing for
tax relief on the interest, and EPS increases. However, higher financial gearing (the ratio
of debt capital to total capital) can expose shareholders to greater financial risk. As a
consequence of higher gearing, the share price might fall even when EPS increases.

Marking Guide

(a) Marks
i. Description of the term attracts 2

ii. Further detailed explanation of the meaning and what it

entails 3
5

(b) i. Stating the three main financial objectives properly attracts 2

marks each 6

ii. Detailed explanation of each of the three main financial

objectives attracts 3 marks each 9
Total 20

EXAMINER’S REPORT

This question tests the ability of candidates on their understanding of the basics of financial
engineering and financial objectives of an organisation.

About half of the candidates that attempted this question scored average marks.

Many of the candidates could not clearly explain the features of the three main financial objectives of
an organisation.

Candidates are therefore advised to read and have a good understanding of this aspect of the syllabus.

50
SOLUTION 2
(a) Competitive advantage is the ability of an entity to do something which other organisations
cannot do, or doing something far better than other organisations. It means offering something
better to customers than competitors. Competitive advantage gives organisations superior
performance in the market place. Having some competitive advantage over rival firms is
essential. Without it, there is no reason why customers should buy the company’s product
instead of the products of a competitor. Essentially, competitive advantage arises from
customers’ perception of value for money being offered through the product/service on sale.

Types of competitive advantage include the following:-

1. Cost Competitive advantage;

2. Product;
3. Niche; and
4. Sustainable competitive advantages

Cost Competitive advantage is when a company is able to utilize its skilled workforce,
inexpensive raw materials, controlled costs, and efficient operations to create maximum value
to consumers. Walmart uses the cost advantage strategy by providing a very large selection and
low prices via its retailer strength and size. Costs can be kept at a minimum in many different
ways. Some companies like Nissan, have years of experience producing cars in a very cost-
effective manner. Other companies use offshore manufacturing to keep the costs of their
products down. The current trend is for companies to cut down on the extras they offer to
customers

Companies can also use product design and reengineering to create efficient cost-effective
products. Product design is important to companies that use cutting-edge technology. Intel is
able to keep microchip processor prices down by continually improving product design that
utilizes advancements in the field.

Product/Service Differentiation
Another way that companies can have competitive advantage in the marketplace is through
product/service differentiation. If a company’s product or service has a valuable offering for its
customers, then loyalty and product/service differentiation can occur. Costs competitive
advantage can easily disappear with the introduction of a new competitor or new technology. If
a company offers a unique product or service, it is harder to maintain an edge in the market
based on price alone. The company must offer something to the customer beside just a low
price.

Some companies offer excellent product reliability, such as Honda, an American-made image,
such as Harley-Davidson, a valuable brand name, such as Rolex or even excellent service, such
as Mercedes-Benz. For companies to excel in this area of competitive advantage, they must
constantly look for ways to create new products and innovations that solve customers needs
and wants.

Niche strategy is built around serving a particular target fully. It is an arrangement whereby an
entity decides to serve a little segment of the market instead of serving a wide market area.

51
 Instead of being a “jack of all trade and master of none”, the firm decides to concentrate its
areas of operation in a little market area. This enables the firm to serve its customers in a
special way far better than it could have done if serving a very broad area. The firm is also able
to develop its competences in this narrow area.

A sustainable competitive advantage is a competitive advantage that is all enduring. It stands

the test of time. The capability must be sustainable only if it persists over time, that is, it cannot
easily be eroded by competitors. This is the test of sustainability.

A sustained or sustainable competitive advantage occurs when a firm implements a value-

creating strategy that is grounded in its own unique resources, capabilities and core
competencies of which other companies are unable to duplicate the benefits or find it too costly
to imitate. A firm is assured of a competitive advantage only after other’s efforts to duplicate its
strategy have failed.

In general, the sustainability of a competitive advantage is a function of three factors namely:-

(i) The rate of core competence obsolescence due to environmental changes.

(ii) The availability of substitutes for the core-competence, and
(iii) The inimitability of the core competence.

(b) Porter’s three strategies for sustaining competitive advantage over rival firms and their
products or services are:
i. Cost leadership strategy
ii. Differentiation strategy
iii. Focus strategy

i. Cost leadership strategy

Cost leadership means being the lowest-cost producer in the market. The least cost
producer is able to compete effectively on price, by offering its products at a lower price
than rival products. It can sell its products more cheaply than competitors and still make
a profit. Companies with a cost leadership strategy must have excellent systems of cost
control and should continually plan for further cost reductions (in order to remain the
cost leader in the market). The source of their competitive advantage is low cost and
they must never lose sight of this fact.

The success of a cost leadership strategy is based on offering products at the lowest
price, which means that in order to make a reasonable profit the company must sell
large quantities of the product. Total profits usually come from selling large volumes at
a low profit margin per unit.

ii. Differentiation strategy

Porter defines differentiation strategy as making a product different from rival products
in a way that customers can recognise. Customers might be willing to pay a higher price
for the product, because they value its different features. Companies pursuing a
differentiation strategy need to offer products and services that are perceived as better

52
 or more suitable than those of their competitors. To deliver better products and services
usually requires investment and innovation.
Companies with a differentiation strategy cannot ignore cost. They should keep costs
under control and try to reduce costs, so that they can offer more value to customers and
retain their competitive advantage. However, they are not trying to be the least-cost
producers. It is more important for a successful differentiation strategy that products
should give more benefits to the customer, even if this means having to spend more to
deliver the product.

iii. Focus strategy

Focus strategy is concentrating on selling the company’s product to a particular
segment of the market and to a particular type of customer in a segmented market.

Cost leadership strategy and a differentiation strategy can be pursued in a market that
is not segmented. Within a market segment, a company might seek competitive
advantage through:
• Cost leadership within the market segment, or
• Product differentiation within the market segment.

Marking Guide

(a) Marks
i. Definition and brief explanation of the term
‘competitive advantage’ attracts 1

ii. Stating the four types of competitive advantage

properly attracts ½ mark each (½mark x 4) 2

iii. Brief explanation of the four types of competitive

advantage attracts ½ mark each (½ mark x 4) 2
5

(b) i. Correct identification of the three Porter’s generic

strategies for competitive advantage attracts 1 mark
each 3

ii. Proper and brief explanation of the three strategic

attract 4 marks each 12
15
Total 20

EXAMINER’S REPORT

The question tests the ability of candidates to:

(a) Define and explain the types of competitive advantage

(b) Identify and explain Porter’s generic strategies for competitive advantage.

53
Less than 50% of the total candidates that wrote this examination attempted this question suggesting
that students were avoiding this aspect of the syllabus.

The performance was poor with the major pitfall being inadequate understanding of the subject
matter.

Candidates are advised to cover the entire syllabus and not indulge in speculating aspects of the
syllabus that could come under examination.

SOLUTION 3

(a) The ICAN Code of Conduct and Guide for members requires professional accountants to comply
with the following fundamental principles:
• Integrity
• Objectivity
• Professional competence and due care
• Confidentiality
• Professional behaviour
• Technical standards.

Integrity
An accountant must be honest and straightforward in his professional and business dealings.
This includes a requirement for ‘fair dealing’ and a requirement to be truthful.

Objectivity
An accountant must not allow his professional or business judgment to be affected by:
• bias (personal prejudice)
• conflicts of interest
• undue influence from others: for accountants in business, this includes undue pressure from
the employer (senior management).

Accountants should try to apply the principle of objectivity in all the work that they do.

Professional competence and due care

An accountant has a duty to maintain his professional knowledge and skills at a level that
enables him to provide a competent professional service to his clients or employer. This
includes a requirement to keep up to date with developments in areas of accounting that are
relevant to the work that he does. Accountants should also act in accordance with relevant
technical and professional standards when doing their work for clients or employer.

Confidentiality
Accountants must respect the confidentiality of information obtained in the course of his/her
work. This applies to the confidentiality of information within the firm or employer’s
organisation, as well as to confidentiality of information about clients (for accountants in
professional practice).

54
 However, there are some circumstances when the disclosure of confidential information is
permitted or even required by law. For example, a money deposit bank may be required by a
law court to disclose the accounting statement of its customer, if need be, in a litigation.

Professional behaviour
Accountants are required to observe relevant laws and regulations, and to avoid any actions
that could discredit the accountancy profession. This requirement covers advertising by
accountants, which must be truthful and must not disparage or ridicule the services provided
by ‘rival’ firms.

Technical standards
A professional accountant should perform his professional tasks in accordance with the relevant
technical and professional standards. Technical and professional standards include:
• Standards issued by IFAC (such as International Standards on Auditing) or a similar
national regulatory body.
• International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs).
• Standards and regulations of the member’s professional accountancy body.
• Relevant legislations.

(b) i) Social ecology

The social ecologists are critics of the Western capitalist approach to environmentalism.
Social ecologists argue that the environmental crisis has been caused by companies
seeking growth, profits and economic self-interest. Nothing fundamental has changed.
Companies are still trying to get bigger and more profitable, even though they use
environmental ideology to express their plans and ambitions.

They argue that the environmental crisis cannot be averted without a radical change in
human society. The following comments are illustrative of the thinking of social
ecologists.
• Environmental problems are caused by companies that seek continued growth in
size and profits.
• The structure of society and the future of the environment are closely linked.
• That most environmentalists focus wrongly, on improving technology to improve the
environment, or even on restricting population size. These environmentalists are
focusing on symptoms of the environmental problems, not its root causes; so they
will not find any lasting solution.
• A truly ‘green’ entrepreneur cannot possibly survive in today’s capitalist culture,
because by using ecologically/environmentally sound methods, they would be at a
disadvantage to more ruthless rivals who will produce at a lower cost.

ii) Environmental footprint (ecological footprint)

An environmental footprint or ecological footprint means the impact that an entity has
on the environment, in terms of:

• The amount of raw materials that it uses to make its products or services, where the
raw materials are subject to depletion (raw materials that can be renewed, but
where the current total rate of consumption exceeds the total current rate of
renewal).
• Non-renewable resources that it uses to make its products or services

55
 • The quantity of wastes and emissions that it creates in the process.

In the past, it was accepted that in order to grow, companies (and economic activity as a
whole) had to increase their environmental footprint. It has now been recognised that
the world cannot go on increasing its environmental footprint.
Many leading companies are looking for ways to reduce the size of their own particular
footprint and ‘tread more softly’. Reducing an environmental footprint involves the
development and implementation of policies for:
• Better (more efficient) resource management, and using different resources
• ‘Green’ procurement policies
• Waste minimisation and waste management (for example, policies on reducing
pollution and recycling waste).

iii) Sustainable development

A problem with accounting for sustainable development is to identify what ‘sustainable
development’ actually means. A generally-accepted definition provided by the
Brundtland Report (for the World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987)
is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.’

However, there are practical difficulties with this definition which includes:
• Identifying the needs of the present: These are more than simply survival needs,
because current levels of consumption are, in many parts of the world, well above
survival level.
• Identifying the needs of future generations: Are these just survival needs? If so, there
is presumably an assumption that economic wealth will decline.
• Identifying over what time period should the needs of future generations be
measured: In theory, future needs should be measured into the long-term future.
However, companies and governments plan for the future over much shorter time
frames.
• Identifying the needs of all people in all societies. How is sustainability measured in
terms of individual countries or regions of the world?

Since companies plan for the future and report their performance within fairly short
time frames, reporting for sustainable development by companies is likely to focus on
relatively short-term measures of sustainability.

iv) Social footprint

A social footprint is the effect of economic activity on society and people. In general,
economic activity is seen as providing benefits for society, although some companies are
much more ‘people-friendly’ than others. Some companies, for example, use child labour
and/or pay subsistence-level wages to their workers.

Companies might seek to measure the contribution of their activities towards society in
terms of:
• Total number employed or increase in the total number of employees.
• The proportion of the total work force employed in different parts of the world.
• The proportion of the total work force that is female or from different ethnic groups.
• Health and safety at work (for example, numbers of employees injured each year per
1,000 of the work force).

56
MARKING GUIDE
a Mark
I. Stating the five fundamental principles of professional ethics as
stated in ICAN code of conduct and guide for members attracts ½
mark each
2½
Ii Well stated explanations of the five principles attracts 1½ marks
each (1½ x 5) 7½
10
b Proper explanation of each concept attracts 2½ marks each (2½ x 4)
10
Total 20

EXAMINER’S REPORT

The question tests the ability of candidates to:

(a) Properly state the role of professional accountants in business and society with
particular reference to fundamental principles of ethics.

(b) Identify and explain the impact of non financial factors on investment decision
especially in relation to social and environmental issues.

The question was well attempted but performance was average. The major pitfall of
candidates was their inability to properly explain the concepts relating to social and
environmental issues.

Candidates are advised to pay closer attention to key concepts in the subject.

SOLUTION 4

Broad approaches to the measurement of total national income are:

(a)
Expenditure approach
One way of measuring economic activity is to calculate the total amount of spending that
has been in the economy. This includes spending on consumption by individuals and firms,
spending on capital investment and government spending.

Income approach
Another way of measuring economic activity is to calculate the total income that has been
earned by everyone in the economy during the period, such as income earned by individuals
and profits earned by companies.

57
 Output approach
The output approach of measuring economic activity is to measure the value of output by all
industries and other economic activity. This includes service industries as well as
agricultural, mining, construction and manufacturing industries.

(b)
i) Demand
Demand refers to the number of units of particular good or service that customers buy at
a given selling price. Price change causes a change in demand.

The law of demand says that:

a. a decrease in price leads to an increase in demand; and
b. an increase in price leads to a fall in demand.

Demand for a good or service is the total demand from all participants in a market. This
can be represented as a plot of quantity demanded against price. Such plots are known
as demand curves. A simple demand curve is shown below.

Unit price

N10

N5 Demand

50 70 Quantity per time

This curve shows that the demand for the good in a particular time is 50 units when the
price is N10 per unit but would increase to 70 units when the price is N5 per unit.

Demand curves are downward sloping from left to right. A change in price causes
demand to move along the curve.

ii) Supply
Supply refers to the quantity of the product (or service) that suppliers are willing to sell
at any given sales price.

The law of supply says that:

• the quantity of a good that suppliers are willing to sell rises when the price of the
good rises; and
• the quantity of a good that suppliers are willing to sell falls when the price of the
good falls.

Supply is the total supply from all businesses. Higher prices will attract more suppliers
into the market and encourage existing suppliers to produce more. Lower prices will
deter some suppliers, and might drive some out of business if the price fall results in
losses.

58
 This can be represented as a plot of the quantity that suppliers are willing to supply at a
given price and such plots are known as supply curves. A simple supply curve is shown
below.

Supply
Price per
unit
N10

N5

50 80 Quantity per time

Suppliers are only willing to supply 50 units at a price of N5. However, if the price
increases to N10 suppliers would supply 80 units.
Supply curves are upward sloping from left to right. A change in price causes supply to
move along a curve.

iii) Market pricing mechanism

The sales price for a product in a market is determined by the interaction of demand
and supply. This is known as the market price mechanism.

A simple graph of supply and demand is shown below. In this diagram, the equilibrium
price level is the sales price that would become established in the market if the factors
that affect supply or demand did not change. Here the price would be NP and the total
sales demand for the product would be Q units.

Price per
unit
Supply (Lower at
lower prices)

Demand (higher at
lower prices)
Q Quantity

59
Occasionally, sales demand for a product might rise to such a high level that producers in the market
are unable to meet the demand in full. Until production capacity can be increased, this situation could
result in very large price rises and very high profit margins for producers.

Marking Guide

A Mark
i Identification of two broad approaches to the measurement of
total economic activity during a given time period attracts 1
mark each
2
ii Brief explanation of two approaches identified attracts 1½ marks
each 3
5
B Proper explanation of each of the three concepts indicated in this
part of the question attracts 5 marks each (3 x 5) 15
Total 20

EXAMINER’S REPORT

The question which was in two parts test candidates understanding of the measurement of total
economic activity in a given time period and three out of several economic concepts.

The performance level of all the candidates that attempted the question was average.

Many of the candidates appear not to have fully understood the requirements of the question.
Candidates are admonished to prepare adequately before examination and ensure that the syllabus is
covered fully.
SOLUTION 5

(a) A workgroup is a group of employees who act with a common purpose and a sense of identity.
There are two types of workgroup:
• informal workgroups, and
• formal workgroups.

Informal workgroups
An informal workgroup is a group of employees that does not have a formal or an official
identity. It is a group of individuals who get on well with each other and interact socially. They
might have lunch together regularly, or might talk about personal interests and family matters
over a cup of tea or coffee. Some informal groups might meet together outside work, on a social
basis.

Informal workgroups often develop a collective attitude to their work. This attitude might be
positive, or it could be hostile to management. Also they can be important because of the way
they communicate with each other.

60
 Formal workgroups
Formal workgroups are created in order to organise work in an organisation. The employer
establishes workgroups to perform specific roles or functions. Each workgroup has a number of
jobs to be performed, and employees are appointed to fill the job vacancies. When one
employee leaves his job, another person is appointed in his place, and the formal workgroup
continues unchanged.

Employees work together in their workgroups, each performing their own job within the group.
The workgroup has a formal leader (a manager or supervisor), and will develop its own
characteristics and ‘culture’.

(b) Bruce Tuckman’s (1965) five stages of team development are:

i) Forming
ii) Storming
iii) Norming
iv) Performing
v) Dorming (also called adjourning, de-forming and mourning).

i) Forming
In the initial stage of the existence of a team is forming. The team is a collection of
individuals, but their individual roles and responsibilities within the team are unclear.
There is a high level of dependence on the team leader for guidance and direction. The
team leader must therefore direct the team members, and tell them what to do.

ii) Storming
The second stage in team development is storming. During this stage, decisions do not
come easily. There is usually conflict between team members, and the attitudes, norms
and preconceptions of individuals are challenged by other team members. Team
members compete with each other for status and position within the team. There may be
cliques and factions, and power struggles between them.
However, there is an improvement in the clarity of the purpose of the team and its goals.
The role of the leader is to act as coach to the team members, and to encourage them to
focus on the team’s tasks rather than on relationships and emotional issues. The leader
also encourages team members to find compromises in order to settle conflicts.

iii) Norming
During the norming stage of team development, the team develops norms of behaviour
and operations. The roles of the team members become clear. The way in which
decisions are taken is also established. Major decisions are taken by the team
collectively, with all team members contributing to the decision-making process.
Commitment to the tasks of the team and team unity is strong. The team leader can use
a participative style of management, so that team members take on greater
responsibility for decisions.

iv) Performing
Performing is the fourth stage of team development. During this period the team
operates at its full potential. The team members are strategically aware and they
understand why the team exists and what it is trying to achieve. The team members are
also able to get on with their jobs without interference from the team leader, and do not
need to be told what to do. The role of the team leader is to delegate new tasks and

61
 oversee performance. Disagreements may occur between team members, but these are
resolved in a friendly and constructive way.

v) Dorming (adjourning)
There are various ways of describing the fifth stage of team development:
• The group may break up, having achieved its purpose. The members of the team
may feel a sense of loss, and the break-up of the team may be stressful for them,
particularly if it is unplanned and unexpected.
• Alternatively, the team may lose its efficiency, and might lose its ability to make
good decisions. Members of the team may share common views that ignore
developments in their business environment and changing circumstances. Keeping
the group in existence becomes the prime objective of the team members, rather
than achievement of the team’s work objectives. It may be necessary to break up the
team.

MARKING GUIDE
A Mark
i Listing the two types of workgroups attracts 1 mark each 2

ii Proper explanation of the two workgroups attracts 11/2 marks

each 3
5
B
i Listing the five stages of team development attracts 1 mark
each 5

ii Proper explanation of each of the five stages of team

development so listed attracts 2 marks each (5 x 2) 10
Total 15

EXAMINER’S REPORT

The question tested candidates understanding of group behaviour in organisations and teams
development.

Candidates’ performance was above average. The performance of candidates that attempted this
question indicates that they have a good knowledge of its requirements.

62
SOLUTION 6

(a) Five disadvantages of accounting rate of return (ARR)

i) It is based on accounting profits, and not cash flows.
ii) Accounting profits are unreliable measure. For example, the annual profit and the
average annual investment can both be changed simply by altering the rate of
depreciation and the estimated residual value.
iii) It ignores the timing of the accounting profits.
iv) It does not take risk into consideration as profits are considered over the entire life of
the project.
v) The decision to set minimum target ARR is not based on any rational economic basis.
Any such minimum target accounting return is a subjective target, with no economic or
investment significance.
vi) It does not consider the size of investment as it is a relative measure rather than
absolute measure.
vii) It is not useful to evaluate the projects where investment is made in two or more
installments at different times.

(b) Gidado Nigeria Limited

Project A
Year Item Cashflows DF@16% PV DF@20% PV
N N
0 Initial investment (40,000) 1 (40,000) 1 (40,000)
1 Net cashflows 24,000 0.862 20,688 0.833 19,992
2 Net cashflows 16,000 0.743 11,888 0.694 11,104
3 Net cashflows 15,000 0.641 9,615 0.579 8,685
NPV 2,191 ( 219)
The IRR Method is computed as follows:
2.191
IRR = 16 + x (20 – 16)
2,191 + 219
2,191
= 16 + x 4
2,410
=16 + 0.31
=16.31%

Project B
Year Item Cashflows DF@16% PV DF@20% PV
N N
0 Initial investment (140,000) 1 (140,000) 1 (140,000)
1 Net cashflows 74,000 0.862 63,788 0.833 61,642
2 Net cashflows 56,000 0.743 41,608 0.694 38,864
3 Net cashflows 55,000 0.641 35,255 0.579 31,845
NPV 651 ( 7,649)

63
The IRR Method is computed as follows:

651
IRR = 16 + x (20 – 16)
651 + 7,649
651
= 16 + x4
8,300
=16 + 0.31
=16.31%

These are mutually exclusive projects meaning that you cannot accept both projects, the selection
criterion will be based on project with higher NPV or higher IRR but where there is conflict between
both methods, we will choose project with higher NPV.

DECISION RULES

PV
The decision rule is that, ignoring other factors such as risk and uncertainty, and non-financial
considerations, a project is worthwhile financially if the NPV is positive or zero. It is not worthwhile if
the NPV is negative.

IRR
A company might establish the minimum rate of return that it wants to earn on an investment. If other
factors such as non-financial considerations and risk and uncertainty are ignored:

• When IRR is equal to or higher than the minimum acceptable rate of return, then such a project
should be undertaken.

• When IRR is lower than the minimum required return, then such a project should be rejected.

Since PV and IRR are both methods of DCF analysis, the same investment decision should normally be
reached using either method.

Conclusion and summary

On the basis of PV, Project A should be accepted because it yielded a higher NPV compared to Project
B.

Also, on the basis of IRR, Project A should be accepted as it has a higher IRR than Project B and both
IRR are higher than cost of capital.

Therefore, project A should be accepted since the projects are mutually exclusive.

64
MARKING GUIDE
a Mark
Listing of five advantages of accounting rate of return attracts 1
mark each 5

b
i. Calculation of NPV for each of the two projects attracts 3
marks each 6

ii. Calculation of IRR for each of the two projects attracts 3

marks each 6

iii. Correct advice with reasons based on the calculated NPV and
IRR attracts 3
Total 15

EXAMINER’S REPORT

The question tests candidates understanding of investment appraisal using NPV and IRR methods.
Majority of the candidates attempted the question and their performance was below average.

Candidates that attempted this question appear not to have fully grasped the method needed in
answering questions on internal rate of return.

Candidates are advised to have a mastery of all investment appraisal methods and the entire syllabus
to ensure a more satisfactory performance in future examinations.

65
 THE INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS OF NIGERIA
FOUNDATION LEVEL EXAMINATION - MAY 2016

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
Time Allowed: 3 hours
SECTION A: PART 1 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (20 Marks)

INSTRUCTIONS ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION

Write ONLY the alphabet (A, B, C, D or E) that corresponds to the correct
option in each of the following questions/statements.
1. Which of the followi ng bases is used in preparation of financial statements?
A. Break up basis
B. Cash basis
C. Accrual basis
D. Modified cash basis
E. Commitment basis

2. During the preparation of bank reconciliation statement, some transactions

were discovered to have caused the difference between the cashbook balance
and the bank statement balance. Which of the following will be required for
cashbook adjustment?

A. Uncredited lodgement
B. Cheque paid in by the company but dishonoured
C. Amount incorrectly debited by the bank to the account
D. Amount incorrectly credited by the bank to the account
E. Cheque issued to Mr. Mohammed by the company but not yet presented in
the bank

3. In the statement of financial position, equity is best described as

A. Market value of the shares of the owners
B. Issued capital and reserves
C. Issued capital and loan notes
D. Revenue and gains
E. Expenses and losses

4. Ajonibode runs a business as a sole trader and the following information relates to the
business:
On J a nua ry 1, 2015, the net assets of the business were N1.675,000.
During the yea r to December 31, 2015, the business made a profit of N625,000 and
Ajonibode took out N550,000 in d rawings.

66
 Due to a shortage of cash in the business, he paid in add itional ca pital of N100,000 i n early
Decem ber 2015.

Wha t is the net assets of the business as at December 31, 2015?

A. N1.675,000
B. N1,850,000
C. N2,300, 000
D. N2,400,000
E. N2, 950,000

5. Which of the following will be the effect of taking of a loan from the bank by an entity?
A. Increase in both liabilities and equity
B. Decrease in assets and increase in lia bilities
C. Decrease in both liabilities and equity
D. Increase in both assets and liabilities
E. Increase in assets and decrease in liabilities

6. Which of the following is NOT part of the cost of inventories, in relation to IAS 2 Inventories?
A. The purchase price
B. Import duties
C. Transport cost
D. Handling costs
E. Selling costs

7. A company purchased a non-current asset for N4,500,000. The company's Accountant

recorded the transaction in the company's books by debiting the purchases account. Raise
journal entry to correct the error.

A. Dr. Purchases Account Cr N4,500,000

Cash N4,500,000
B. Dr. Non Current Assets Account N4,500,000
Cr Cash N4,500,000
C. Dr. Purchases Account N4,500,000
Cr Non Current Assets Account N4,500,000

D. Dr. Non Current Account N4,500,000

Cr Purchases Account N4,500,000
E. Dr. Non-Current Register Account Cr N4,500,000
Non-Current Asset Account N4,500,000

67
8. Which of the followi ng contains a permanent record of all transactions?
A. Sales Day Book
B. Invoice
C. Ledger
D. Debit Note
E. Purchases Day Book

9. A business marked-up its cost by 50%. This woul d mean a Gross Profit of
A. 662/3% on the market price
B. 662/3% on the selling price
C. 50% on the selling price
D. 331/3% on the cost price
E. 331/3% on the selling price

10. The bank column in the cash book shows a credit balance of N50,000. This means
A. A total payment of N50,000
B. A gross receipt of N50,000
C. A balance of N50,000 in the bank
D. An overdraft of N50,000
E. A balance of N50,000 cash

Use the following information to answer questions 11and 12

Receivables Control Account

N'OOO N'OOO
2015 Bal. b/d 26,000 2015 Bal. b/d 1.700
Jan. 1 Jan. 1
Sales 152,600 Bank 131,100
Dishonoured Cheque 7,000 Discount 6,900
Returns 2, 600

Purchases Ledger 7, 200

Bal. c/d 1,840 Bal. c/d 37,940

187,440 187,440

Feb. 1 Bal. b/d 37,940 Feb. 1 Bal. b/d 1,840

11. The balance of N1,840, 000 represents the

A. Amount necessary to balance the account
B. Amount due to the customers
C. Amount due from the customers
D. Amount due from cash sales
E. Amount: due from sales

68
12. The item "Purchases Ledger - N7, 200, 000" means
A. Cash Purchases during the period
B. Credit purchases during the period
C. Receivables set off against payables
D. Cash Payable
E. Cash Receivable

13. The excess of expenditure over income in a Not-For- Profit organisation is

A. Accumulated fund
B. Working capital
C. Deficit
D. Surplus
E. Accruals

14. Purchases in accounti ng refers to goods bought for

A. Repairs
B. Owners use
C. Resale
D. Office use
E. Permanent use

15. Carriage inwards are

A. Credited to the cost of sales
B. Debited to the cost of sales
C. Credited to the profit or loss
D. Debited to the profit or loss
E. Debited to equity

16. Olojuede limited failed to record N120,000 wages. The error committed is that of
A. Omission
B. Commission
C. Principle
D. Compensati on
E. Original entry

17. Which of the followi ng reflects the effect of a reduction in the allowance for
doubtful debts?
A. Reduction in net profit
B. Reduction incash balance
C. Reduction in gross profit
D. increase in gross profit
E. increase in net profit

69
18. Which of the following is a capital expenditure?
A. Purchase of inventories
B. Purchase of motor vehicle for sale
C. Subscri ption paid
D. Extension of building
E. Repair of generator

19. State the journal entries required to remove the goodwill recognised on the admission
of a new partner ina partnershi p

A. Dr Partners' Accounts Cr Profit or Loss

B. Dr Partners' Account Cr Asset Revaluation Account
C. Dr Goodwill Account Cr Asset Revaluation Account
D. Dr Profit of Loss Account Cr Partners' Account
E. Dr. Partners' Accounts Cr Goodwill Account

20. Which of the following will NOT be regarded as investing activity in relation to IAS 7
statement of cash flows?
A. Dividend received
B. Cash paid to acquire property, plant and equipment
C. Cash paid to acquire equities in other entities
D. Cash payment to supplier of goods and services
E. Proceed from sale of property, plant and equipment

SECTION B:

INSTRUCTION: ANSWER ANY FOUR OUT OF SIX QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION (80 MARKS)

QUESTION 1
a. Define a Trial Balance and explain its purpose.
b. Mention FOUR errors that the trial balance will not reveal.
(2 Marks)

(2 Marks)

70
The followi ng balances were extracted from the books of Arewa & Sons on December 31,
2015.
N’000
Payables 49,260
Allowances for receivables 2,330
Expenses 95,520
Salaries 41,545
Wages 72,050
Purchases 321,870
Bank Overdraft 65,980
Accumulated depreciation 10,000
Discount allowed 9,262
Revenue 637,285
Equipment 95,000
Capital 29,265

On investigation, you discovered the following:

(i) Receivables amounti ng to N75,980,000 have been omitted.
(ii) Receivables amounting to N2,800,000 have been written off as bad debt, but no
posting had been made thus rendering the entry a single entry.
(iii) Discount received shown in the cashbook and totaling N4,065,000 had not been
posted to the general ledger.
(iv) The figure of wages should have been N122,050,000.
(iv) Drawings amounting to N29,730,000 have been omitted.

You are required to:

i. Prepare journal entries to correct the errors (5 Marks)
ii. Prepare the trial balance after effecting the corrections (11 Marks)
(Total 20 Marks)

QUESTION 2

The followi ng is a summary of the receipts and payments for the year to March 31,
2016 of ABUBA Social Club:

Receipts: N'OOO
Club subscriptions 255,000
Donation 22,500
Christmas dance 12,750
Bar takings 405,000

71
 Payments: N'OOO
Rates 13,500
General expenses 393,000
Bar purchases 277,500
Christmas dance expenses 2,2500

Other relevant information at the beginning and end of the year is as follows:

April 1 March 31
2015 2016
N'OOO N'OOO
Subscriptions due 13,500 9,000
Subscri ptions paid in advance 750 1,500
Rates owing 6,750 7, 500
Bar inventory 30,000 37,500
Club premises (cost N750,000,000) 300,000 270,000
Furniture (cost N150,000,000) 45,000 30,000
Bank balance 24,000 33,000

You are required to prepare:

a. Club's Bar Trading Account for the year ended March 31, 2016. (3
Marks)
b. The Income and Expenditure Account for the year ended March 31, 2016. (8
Marks)
c. The Statement of Financial Position as at March 31, 2016. (9
Marks)
(Total 20 Marks)
(Show workings)

QUESTION 3

The followi ng balances were extracted from the books of Uche and Sons as at
September 30, 2015.

N’000
Capital at October 1, 2014 90,428
Purchases 776,400
Revenue 1,045,800
Salaries and Wages 66,880
Rent and rates 28,004
Receivables 144,600
Bad Debts 3,768

72
 Drawings 19,004
Allowances for Receivables 7,404
Bank 5,632
Payables 68,616
Cash 668
Inventories at October 1, 2014 164,218
Motorcycle (at cost) 14,400
Accumulated depreciation on motorcycle 4,200 Additional
Bank interest received 1,756 Information
(i) Commission
Inventories received
at September 30, 2015 was valued at N198,712,000
5,400
(ii) Rent prepaid at September 30, 2015 amounted to N3,200,000
(iii) Depreciation is to be provided on the motorcycle at the rate of 20% of
cost per annum.
(iv) Salaries and wages outstandi ng at September 30, 2015 amounted to
N6,024,000
(v) Commission not yet due but already received at the trial balance date
was
N800,000
(vi) Additional irrecoverable debts of N2,840,000 is to be written off.
(vii) Bank interest of N100,000 has fallen due but is yet to be received.
(viii) Allowances for receivables are to be adjusted to 5% of receivables.
(ix) Drawings by the owner of goods costing Nl,600,000 and cheques of
N2,400,000 are yet to be recorded.

Using extended trial balance, you are required to prepare:

a. Statement of profit or loss of Uche & Sons for the year ended 30
September, 2015.

b. Statement of financial position of Uche & Sons as at 30 September, 2015.

(Total 20 Marks)

QUESTION 4

The trial balance of CLAVELL ENTERPRISES includes the following items:

N
Receivables ledger control account 115,440
Payables ledger control account 80,901
Suspense account (debit balance) 3,310

73
The following information is available.
(i) The total of debit balances in the receivables ledger account is N116,374 and
the total of credit balances is Nl,234.
(ii) The total of credit balances in the payables ledger account is N80,412 and the
total of debit balances is N1,111.
(iii) The receivables ledger account includes a debit balance of N700 for Entity C,
and the accounts payable ledger includes a credit balance of N800 relating to
Entity C. Only the net amount will eventually be paid.
(iv) Included in the credit balances in the receivables ledger account is a balance of
N600 in the name of P Quinn. This arose because a sales invoice for N600 had
earlier been posted in error from the sales day book to the debit of the account of
M Quinn in the accounts payable ledger.
(v) An allowance of N300 granted to a customer for some damaged goods had been
omitted from the appropriate account in the receivables ledger account. This
allowance had been included in the receivables ledger control account.
(vi) An invoice for N456 had been entered in the purchases day book as N654.
(vii) A cash receipt from a credit customer for N345 had been entered in the cash
book as N245.
(viii) The purchases day book had been overcast by N1,000.
(ix) The bank balance of Nl,700 had been included in the trial balance, in error, as an
overdraft.
(x) The debit balance on the insurance account in the nominal ledger of N3,456 has
been included in the trial balance as N3,546.

Required:
a. Prepa re a reconciliation of the receivable ledger control account and
the receivables ledger balances. (8 Ma rks)
b. Open a suspense accou nt and post the entries required to clear this
account. (4 Ma rks)
c. Reconcile the payables ledger control account and the payables ledger
balances. (8 Marks)
(Total -20 Marks)

QUESTION 5

Mr. Mala, the Proprietor of a small bookshop has requested you to

prepare his accou nts. He did not keep complete records of account. From _
his passbook, note book, ba nk statements and oral information obtained
during a meeting with him, you put together the following figures for the year
ended December 31, 2015:

74
 January 1, 2015 December 31, 2015
N’000 N’000
Cash in hand 400 890
Bank overdraft 18,000 14,000
Furniture & Fittings 2,000 2,000
Delivery van 3,600 3,600
Inventories 20,400 22,400
Trade receivables 12,400 9,800
Trade payables 9,120 8,400
Bills payables 2,210 2,200
Bills receivables 3,100 3,200

Du ring the year Mr. Mala used part of the inventories for domestic affairs which
was agreed at Nl,200,000. He drew cash for private expenses at frequent
intervals. He estimated his d rawing in cash at N2,800,000 for the year.
He also agreed with the following suggestions:

(i) To write off irrecoverable debts of N300,000 owed by a customer who died in
May, 2015.

(ii) To charge a notional rent of N1,000,000 per annum for the shop
premises owned by him.

(iii) To allow 15 percent per annum depreciation on furniture and fittings

and 20 percent per annum on delivery van.

You are required to:

a. Ascertain Mr. Mala's bookshop's profit or loss for the year ended December
31, 2015. (8 Marks)
b. Prepare the statement of financial position of the bookshop at
December 31, 2015. (12 Marks)
(Total 20 Marks)
(Show workings)

75
 QUESTION 6

Given below are items of "Revenue" and "Capital" expenditure.

(i) A number of new cars that had recently been cleared by a motor car
dealing company.

(ii) Two new motor boats acquired by a ferry service agency.

(iii) Vacant houses owned by an estate developing company in respect of

which negotiations are ongoing for assistance for their sale to prospective
landlords.

(iv) New buildings acquired for the purpose of holding the items of
plant and machinery belonging to a detergent manufacturing company.

(v) Cost of acquiring a leasehold property for office use.

(vi) Granites purchased by an engineering contractor for use at a construction

site.

(vii) Cost of rehabilitating a dilapidated housing unit owned by an estate

developer.

(viii) Repairs to plant and machinery in a manufacturing company.

Required:
a. For each of the above, state whether it is a "Revenue" or "Capital"
expenditure. (4 Marks)

b. State how each will be recognised in the statement of profit or loss

and the statement of financial position as the case may be. (12 Marks)
c. State how the non-current assets register will be affected by any
of the transactions. (4 Marks)
(Total 20 Marks)

76
SECTION A – MULTIPLE CHOICE ANSWER
1. C

2. B

3. B

4. B

5. D

6. E

7. D

8. C

9. E

10. D

11. B

12. C

13. C

14. C

15. B

16. A

17. E

18. D

19. E

20. D

EXAMINER’S REPORT

The Multiple Choice Questions cover the whole syllabus. All Candidates attempted
the questions and performance was above average.

77
SECTION B – THEORY

SOLUTION 1

(a) A trial balance is a summary of balances in the ledgers at a particular time.

It is extracted to test the arithmetical accuracy of the entries in the ledgers.

Extracting the trial balance is the first step in preparing the Financial
Statements (i.e. Statement of profit or loss and Statement of Financial
position).

(b) Errors the Trial Balance will not reveal are:

(i) Error of Omission

(ii) Error of Commission
(iii) Error of Original Entry
(iv) Error of Principle
(v) Error of Complete Reversal of entries
(vi) Compensating Error

ci) Journal Entries to correct the errors

Dr. Cr.
N’000 N’000
1) Receivables 75,980
Suspense 75,980
Being Receivables omitted now corrected

2) Allowance for Bad debts 2,800

Suspense 2,800
Being Recognition of bad debt written off

3) Payables Ledger 4,065

Discount received 4,065
Being posting of discount received to the general
ledger

4) Wages 50,000
Suspense 50,000
Being correction of wages amount understated

5) Drawings 29,730
Suspense 29,730
Being correction of drawings previously omitted

78
 c (ii) Adjusted Trial Balance – 31 December 2015

Dr. Cr.
N’000 N’000
Capital 29,265
Drawings 29,730
Purchases 321,870
Bank Overdraft 65,980
Salaries 41,545
Wages 122,050
Discount received 4,065
General Expenses 95,520
Discount Allowed 9,625
Equipment 95,000
Accumulated Depreciation 10,000
Allowance for Bad Debts 2,330
Receivables 75,980
Payables 45,195
Sales 637,285
Bad Debt 2,800
794,120 794,120

Tutorials

(i) Initial Trial Balance

Dr. Cr.
N’000 N’000
Payables 49,260
Allowances for irrecoverable receivables 2,330
General expenses 95,520
Salaries 41,545
Wages 72,050
Purchases 321,870
Bank overdraft 65,980
Accumulated depreciation 10,000
Discount allowed 9,625
Revenue 637,285
Equipment 95,000
Capital 29,265
Suspense 158,510
794,120 794,120

79
(ii) Suspense Account
N’000 N’000
Balance b/d 158,510 Receivables 75,980
Bad debt written off 2,800
Wages 50,000
Drawings 29,730
158,510 158,510

MARKING GUIDE

Marks

1a. Trial Balance – Definition 1

-Purpose 1 2
b. Errors that will not affect trial balance agreement
- 4 entries at ½ mark each 2
C i. Journal entries-
- 10 entries excluding narration at ½ mark each 5
ii. Adjusted trial balance
- Title 1
- 20 entries including working at ½ mark 10 11
TOTAL 20

EXAMINER’S REPORT

The question tests Candidates’ knowledge of definition of trial balance and its
purpose. They are also required to prepare adjusting correcting Journal Entries
and Trial Balance after effecting the corrections.

Most Candidates attempted the question but performance was below average.
Commonest pitfall is raising of incorrect journal entries resulting in drawing up
incorrect trial balance. Narration to the journals were either not written or
improperly constructed.

Candidates are advised to read up basic double entry principles involving

adjustment of errors and preparing trial balance thereafter.

80
SOLUTION 2

ABUBA SOCIAL CLUB

a. BAR TRADING ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 MARCH, 2016

N’000 N’000
Sales 405,000
Less: Cost of sales
Opening inventory 30,000
Purchases 277,500
307,500
Closing inventory (37,500) 270,000
Gross profit 135,000

b. Income and Expenditure Account for the year ended 31 March 2016.

N’000 N’000
Income:
Bar Gross Profit 135,000
Subscriptions (Wk i) 249,750
Donations 22,500
Christmas Dance Income 12,750
Expenses 2,250 10,500
417,750
Expenditure:
Rates (Wk ii) 14,250
General Expenses 393,000
Depreciation Premises 30,000
Furniture 15,000 452,250
Deficit (34,500)

81
 ABUBA Social Club
Statement of Financial Position as at 31 March, 2016
Carrying
Cost Acc. Depr. Amount
Non-Current Assets N'000 N'000 N'000
Club premises 750,000 480,000 270,000
Furniture 150,000 120,000 30,000
900,000 600,000 300,000
Current Assets
Bar inventory 37,500
Subscription outstanding 9,000
Cash and Bank balances 33,000
Total Current Asset 79,500
Total Assets 379,500
Equity and Liabilities:
Accumulated Fund (Wk 3) 405,000
Deficit (34,500)
Total Equity 370,500
Current Liabilities:
Rates owing 7,500
Subscription in advance 1,500
Total Current Liabilities 9,000
Total Equity and Liabilities 379,500

Working Notes
WK 1: Subscription Account
N'000 N'000
Subscription due b/f 13,500 Sub. in advance b/f 750
Income & Exp. (bal. fig) 249,750 Receipt & Payment 255,000
Sub. in advance c/d 1,500 Subscription due c/d 9,000
264,750 264,750
Subscription due b/d 9,000 Sub. In advance b/d 1,500

Wk 2: Rates Account
N'000 N'000

Receipt & Payment 13,500 Owing b/f 6,750

Owing c/d 7,500 Income & Exp. (bal. fig) 14,250

21,000 21,000
Bal. b/d 7,500

82
Wk 3: Statement of Affairs as at April 11, 2015
Assets: N'000 N'000
Subscription due 13,500
Bar inventory 30,000
Bank balance 24,000
Club premises: Cost 750,000
Accumulated Depr. (450,000) 300,000
Furniture: Cost 150,000
Accumulated Depr. (105,000) 45,000
Total Assets 412,500
Liabilities:
Subscription paid in advance 750
Rates owing 6,750
Total liabilities (7,500)
Accumulated Fund 405,000

MARKING GUIDE
Marks
a. Bar Trading – 6 entries at ½ mark each 3
b. Income & Expenditure – Any 10 entries at ½ mark 5
c. SOFP – Any 16 entries at ½ mark each 8
Workings: Any 16 entries at ¼ mark each 4
20
• SOFP is statement of financial position.

EXAMINER’S REPORT
The question tests candidates understanding of the preparation of financial
statements of Not-for-Profit Organisation.

Most candidates attempted the question and performance was average. Some
candidates could not correctly derive subscription figure that is accounted for in
income and expenditure account.

Candidates should use the study text of the Institute to learn principles of
preparation of financial statements of Not-for-Profit Organisations and practice
past questions for better performance in future examinations.

83
SOLUTION 3
Uche and Sons
Extended Trial Balance as at September 30, 2015
Initial Trial Balance Adjustment Statement of Profit or Loss Statement of Fin. Position
DR. CR. DR. CR. DR. CR. DR. CR.
N'000 N'000 N'000 N'000 N'000 N'000 N'000 N'000
Capital at October 1, 2014 90,428 90,428
Purchases 776,400 1,600 774,800
Sales 1,045,800 1,045,800
Salaries and wages 66,880 6,024 72,904
Rent and rates 28,004 3,200 24,804
Receivables 144,600 2,840 141,760
Bad debts 3,768 2,840 6,608
Drawings 19,004 4,000 23,004
Allowances for Receivables 7,404 316 7,088
Bank 5,632 2,400 3,232
Payables 68,616 68,616
Cash 668 668
Inventories at October 1, 2014 164,248 164,248
Motorcycle (at cost) 14,400 14,400
Acc. Depr. on Motorcycle 4,200 2,880 7,080
Bank interest received 1,756 100 1,856
Commission received 5,400 800 4,600
Closing Inventory (SOFP) 198,712 198,712
Closing Inventory (SOPL) 198,712 198,712
Prepaid rent 3,200 3,200
Depr. On Motorcycle 2,880 2,880
Accrued salaries and wages 6,024 6,024
Prepaid commission received 800 800
Accrued bank interest rec. 100 100
Decrease in allowance for rec 316 316
Profit for the year 205,040 205,040
1,223,604 1,223,604 218,872 218,872 1,251,284 1,251,284 385,076 385,076

84
MARKING GUIDE

Using extended Trial Balance to prepare Financial Statement Marks

Available entries excluding totals 65
Maximum obtainable = 60 entries at 1/3 = 20

EXAMINER’S REPORT

The question required candidates to prepare extended Trial Balance in columnar format
showing initial trial balance, journal adjustments, posting to Statement of Profit or Loss
and Statement of Financial Position of a Sole Trader.

Many Candidates attempted the question but performance was poor.

Most Candidates did not follow the instruction to use the Extended Trial Balance
consequently resulting in loss of marks.

Candidates are advised to practice with past questions involving preparation of Extended
Trial Balance to enhance their performance in future examinations.

SOLUTION 4

ai. Receivables Ledger Control Account

N N
Balance c/d 115,440 Accounts payable ledger-Contra 700
Corrected balance c/d 114,740
115,440 115,440

ii. Reconciliation of Receivables Ledger control account and Receivable Ledger

balances
N
Receivables ledger balances – Debit 116,374
Receivables ledger balances – Credit (1,234)
115,140
Centra entry (700)
Credit balance error in P Quinn reversed 600
Allowances granted to customers earlier omitted (300)
Balance as per receivables ledger control accounts 114,740

85
b. Suspense Account
N N
Balance b/d 3,310 Bank balance error (2 × 1700) 3,400
Insurance overcast 90 Cash account understated (345 –245) 100
Payables 100
3,500 3,500

c. i Payables Ledger Control Accounts

N N
Purchases invoice overstated by 198
M Quinns 600 Balance b/d 80,901
Purchases overcast 1,000
Balance c/d 79,103
80,901 80,901

ii. Reconciliation of Payables control account to Payables ledger account

Opening payables credit balances 80,412

Opening payables debit balances (1,111)
79,301
Purchases invoice overstated (654 – 456) (198)
Balance as per payables ledger control 79,103

MARKING GUIDE Marks

a. Reconciliation of receivables ledger control with receivables

ledger balances
8 entries at 1 mark per tick 8
b. Suspense Accounts
- 5 entries at ½ mark each 2½
Workings – 2 entries at ½ mark each 1
Total figure 1 entry @ ½ ½
4
c. Reconciliation of Payables ledger control with Payable
ledger balances 8 entries @ 1 mark each 8
Total 20

86
EXAMINER’S REPORT

The question tests candidates’ knowledge on how to reconcile control accounts with
the individual ledger accounts.

Only about 20percent of the candidates attempted the question and their
performance was below average.

Candidates failed the question because they did not have a good understanding of
the difference between the entries/transactions affecting control accounts and the
individual ledger accounts.

Control accounts include a summary of transactions in the day books that have
occurred in the period, while ledger accounts are a separate account for each credit
customer or credit supplier.

Reconciliation is necessary because of errors in the day books or individual accounts

or both. The errors might include errors of addition, wrong posting of figures from
day books or from individual customer’s or supplier’s balances. The correction to be
made depends in which account the error is committed.

Candidates are advised to grasp well the principles of double-entry and study this
area in the study text in-depth.

SOLUTION 5

MR. MALA’S BOOKSHOP

(a) Estimate of Mala’s profit for the year ended 31 December 2015

N’000 N’000
Networth as at 31 December 2015 (w1) 17,290
Less Net worth at 1 Jan 2015 (w1) 12,570
Increase in net worth 4,720
Add: Drawings of Inventory 1,200
Drawing in cash and kind 2,800 4,000
8,720
Less: Expenses not yet adjusted
Bad debt written off 300
Notional Rent 1,000
Depreciation on Furniture & fitting 300
Depreciation on Delivery Van 720 2,320
Net profit for year 6,400

87
 Mr. Mala's Bookshop
(b) Statement of financial position as at December 31, 2015
Acc. Carrying
Cost Depr. Value
Non-Current Assets: N'000 N'000 N'000
Furniture & fittings 2,000 300 1,700
Delivery van 3,600 720 2,880
5,600 1,020 4,580
Current Assets:
Inventories 22,400
Trade receivables 9,800
Irrecoverable debt (300) 9,500
Bills receivables 3,200
Cash in hand 890
Total Current Assets 35,990
Total Assets 40,570
Equity and Liabilities:
Equity at start 12,570
Additional capital introduced (notional rent) 1,000
Net profit for the year 6,400
Drawings (4,000)
Equity at end 15,970
Current Liabilities:
Trade payables 8,400
Bills payables 2,200
Bank overdraft 14,000
Total Liabilities 24,600
Total Equity and Liabilities 40,570

WORKING NOTES

W1 Calc. of Net Worth/Capital as at

1 Jan, 2015 31 Dec, 2015

N’000 N’000 N’000 N’000
Non-current assets:
Furniture & Fittings 2,000 2,000
Delivery Vans 3,600 3,600
Current Assets:
Inventory 20,400 22,400
Sundry receivables 12,400 9,800
Bills receivables 3,100 3,200
Cash in hand 400 890
41,900 41,890
88
Less current liabilities:
Sundry payables 9,120 8,400
Bills Payables 2,210 2,200
Bank Overdraft 18,000 (29,330) 14,000 (24,600)
Networth/capital 12,570 17,290

MARKING GUIDE

Marks
a. Estimate of Profit or Loss:
12 entries at ½ mark each 6
b. Statement of Financial position
20 entries at ½ mark each 10
Workings – Net worth/Capital: 16 entries at ¼ 4
Total 20

EXAMINER’S REPORT

The basic principle examined in this question is candidates’ ability to prepare financial
statements by first deducing the profit for the period from the difference in capital balances
at the end and beginning of the period. This requires the application of the accounting
equation where:

closing capital = opening capital + profit/(loss) for the period less drawings.

Over 80 percent of the candidates attempted this question and the performance was above
average.

However, few candidates who failed the question did not apply the equation correctly. To
obtain profit as the subject of the equation:
profit = closing capital + drawings – opening capital.

The ICAN Study Text is very explicit on how to prepare financial statements from incomplete
records and single entries. Candidates are advised to Study the text in-depth.

SOLUTION 6

(a). Classification of expenditure into Revenue or Capital

i. A number of new cars that had recently been cleared by a motor car
dealing company - Revenue Expenditure

ii. Two new motor boats acquired by a ferry service agency Capital Expenditure
-Capital Expenditure

89
 iii. Vacant houses owned by an estate developing company in respect of
which negotiations are ongoing for assistance for their sale to prospective
landlords – Revenue Expenditure

iv. New buildings acquired for the purpose of holding the items of
plant and machinery belonging to a detergent manufacturing company –
Capital Expenditure

v. Cost of acquiring a leasehold property for office use – Capital Expenditure

vi. Granites purchased by an engineering contractor for use at a construction
site. – Revenue Expenditure

vii. Cost of rehabilitating a dilapidated housing unit owned by an estate

developer – Capital Expenditure

viii. Repairs to plant and machinery in a manufacturing company – Revenue

Expenditure

b) Recognition of the items in the Financial Statement

S/N Recognition in the statement of Recognition in the statement of
profit or loss financial position
i. Treated as purchases and added Recognised as unsold inventories (if
as part of cost of sale any) as part of current assets
ii. Only the portion consumed as Recognised as part of non-current
depreciation during the year will asset at its carrying amount (i.e.
be recognised as part of operating cost less accumulated depreciation)
expenses
iii. Treated as Inventories and added Recognised as unsold inventories (if
as part of cost of sale any) as part of current assets
iv. Only the portion consumed as Recognised as part of non-current
depreciation during the year will asset at its carrying amount (i.e.
be recognised as part of operating cost less accumulated depreciation)
expenses

v. Only the portion consumed as Recognised as part of non-current

depreciation during the year will asset at its carrying amount (i.e.
be recognised as part of operating cost less accumulated depreciation)
expenses
vi. Recognised as a direct expense in
Only accrued or prepaid (if any) of
the statement of profit or loss
such expenses will be recognised in
the statement of financial position.
vii. Only the portion consumed as Recognised as part of non-current
90
 S/N Recognition in the statement of Recognition in the statement of
profit or loss financial position
depreciation during the year will asset at its carrying amount (i.e.
be recognised as part of operating cost less accumulated depreciation)
expenses
viii. Recognised as an operating Only accrued or prepaid (if any) of
expenses in the statement of profit such expenses will be recognised in
or loss the statement of financial position.

c) Effect of the items on non-current assets register

The non-current assets register will only be affected by items ii, iv, v and vii and their effect
on the non-current asset register is that it will only increase the value of the non-current
asset by their carrying amount (i.e. Cost – Accumulated depreciation).

MARKING GUIDE

Marks

-Identification of 8 cost at ½ mark each 4

-Recognition in Statement of profit or loss
at ¾ mark each 6
-Recognition in Statement of Financial position
Position at ¾ mark each 6
12
Identification of 4 items that affect asset register @ ½ 2
mark
Treatment in non-current asset register at ½ mark 2 4
Total 20

EXAMINER’S REPORT

The question examines candidates’ ability to identify capital and revenue expenditures
from a set of given items and their treatments in the financial statements and non-current
assets register.

About 90 percent of the candidates attempted the question and performance was
average. Many candidates did well in part ‘a’ of the question. In part ‘b’ performance
was poor because the candidates suggested that capital expenditure should be treated
only in statement of financial position without stating the effect of the depreciation
charged in the statement of profit or loss.

Moreover, the effect of revenue items on profit or loss was correctly mentioned with
failure to note the effect of the accrual concept in the statement of financial position.

91
Few candidates did not know the use of non-current asset register and the effect of
capital items on the register.

Candidates are advised to pay attention to details of every aspect of the syllabus as
enunciated in the Study Texts.

92
 THE INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS OF NIGERIA
FOUNDATION LEVEL EXAMINATION – MAY 2016

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION
Time Allowed: 3 hours

SECTION A: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS (20 Marks)

INSTRUCTIONS ANSWER All QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION

Write ONLY the alphabet (A, B, C, D or E) that corresponds to the correct option in each of the following
questions/statements:

1. A company pays a manager a salary of N40,000 monthly when production is

below 320 hours, when the production is between 320-640 hours two managers would
be req ui red. This type of cost is called
A. Fixed cost
B. Variable cost
C. Stepped variable cost
D. Stepped fixed cost
E. Semi-variable cost

2. Which ONE of the following is NOT included in the cost of inventory in storage?
A. Direct materials cost
B. Direct labour cost
c. Direct expenses
D. Period cost
E. Prod uction overhead

3. Which of the following is similar to accounting for scrap value of abnormal gain?
A. Accounting for scrap value of abnormal loss
B. Accounting for scrap value of normal loss
C. Accounting for scrap value of normal gain
D. Accounting f or scrap value of by- products
E. Accounting for scrap value of joint products

4. The formula w h i ch st at e s that total contributions equal units of sales

multiplied by contribution per unit is correct if Selling price
A. And fixed cost are constant
B. And variable cost are constant
C. Varies and variable cost is constant
D. Varies and fixed cost is constant
E. And variable cost vary
93
 Direct Material N10
Direct labour hour N30/12 minutes
Budgeted production 1,000,000 units
Budgeted production N2,000,000
overhead

5. The followi ng data were extracted from the records of ABCYZ Limited in respect of
its product YZ:

The absorption rate using Direct Labour is

A. N2.00
B. N8.00
C. Nl2.00
D. N24.00
E. N40.00

6. The net profit was N2,650,000 using absorption costing and the closing inventory
was 14,600 units. Production overhead absorption rate was N18.50 per unit. If
the Non-production absorption rate was N14.00 per unit, then the net profit
using marginal costing is
A. N2,379,900
B. N2,445,600
C. N2,650,000
D. N2,854,400
E. N2,920,100

7. The following are functional budgets EXCEPT

A. Sales budget
B. Production budget
C. Distribution budget
D. Cash budget
E. Selling cost budget

8. The budgetary system that requires each budgeting unit to justi fy all costs in
each year rather than year-to-year cost change is called
A. Incremental budget
B. Rolling budget
C. Flexible budget
D. Zero-based budget
E. Program planning budgetary system

94
 9. A company budgets to sell 55,000 units of its products at N40 per unit for a
variable cost of N15. If the fixed cost for the period is expected to be
N340.000, then the contribution/sales ratio is
A. 60.5
B. %
61.5
c. 62.5
D. 63.5
E. 64.5
%
10. The functions of a Budget Committee include the following EXCEPT
A. Establishment of budget procedures and time table
B. Installation of production capacity for the business
C. Revision and acceptance of budgets
D. Co-ordination of business forecasts
E. Review of performance report

11. A company manufactures a single product with a sales price of N1,000 and a
marginal cost of N650. If the fixed cost is N685,300 per annum, then the number
of units required to Break Even is
A. 1,950
B. 1, 955
C. 1,958
D. 1,985
E. 1,988

12. The intentional over estimation of expenses and/or under estimation of revenue in
a budget is the definition of
A. Budget slack
B. Sub-optimisation
C. Budget targets
D. Incremental budgeting
E. Budget setting

13. Which of the following is NOT an element of a control system?

A. Behavioural capability
B. Input, process, output
C. Sensor
D. Comparator
E. Effector

14. Which of the following is NOT an output device for a computer system?
A. Monitor
B. Printer
C. Pointer
D. Speaker
E. Projector
95
15. THREE categories of System Software are: Operating System Software, Utility
Software and
A. Communication Software
B. Application Software
C. Language Translator
D. Java
E. Editor

16. Information Technology (IT) describes the application of computer systems and
......................... to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data.
A. Telecommuni cation Equipment
B. Telecommuni cation Media
C. Transmission Signets
D. Synchronous Transmission
E. Telecommunication Software

17. Which of the followi ng is NOT a computer network configuration?

A. Star network
B. Ring network
C. Bus network
D. Tree network
E. Circuit network

18. With reference to the web, the meaning of the acronym HTML is
A. Hypertext Markup Language
B. Hypertext Makeup Language
C. Hypertest Markup Language
D. Hypertest Makeup Language
E. Hypertext Mark Language

19. The following are data processing methods EXCEPT

A. Transaction Processing
B. Star-Ring Processing
C. Batch Processing
D. Online Processing
E. Real-time Processing

20. The following are measures for the management of risks EXCEPT
A. Identifying risks to system security
B. Evaluating and prioritising the identified risks
C. Developing controls to avoid the identified risks or control the risk
within acceptance limits
D. Implementing the controls and monitoring their effectiveness
E. Allowing the risks to manifest and monitor control

96
SECTION B:
INSTRUCTION: ANSWER ANY FOUR OUT OF SIX QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION (80 MARKS)
QUESTION 1
a. State any TWO advantages and any TWO disadvantages of absorption and
marginal costing. (8 Marks)

b. Grammar Limited manufactures product G of which the sales for the year
2015 was N25,000,000 at the unit price of N40. Production overhead and
selling overhead were N2.50 and N1.50 per unit, respectively. The following
additional information are available for the year 2015:
N/unit

Direct material used 8.50

Direct labour 7.50
Fixed production overhead 6.00
Fixed selling overhead 2.00
Administration overhead 4.00
You are required to calculate:

i. Full production cost per unit and value

ii. Variable cost per unit and value
iii. Contribution per unit and value

iv. Brea k-even point in val ue

v. Total non- production cost per unit and value
vi. New break-even point (to the nea rest Naira) if additional distribution expenses of
N1.50/unit was incu rred (12 Ma rks)
(Total 20 Marks)

QUESTION 2

a. "Under Zero-Based Budgeting, a budget decision must be made before including any
decision package in the bud get". State what factors you would consider in including
a decision-package in a zero-based budget. ( 5 Marks)

b. Mr. Kogberegbe, a small manufacturer, has approached you as a Cost Accountant

with the following d ata:

97
Sales Forecast

N
June 2016 2,400,000
July 2016 2,800,000
August 2016 2,000,000
September 2016 3,000,000
October 2016 3,600,000
November 2016 3,800,000

Additional information:
• Purchases are 45% of selling price and are paid for two months after
delivery. Delivery is in the month of sales.
• Collections from sales are 25% in the month of sales less 2% cash d iscou nt,
55% in the month after sales and the balance in the third month after sales.
• Production overheads are paid in the same month in which they are
incurred and this amounts to N1,240,000 per month. Included in
this amount are depreciation of N70,000 and prepaid rent of N500,000.
• Other expenses are paid for in arrears and these amount to N620,000 per
month.
• New plant of N540,000 will be bought in the month of January and
installed at a cost of N75,000 the following month.
• Bank opening balance as at August 2016 shows an overdraft of
N2,150,000 and interest is charged at 3% of drawn down balance. Ignore
other bank charges.

Required:

Prepare a cash budget for Mr. Kogberegbe's business for the three months i.e,
September to November, 2016. Calculate the values to the nearest naira and show
all your workings. (15 Marks)
(Total 20 Marks)

98
 QUESTION 3
HEALTH-GRACE limited produces one standard product called Bambino Syrup which sells at
N20.00 per bottle. The trading results for the six months ended June 30, 2015 were as follows:

MONTH SALES PROFIT / LOSS

(UNITS)
N
January 120,000 80,000
February 140,000 120,000
March 60,000 (40,000)
April 96,000 32,000
May 104,000 24,000
June 72,000 16,000

From the above information, you are required to calculate the following:
a. Break-even point in units and Naira value (2 Marks)
b. Fixed cost (2 Marks)
c. Variable cost per unit (8 Marks)
d. Profit volume ratio (2 Marks)
e. Contribution, assuming 70,000 bottles are sold (2 Marks)
f. Margin of safety assuming 90,000 bottles are sold. (1 Mark)
g. The number of bottles to be sold to generate a profit after tax of N70,000 assuming
the tax rate is 70%. (3 Marks)
(Total 20 Marks)

QUESTION 4

a. Define the term “Open System” (2 Marks)

b. Enumerate FOUR ways by which each of the following open systems will adapt to
its environment:
i. Deterministic Systems ii. Probabilistic Systems
iii. Cybernetic Systems (12 Marks)

c. Differentiate between Feedback and Feed forward control systems. (4 Marks)

d. Define "Operating System" of a computer system. (2 Marks)

(Total 20 Marks)

99
 QUESTION 5

a. Define the term:

i. "Computer Network". (2 Marks)

ii. "Protocol" in relation to data transmission and state FOUR of its properties.(6 Marks)

b. Explain what is meant by Video Conferencing and state FOUR types of equipment
used by participants in the process.
(6 Marks)
c. State THREE advantages and THREE disadvantages of Video Conferencing. (6 Marks)
(Total 20 Marks)

QUESTION 6

a. Define the term:

i. "Data Transmission". (2 Marks)

ii. "Data warehouse".

iii. Explain the term "Error Detection" in relation to data transmission and list four error

detection algorithms. (6 Marks)

b. Quick Company Limited manufactures three products X, Y, and z. Production and related

costs have been budgeted for a period as follows:

PRODUCT
X y Z
No. of Units 40,000 30,000 10,000
Direct Materials 600,000 300,000 160,000
Direct Labour 400,000 150,000 200,000
Machine hours 10,000 6,000 4,000

Overhead costs: N
Purchasing function 180,000
Machine related costs 114,000
Set-up cost 132,000
Storage 48,000
Materials handling 88,000
Inspection 120.000
682,000

100
 The following activities which are related to the product line have been
budgeted for the period:
PRODUCT

x y Z Total
Number of purchases 20 30 50 100
Number of stores requisitions 100 80 60 240
Number of set ups 80 140 1,180 400
Number of movements of materials 120 36 20 176
Number of inspections 336 90 74 500

Required:

Calculate the cost per unit for each product using ABC system. (10 Marks)
(Total 20 Marks)

101
SOLUTION

MCQ

1. D

2. D

3. B

4. B

5. D

6. A

7. D

8. D

9. C

10. B

11. C

12. A

13. A

14. C

15. A

16. A

17. E

18. A

19. B

20. E

102
SOLUTION 1

a. Advantages of Absorption Costing

i. Inventory values include an element of fixed production overhead.
This is consistent with the requirement of the accounting standard.
ii. Calculating under/over absorption of overhead is useful in
determining overhead expenditure
iii. By calculating full cost of sales for a product, it is possible to identify
which products are profitable and which are being sold at a loss.
iv. It is in compliance with the matching concepts

Disadvantages of Absorption Costing

i. It is a more complex system than marginal costing
ii. It does not provide information that is useful for decision making
iii. It does not support competitive pricing
iv. It does not show a realistic profit that is backed up with cash
v. It creates problems of calculation of over-and-under absorption of
overheads

Advantages of Marginal Costing

i. It is easy to account for fixed overhead using marginal costing
ii. There is no under/cover absorption of overheads with marginal
costing
iii. It provides useful information for decision making

Disadvantages of Marginal Costing

i. It does not value inventory in accordance with the accounting
standards
ii. It does not help to identify profitable products
iii. It does not obey the matching concept
iv. It is used only for internal decision making and therefore cannot be
used for financial reporting

103
b. GRAMMAR LIMITED

Production in units = 25,000,000 = 625,000 units

40

i. Full production cost per unit and value

N
Direct material 8.50
Direct labour 7.50
Fixed production cost 6.00
Variable production cost 2.50
24.50

Value 625,000 x N24.50 = N15,312,500

ii. Variable cost per unit and value

N
Direct machine 8.50
Direct labour 7.50
Variable production overhead 2.50
Selling Overhead 1.50
Variable cost per unit 20.00

Value 625,000 x N20.00 = 12,000,000

iii. Contribution per unit and value

N
Selling price 40.00
Variable cost (20.00)
Contribution per unit 20.00

Value 625,000 x N20.00 = 125,000,000

iv. Break even point in value

= Fixed costs x selling price

Contribution per unit

12 x625,000
=N x 40 = N15,000,000
20

104
 v. Total non-production cost per unit and value
N
Fixed selling overhead 2.00
Variable selling overhead 2.50
Administration overhead 4.00
8.50

Value 625,000 x N8.50 = N5,312,000

vi. New break-even cost point

𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

=
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐/𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢

(12 + 1.50 𝑥𝑥 625,000) 𝑥𝑥 40

=N
18.50

8,437,500 𝑥𝑥 40
=N = N18,243,243
18.50

MARKING GUIDE

a. Two advantages of absorption costing (one mark each) 2

Two disadvantages of absorption costing (one mark each) 2
Two advantages of marginal costing (one mark each) 2
Two disadvantages of marginal costing (one mark each) 2 8

bi. Computation of full production cost per unit 1

Computation of full production cost 1
ii. Computation of variable cost per unit 1
Computation of total variable cost 1
iii. Computation of total contribution per unit 1
Computation of total contribution 1
iv. Computation of Break-Even Point Value 2
v. Computation of total non-production cost per unit 1
Computation of total non-production cost 1
vi. Computation of new Break-Even Point 2 12
20

105
EXAMINER’S REPORT

This question is in two parts. The first part tests candidates’ ability to decipher the
merits and the demerits of Absorption Costing and Marginal Costing. The second
part tests candidates’ ability to compute various approaches to product cost
computation.

In general, questions were attempted by about 70% of the candidates but

performance was poor as about 30% of the candidates who attempted the question
scored 50% and above of the allocated mark.

Candidates who did not do well exhibited the following inadequacies:

i. Little understanding of absorption costing and marginal costing approaches

ii. Mix-up of the merits and demerits of absorption costing and marginal
costing
iii. Relevance of absorption costing and marginal costing in management
decision-making was poorly appreciated
iv. Inability to seamlessly separate costs into their fixed and variable
components
v. Relevant and irrelevant costs were not sufficiently understood

Improvement in performance in future examinations will come if candidates

i. Spend more productive time for their studies

ii. Acquaint themselves more with recommended literature including the ICAN
Study Text
iii. Work on past question papers and solutions provided in the Institutes’
Pathfinder

SOLUTION 2

a. The following are to be considered in decision package for a Zero-Based Budget

i. Purpose of the activity

ii. The likely results and benefit from the activity
iii. The resources required for the activity and their costs
iv. Alternative ways of achieving same purpose
v. A comparison of the cost and benefit of the activity

106
b. MR KOGBEREGBE
CASH BUDGET FOR THE THREE MONTHS SEPTEMBER TO NOVEMBER 2016

September October November

N’000 N’000 N’000
RECEIPTS:
Collections from sales 2,395 2,932 3,511
Total inflow 2,395 2,932 3,511
PAYMENTS:
Purchases 1,260 900 1,350
Production overheads 570 570 570
Other Expenses 620 620 620
Interest on overdraft 57.3 60.67 37.23
Total Outflow 2,507.3 2,150.67 2,577.23
Net Cash Inflow/ (Outflow) (112.3) 781.33 933.77
Balance brought forward (1,910) (2,022.3) (1,240.97)
Balance carried forward (2,022.3) (1,240.97) (307.2)

Workings:

Collection from sales: September October November

N’000 N’000 N’000
July 560 2,150.67 2,577.23
August 1,100 400
September 735 1,650 600
October 882 1,980
November 931
TOTAL 2,395 2,932 3,511

MARKING GUIDE

a. 5 factors to consider in including a decision package (1 mark

each) 5

b. 3 ticks for sales (Sept, Oct, Nov)

3 ticks for total receipts (Sept, Oct, Nov)
3 ticks for purchases (Sept, Oct, Nov)
3 ticks for production overhead (Sept, Oct, Nov)
3 ticks for other expenses (Sept, Oct, Nov)
3 ticks for interest on bank loan (Sept, Oct, Nov)
3 ticks for total payments (Sept, Oct, Nov)

107
 3 ticks for net cash flow(Sept, Oct, Nov)
3 ticks for opening cash balance (Sept, Oct, Nov)
3 ticks for closing cash balance (Sept, Oct, Nov)
30 ticks @ ½ mark per tick 15 20

EXAMINER’S REPORT

This question is split into (a) and (b). Part (a) tests candidates’ understanding and
the intricacies of Zero-Based Budget. The part (b) tests the extent to which
candidates understand the variability’s in cash budget.
This question appears popular among the candidates as about 80% of them
attempted it.
Performance was, however, fair as about 60% of the candidates who attempted the
question scored 50% of the marks obtainable.

Common pitfalls demonstrated by candidates include the following:

i. Inability to generate the sales and purchases figures for the relevant months
in the Cash Budget
ii. Inaccurate arithmetic
iii. Timing of outflow for a number of payments was poor
iv. Working was not shown on many occasions thereby leading to loss of marks

It is recommended that:
i. Candidates should use more of past question papers and their solutions as
part of their preparation for future examinations
ii. Cover the contents of the syllabus more effectively and assiduously
iii. Spend more productive time for preparation
iv. Vary good quantity texts in their preparation

SOLUTION 3

a. Break-even point in units = Total fixed cost/contribution per unit

= N160,000/(20-18) = 80,000 units

Break even point in value = Total fixed cost/contribution Margin Ratio

= N160,000/(2/20) = N1,600,000

108
b. a = y-bx

where a = total fixed cost

b = variable cost per unit, and
x = units produced

Using January figures,

a = ((N20 x 120,000) – N80,000) - (N18 x 120,000)

= N2,320,000 - N2,160,000
= N160,000

c. Using High and Low Methods

High Low
Units 120,000 60,000
Selling price per unit N20 N20
N N
Sales value 2,400,000 1,200,000
Total cost 2,320,000 1,240,000
Profit/Loss 80,000 40,000

Change in Cost
Change in activity level

= 2,320,000 – 1,240,000
120,000 – 60,000

= 1,080,000 = 18
60,000

Variable cost per unit = N18

a. Profit/Volume Ratio = 2 x 100 = 10%

20
b. Contribution assuming 70,000 bottles are sold:
70,000 x N2 = N140,000

c. Margin of safety assuming 90,000 bottles are sold:

90,000 – BEP in units = 90,000 – 80,000 = 10,000 units

109
d. Sales in units = (Total fixed cost + target profit) / contribution per unit

e. Target profit = N70,000/30% = N233,333

Sales in units = (N160,000 + N233,333)/2 = 196,667 bottles

MARKING GUIDE

a. Computation of break-even point in unit 1

Computation of break-even point in value 1 2

b. Statement of formula for deriving fixed cost 1

Computation of fixed cost 1 2
c. Using high and low Method:
i. Sales value under high and low 2
ii. Total cost under high and low 2
iii. Profit/Loss under high and low 2
iv. Derivation of variable cost per unit 2 8

d. Computation of profit/volume ratio 2

e. Computation of unit of contribution 1

Computation of unit of contribution 1 2

f. Computation of Margin of Safety 1

g. Statement of Formula 1
Computation of target profit 1
Computation of number of units to achieve target profit 1 3
20

EXAMINER’S REPORT

This question tests candidates’ understanding of profit/volume relationship and the

components of the Break-Even analysis such as: variable costs, fixed costs,
contribution, Break-Even point and margin of safety.

About 50% of the candidates attempted this question and performance was good.

110
The candidates who performed below average showed some similar characteristics
in the following areas:

i. Inability to segregate costs into their fixed and variable parts

ii. Contribution could not be correctly determined
iii. The concept of Break-Even point was poorly understood
iv. The margin of safety was not understood and its interpretation was incorrect.

Candidates are likely to perform much better in future examinations if they:

i. Familiarise themselves with copies of recent Pathfinder

ii. Study harder with a view of improved performance

SOLUTION 4

a. Open System is a system that interacts with the environment. Therefore, the
environment will affect the system and the system will affect the
environment. All businesses, social and information systems are open
systems.

b. Properties
i. Deterministic systems:
The properties include:
• Use predetermined rules
• They have predicted operations
• They give predictable outputs
Examples are machines and computer program

ii. Probabilistic system:

The properties include:
• Assigns a probability to future events
• Its behaviour is less easy to predict
• Forecasts are based on past events
An example is businesses

iii. Cybernetic system:

The properties include:
• It is self organising
• It is complex in nature
• It is continually changing
• It is not easily amenable to computerisation
An examples is trade union negotiation

111
c. Feedback control involves a sensor taking a measurement and an
adjustment is then made to the system in response to the result of the
measurement. In essence, feedback control reacts to something that has
already happened.

On the other hand, feed forward control makes control adjustments based on
attempting to achieve a particular outcome that has not yet happened.
(4 Marks)
d. An operating system (OS) of a computer system is the system software that
controls the operations of the computer. (2 Marks)
(Total 20 Marks)

MARKING GUIDE

a. 2 marks for ‘interact with the environment’ 2 2

bi. 1 mark for each of the 4 properties of Deterministic system 4

ii. 1 mark for each of the four properties of Probabilistic system 4
iii. 1 mark for each of the four properties of Cybernetic System 4 12

c. Feedback
1 mark for ‘taking part of output’, 1 mark for ‘to adjust the
operation’ 2
Feedforward
1 mark for ‘to achieve a particular future outcome’
1 mark for ‘outcome has not occurred’ 2 4

d. 1 mark for ‘it is a system software’, 1 mark for ‘controls the

operation of the computer’ 2 2
TOTAL 20

EXAMINER’S REPORT
This question tests candidates’ understanding of the definition and explanation of a
number of Information Technology terminologies.
The question appears popular among the candidates. About 70% of the entire
candidates attempted this question and performance was good as about half of the
candidates who attempted this question scored 60% and above of the allocated
marks.
Common pitfalls among candidates who performed below average were as follows:

112
i. Inadequate definition of ‘Open System’
ii. There was a complete mix-up in the meaning of Deterministic System,
Probabilistic System and Cybernetic System
iii. The meaning of feedback and feed forward was interposed and attempts
didn’t show a clear understanding of the subject matter
Candidates’ performance will improve in future if they:
i. Read modern day texts including the ICAN Study Texts and Pathfinder
ii. Spend more quality time for preparation
iii. Practice with past question papers

SOLUTION 5

a. A Computer Network is a telecommunications infrastructure that allow

computers to exchange data with each other.

The computer link that exists is either physical media or wireless media
(2 Marks)

b. A Protocol is a rule or convention or standard that governs communication

over a network. It controls or enables the connection, communication and
data transfer between competing endpoints. It may be implemented by
hardware or software or both. (2 Marks)

Properties of Protocol include:

• How to detect unexpected loss of the connection and what to do next
• Detection of the underlying physical connection or the existence of the
other endpoints.
• How to start and end a message
• How to format a message
• Termination of a session and/or connection.
• What to do with corrupted or improperly formatted message (4 Marks)

c) Video Conferencing is a telecommunication system used by people in

different physical locations to hold a meeting (called a virtual meeting).
(2 Marks)

Equipment used:
• Video input: Camera or webcam
• Video output: Computer monitor, projector or television
• Audio input: Microphone
• Audio output: Loudspeaker, headphone
• Data transfer: Internet

113
 • Computer with video conferencing software including video and audio
compression and decompression.
• Desktop systems
• Dedicated systems (4 Marks)

d) Advantages of Video Conferencing

• Best option when face-to-face meeting is not possible
• Reduces travel costs
• Increased productivity among dispersed workforce and team
• It encourages short notice meetings
• It improves hiring and retention of high level personnel in different
locations
• No need to leave the desk (3 Marks)

Disadvantages of Video Conferencing

• Eye contact: It can often give the incorrect impression that the remote
participant is avoiding eye contact.
• Appearance consciousness by the participants
• Change in bandwidth or signal quality will affect video conferencing
• Limited non-commercial take-up
• Anxiety by some participants for appearing on camera
(3 Marks)
(Total 20 Marks)

MARKING GUIDE

a. 1 mark for ‘telecommunication infrastructure’, 1 mark for

‘exchange data with each other’ 2 2

bi. 1 mark for ‘convention or rule’, 1 mark for ‘communication over

a network’ 2
ii. 1 mark for each of four properties of protocol 4 6

ci. Video Conferencing

1 mark for ‘to hold meeting in different physical locations’ 2
ii. 1 mark for each of four equipment used 4 6

di. 1 mark for each of three advantages 3

ii. 1 mark for each of three disadvantages 3 6
TOTAL 20

EXAMINER’S REPORT
This question seeks to test candidates’ ability to define and explain some Information
Technology terminologies

About 70% of the total population attempted this question and performance was above
average.

114
Candidates whose performance was below average showed similar traits of shortcomings
as described below:

i. Many candidates could not define the concepts properly

ii. The terminology ‘Protocol’ with reference to Information Technology was literarily
interpreted to mean the word ‘Protocol’ in government settings

iii. The term ‘Computer Network’ was poorly explained as an Information Technology
terminology. Many candidates interpreted this along the line of service providers in
telephoning.

For improved performance in future, candidates are enjoined to:

i. Have a good mastery of important Information Technology terminologies (through

good quality texts).

ii. Cover the contents of the syllabus very effectively

SOLUTION 6
a.
i. Data transmission is the physical transfer of data over a point-to-point or
point-to-multipoint communication channel. Copper twisted wires, optical
fibres, wireless communication channel are examples of communication
channels

ii. A data warehouse is a large database containing operational data from

different I.T. systems including legacy systems. It also has reporting and
query tools, so that the data can be analysed and information presented in
report format. In other words, data warehouse is any centralised data
repository which can be queries for business benefit.

iii. Error detection is the ability to recognise the presence of error caused by noise
or other impairments during transmission from the transmitter to the
receiver.

Error detection Algorithms are

• Repetition schemes
• Parity Schemes
• Checksum
• Cyclic redundancy checks

115
b. Cost per unit for each product using ABC system
Product X Y Z
N N N
Direct materials 600,000 300,000 160,000
Direct labour 400,000 150,000 200,000
Machine costs 57,000 34,200 22,800
Purchase function 36,000 54,000 90,000
Storage 20,000 16,000 12,000
Set-up costs 26,400 46,200 59,400
Material handling 60,000 18,000 10,000
Inspection 80,640 21,600 17,760
1,280,040 640,000 571,960

Cost per unit N1,280,040 N640,000 N571,960

40,000 units 30,000 units 10,000 units

N32 N21.33 N57.20

MARKING GUIDE

ai. 1 mark for ‘physical transfer of data’, 1 mark for ‘communication

channel’ 2
ii. 1 mark for ‘ability to recognise’, 1 mark for ‘presence of noise’
2
1 mark for each of four error detection algorithms 4
iii. 1 mark for ‘large database’, 1 mark for ‘has reporting and query
tools’ 2 10

b. Determination of Overhead Absorption rates (OAR) for:

i. Purchasing function ½
ii. Machine Related Cost ½
iii. Set-up Cost ½
iv. Storage ½
v. Materials Handling ½
vi. Inspection ½

Total costs for products X, Y and Z and Grand Total (1 mark each) 4
Units Produced X, Y and Z (½ mark each) 1½
Cost per unit X, Y and Z (½ mark each) 1½ 10
20

116
EXAMINER’S REPORT
This question is in two parts:
Part a tests candidates’ level of understanding of the explanation and definitions of some
computer terminologies while Part b tests their mastery and ability to compute product
costs given required information and using the ABC System.

The question was popular among the candidates as about 80% of the population attempted
the question. Performance was good as about half of the candidates scored 50% and
above.

Those candidates who performed poorly exhibited a number of common shortcomings

summarized below:

i. Data workhouse could not be adequately explained

ii. Candidates did not have a good knowledge of ‘Error Detection’ as Information
Technology terminology and the error detection algorithms seem strange to them.
iii. The term “ABC” seemed strange to candidates
iv. Inability to determine and apportion overhead related costs
v. Confusion as to the exact requirements of the question.

Improvement will come in future if candidates:

i. Understand the requirements of a question before attempting to proffer a solution
ii. Appreciate the peculiarities of ABC and the need to be better grasped
iii. Read modern and up to date texts including ICAN Study Texts and Pathfinder
iv. Familiarise themselves with definitions of Information technology terminologies

117
 THE INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS OF NIGERIA

FOUNDATION LEVEL EXAMINATION – MAY 2016

BUSINESS LAW

Time Allowed: 3 hours

SECTION A: MULTIPLE –CHOICE QUESTIONS (20 Marks)

INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION

Write ONLY the alphabet (A, B, C, D or E) that corresponds to the correct option in
each of the following questions/statements:

1. Laws made by the National Assembly are known as

A. Acts
B. Decrees
C. Edits
D. Bye-Laws
E. Regulations

2. In a civil action, the person that is sued is known as

A. The accused
B. The defendant
C. The Dependant
D. The claimant
E. The respondent

3. Which of the following is NOT contained in the Articles of Association of a

company?
A. Appointment of Directors
B. Share transfer procedures
C. Appointment and remuneration of auditors
D. Procedures at meetings
E. Object clause

4. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a partnership?

A. Sharing loses
B. Sharing profits
C. Business
D. Liability to pay income tax on its profits
E. The pooling of resources together

118
5. The action of a limited liability company is considered ultra vires where it is
NOT contained in
A. The capital clause
B. The subject clause
C. The authorization clause
D. The Code of corporate governance
E. The object or business clause

6. A company is said to be insolvent when it is unable to pay its debts within

three weeks after a written demand for the payment of an amount of money
exceeding
A. N1,500
B. N2,000
C. N5,000
D. N7.500
E. N10,000

7. Ethical codes are administered by professional bodies to ensure all of the

following EXCEPT
A. Maintain high standard in the profession
B. Protect the vulnerable client
C. Prevent arbitrary use of power
D. Prevent quackery in the profession
E. Maintain a monopoly of the profession

8. Where a student materially alters his school certificate result to gain an

advantage for admission to a higher institution, he has committed an offence
called
A. Examination malpractice
B. Stealing
C. Forgery
D. Cheating
E. Conversion

9. The Money Laundering (Prohibition) Act provides that no individual person

shall make or accept cash payment, EXCEPT through a financial institution,
of an amount of money exceeding the sum of
A. N1,500.00
B. N2,000.000
C. N3,000.000
D. N4,000.000
E. N5,000.000

119
10. The maximum term of imprisonment on conviction for an economic crime is
A. 10 years
B. 15 years
C. 18 years
D. 20 years
E. 25 years

11. Computer generated evidence is admissible in evidence in a Court of law

EXCEPT where
A. The processed information is not altered
B. The document described the manner of production of the statement
C. The computer used was in regular operation
D. The processed document is appropriate for the purpose
E. It is not from proper custody

12. Which of the following if NOT an element of a valid contract?

A. Consideration
B. Intention to create legal relations
C. Acceptance
D. Injunction
E. Offer

13. Agency of necessity may be created in all the following circumstances

EXCEPT where it is
A. An emergency
B. Impossible to communicate with the principal
C. To make secret profit
D. An action in good faith
E. To prevent irreparable loss

14. The following are disqualified from being directors of a company EXCEPT
A. A person under the age of 18
B. An insolvent person
C. A person certified to be insane
D. A 30-year old unemployed person
E. A corporate other than its accredited representative

15. Which of the following is NOT an implied term in a sale of goods contract?
A. The seller having title to the goods
B. The goods corresponding with the description
C. The sample of goods corresponding with the bulk
D. The goods being of satisfactory quality
E. The government being informed about the transaction

120
16. In a hire purchase transaction, the hirer becomes the owner of the good
when he
A. Pays a certain amount
B. Is in possession
C. Executes the agreement
D. Exercises the option to purchase as provided in the agreement
E. Completes the instalment payments

17. Insurance contract is broadly divided into

A. Two categories
B. Three categories
C. Four categories
D. Five categories
E. Six categories

18. Which of the following is a negotiable instrument?

A. Share certificate
B. Cheque
C. Postal order
D. Money order
E. Bill of lading

19. The probationary period of employment is to test the employee’s

A. Skill and suitability
B. Obedience
C. Eloquence
D. Emotions
E. Background

20. The persons who are granted Letters of Administration by the Probate
Division of a High Court are called
A. Executors
B. Executioners
C. Trustees
D. Administrators/Administratrix
E. Sheriffs of Court

121
 SECTION B: OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS (80 MARKS)

INSTRUCTION: ANSWER ANY FOUR OUT OF SIX QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION

QUESTION 1
a. The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is the Supreme Law of the
land.

Required:
State FOUR Characteristics of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of
Nigeria. (4 Marks)

b. Stealing is an offence punishable by the State.

Required:
i. Explain briefly the meaning of stealing. (2 Marks)

ii. Onyi collected the sum of N40,000 from Ade for the purpose of
assisting him to obtain a UK scholarship to study law abroad. Onyi
expended the money on his own children’s school fees at Okada High
College. Ade did not obtain the UK scholarship, and demanded Onyi
to refund his money. Onyi did not refund the money. Ade has come
to you for advice.

Required:
Advise Ade on what actions he should take to enforce his legal rights.
(4 Marks)

c. A company is an artificial person that functions through natural persons.

Required:
i. What is the minimum number of directors of a company? (1 Mark)

ii. Explain briefly how directors of a company are appointed. (3 Marks)

iii. Explain THREE powers exercised at a General Meeting of a company.

(6 Marks)
(Total 20 Marks)

122
QUESTION 2

a. Courts are arranged in order of hierarchy from the lowest to the highest.

Required:
i. Explain briefly the term ‘Coordinate Jurisdiction’. (2 Marks)

ii. State TWO Courts that are on the same level of hierarchy (2 Marks)

b. For a contract to be valid, there must be offer and acceptance, among other
elements.

Required:
i. Explain briefly “Counter-Offer” in the law of contract. (2 Marks)

ii. State FOUR circumstances that may led to the termination of an offer
(4 Marks)

iii. Esther sold a bale of Ankara cloth to Mama Ope who agreed that she
would not sell the cloth above N1,000 per piece. Bode bought twenty
pieces of the cloth from Mama Ope at N1,000 per piece and later
resold them at N1,500 per piece. Esther wants to sue Bode for breach
of contract.

Required:
Advise Esther on her legal rights in this case. (3 Marks)

c. Money Laundering (Prohibition) Act was enacted to check economic crimes.

Required:
Explain briefly the following:
i. Mandatory disclosure by financial institutions under the Money
Laundering (Prohibition) act, and the limitation of lodgement of funds
by a corporate body. (4 Marks)

ii. Surveillance on bank account. (3 Marks)

(Total 20 Marks)

123
QUESTION 3

a. Negotiable instruments are used in commercial transactions.

Required:
Explain briefly
i. Parties to a Bill of Exchange (3 Marks)
ii. General Acceptance of a Bill (3 Marks)

b. Trust is created for the benefit of some other persons.

Required:
i. Explain the term “Trust”. (3 Marks)
ii. State THREE uses of Trust. (3 Marks)

c. Otegbade & Company Limited, a shoe producing company, employed Taju as

a Cobbler in the factory. The Managing Director of the company ensures
that, in line with the health and safety policy of the factory, workers are
provided with working tools and safety equipment, including protective
glasses, which he always insists workers in the factory must wear during
working hours. Taju disregarded the company’s safety policy. In the course
of filing the heel of a shoe he was producing yesterday, and while not
wearing the protective glasses, plastic particles entered his eyes and have
permanently damaged his eye sight. The company denies liability. Taju is
threatening to sue the company, and he has come to you for advice.

Required:
Advise Taju on his legal rights in this matter. (6 Marks)

d. Insurance is to mitigate the effect of losses when they occur.

Required:
Explain briefly the term “Insurable Interest”. (2 Marks)
(Total 20 Marks)

124
QUESTION 4
a. Femi, an entrepreneur, and his friend Umukan, a Chartered Accountant, are
members of the same social club. Femi invited Emike to invest in sachet
water business. Emike sought the professional advice of Umukan and paid
him a fee for the advice. Umukan informed Emike that Femi’s business was
doing well. Emike invested to the business based on Umakan’s professional
advice and eventually suffered a loss of N350,000. Emike has come to you
for advice.

Required:
Advise Emike on his chances of succeeding in a legal action he intends to
institute against Umukan. (4 Marks)

b. i. Partnership is a form of business association that requires pooling of

resources together.

Required:
State SIX clauses that should be included in a Partnership Deed.
(7 Marks)

ii. Ade, Uzo and Yemoh formed a partnership to carry on trade in palm
produce. The other partners mandated Yemoh to be in full control in
the running of the partnership. The partnership suffered losses and
incurred debts of N3,000.000. Ade and Uzo are refusing to pay part of
the debts, saying they were not involved in the management of the
firm. Yemoh has come to you for advice.

Required:
Advise Yemoh on the legal action, if any, he could take to recover
contribution from Ade and Uzo. (6 Marks)

c. Equity develops from the harshness of common law.

Required:
Explain briefly TWO equitable remedies. (4 Marks)
(Total 20 Marks)

125
QUESTION 5

a. Natural persons run the business of companies, and the principal officers
manage them.

You are required to state:

i. TWO persons that could be appointed Secretary of a public company.

(2 Marks)
ii. THREE specific duties of a Company Secretary (3 Marks)

iii. Mr Okoruma a flamboyant person, is the Company Secretary of Lukka

Company Plc. He hired expensive cars in the name of the company,
which he used for his personal purposes. The board has refused to
pay the debts incurred by Mr. Okoruma for the car hire.

Required:
Advise Mr. Okoruma. (3 Marks)

b. State SIX circumstances under which a company can be placed under

Receivable. (6 Marks)

c. Criminal Law and Ethical Codes are to control the conduct of men and
professional in a state.

You are required to:

Explain briefly:
Criminal Law (2 Marks)
i. Ethical Codes (2 Marks)
ii. Bribery (2 Marks)
(Total 20 Marks)

126
QUESTION 6

a. The nature of a business relationship determines the rights and duties

arising therefrom.

You are required to state the following:

i. THREE rights of an agent in agency law; (3 Marks)

ii. THREE tights of hirer in hire purchase transactions; (3 Marks)
iii. THREE classes of goods in sale of goods; (3 Marks)
iv. Capacity of tortuous acts and their exceptions; (4 Marks)

b. Electronic evidence is now admissible in Court.

Required:
Explain briefly the conditions for the admissibility of computer generated
evidence in Court. (7 Marks)
(Total 20 Marks)

127
Multiple-Choice Questions

Solutions
1) A
2) B
3) E
4) D
5) E
6) B
7) E
8) C
9) E
10) E
11) E
12) D
13) C
14) D
15) E
16) D
17) A
18) B
19) A
20) D

EXAMINER’S REPORT

The questions were spread over the syllabus, and candidates’ performance was
good.

128
Solution 1

(a) The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is the Supreme Law of the
Land. It has the following characteristics:

i. Supremacy – It is the supreme law of the land. It is the organic law from
which all authorities and organs of government derive their authority;
ii. It is written and rigid;
iii. Federalism – It is a Federal Constitution;
iv. Separation of powers – It separates the powers of the organs of
government;
v. Rule of law – It is the law that rules and prevents arbitrariness
vi. Fundamental human rights. It makes provisions for the fundamental
rights in Chapter IV.

(b) The Criminal Code creates the offence of stealing or theft. A person who
fraudulently takes anything capable of being stolen, converting it to his own
use or the use of any other person with the intention of permanently
depriving the owner of the thing or property is said to steal that thing or
property. A person who steals, if found guilty, is liable to imprisonment for 3
years.

The issue in this case is stealing. The physical element of the offence is
taking or “converting” the money capable of being stolen. The mental
element is the intent, permanently to deprive the owner of the money.

Onyi collected the sum of N4,000 with the intention to permanently deprive
Ade of the use of the money, and converting it to pay his own children’s
school fees.

Ade was not given UK scholarship, and the money was not refunded on
demand.

Ade is advised to report the matter to the Police, so that Onyi could be
prosecuted in Court for stealing. On conviction, Onyi would be punished with
a term of imprisonment.

Ade may also maintain a civil action against Onyi for the tort of conversion.

129
(c)
i. The minimum number of Directors of a company is two.

ii. The first directors of a company are usually appointed by the

subscribers to the Memorandum of Association by naming them in the
Articles of Association.
Subsequent appointments are made by the General Meeting of
members.

iii. The General Meeting of a Company exercises the following powers:

• Declaration of dividends;
• Appointment and removal of directors;
• Appointment and fixing of the remuneration of the auditors of the
company;
• Appointment of members of the Audit Committee;
• Receiving Directors’ Report;
• Receiving the financial statements; and
• Auditor’s Report thereon

MARKING GUIDE
Marks
(a)
i. Supremacy 1
ii. Written and Rigid 1
iii, Federalism 1
iv. Separation of powers 1
v. Rule of Law 1
vi. Fundamental Rights 1
Each correct characteristics earns one mark up to 4 4
(b)
i. Fraudulent taking or conversion of a thing capable of being
stolen – Actus reus 1
Intention to deprive owner of it – Mens rea 1
2
ii. Satisfaction of actus reus by Onyi 2
Satisfaction of mens rea by Onyi 2
4
(c)
i. Minimum of two (2) directors 1
ii. First appointment by subscribers 11/2
Subsequent appointment by General Meeting 11/2
iii. Appointment and removal of directors 1
Declaration of dividends 1
Appointment of Auditors and fixing of their remuneration 1
Appointment of Audit Committee Members 1
Acting in matters where directors are disqualified
( 2 marks each for any correct 3) 6
- 20

130
EXAMINER’S REPORT
The question tests candidate’s knowledge of the characteristics of the Constitution,
meaning and elements of stealing; minimum number of directors; appointment of
directors; and the power of the General Meeting.

The candidates had a good understanding of the issues, and their performance of
was good.

Solution 2

a.
i. Coordinate jurisdiction means, being on the same level in the
hierarchy of courts. The decisions of these courts are not binding on
each other because they are on the same level. The decisions are only
of persuasive authority. Courts of coordinate jurisdiction are bound to
follow the decisions of higher courts.

ii. The Courts that are on the same level of hierarchy are as follows
• Federal High Court;
• High Court of the Federal Capital Territory
• State High Court;
• National Industrial Court;
• Customary Court of Appeal; and
• Sharia Court of Appeal

b.
i. Offer is a definite or clear intention to enter into contract on the basis
of stated terms. Where a person to whom an offer is made responds by
varying or modifying the terms, there is a counter offer. A counter
offer is a rejection of an offer. It nullifies the offer and makes it
unavailable for acceptance.

ii. As a general rule, an offer may be revoked before it is accepted. An

offer may be terminated in the following ways.
i. By death of either party;
ii. By non acceptance within the timeline;
iii. Through a counter offer;
iv. By revocation before acceptance;
v. By intervening incapacity; or
vi. By failure of a condition precedent

iii. In contract, a person who is not a party to the contract cannot claim
on it. The rule of privity states that a stranger to a contract cannot sue
or be sued on it.

131
 There is no privity of contract between Esther and Bode, therefore,
Esther cannot succeed, if she sues Bode.

c.
i. The Money Laundering Act creates an exception to the duty of secrecy
that financial institutions owe their customers. The Act provides that
financial institutions shall disclose and report to Drug Law
Enforcement Agency in writing within 7 days, any single transaction
or transfer of funds in excess of

N5,000,000, by an individual; and

N10,000,000, by a corporate body

ii. The Money Laundering (Prohibition) Act empowers the National Drug
Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) to place any bank account under
surveillance, tap any telephone line, have access to any computer
system and obtain communication of any authentic instrument,
private contract, financial and commercial records, so as to identify
and locate narcotic drugs’ proceeds.

Marking Guide
Marks
(a)
i. Courts of the same hierarchical level 2 2
ii. Federal High Court 1
State High Court 1
High Court of the Federal Capital Territory 1
National Industrial Court 1
Customary Court of Appeal 1
Sharia Court of Appeal 1
(2 marks for any correct 2) 2
(b)
i. Counter offer – modification of original offer 2
Ii Death of either party 1
Lapse or exfluxion of time 1
Counter offer 1
Revocation 1
Intervening incapacity 1
Failure of condition precedent 1
(1 mark each for any 4) 4

iii. Privity – contract binds only parties to it 2

No privity between Esther and Bode 2
4
c.
i. N10,000,000 lodgment by Corporate body 2
N5,000,000 lodgment by Individual 2

132
 ii. Placing account on surveillance to locate narcotic drugs; wire 4
tapping and computer surveillance
2
20

EXAMINER’S REPORT
The question tests candidates’ understanding of hierarchy of courts, counter offer,
termination of offer, privity of contracts as well as limits of fund lodgment and surveillance
of bank account under the Money Laundering (Prohibition) Act.
Candidates’ understanding of the question and their performance were quite good.
Solution 3

a. i. The parties to a Bill are

a. The Drawer: This is the person who draws and signs the bill i.e., the
person giving the order to the drawer to pay;

b. The Drawee: This is the person who is ordered to pay. He is the person
who is liable to pay the face value of the bill on maturity; and

c. The Payee: This is the person who is entitled to receive the face value of
the bill, i.e., the person who is to receive the ascertained sum.

ii. A General Acceptance is the drawee’s assent to the order of the drawer
without conditions. It is a confirmation that the drawee is in agreement with
the terms of the bill as drawn.

b. Trust can simply be said to be the binding equitable relationship by which a

trustee is compelled to hold property (real or personal) in equity for the
benefit of the beneficiaries of the trust property of whom he may be one, or for
some object permitted by law.

Trust is useful in the following ways:

i. It enables land to be held for the benefit of those who cannot hold it
themselves;
ii. It facilitates the object of charitable purposes;
iii. It enables property to be used to the benefit of person in succession;
iv. It reduces the incidence of taxation;
v. It makes a gift dependent on the occurrence of an event; and
vi. It enables persons to make secret provisions in will.

c. The employer in law is under a duty to provide safe work environment and
proper tools for his employees. It is the law that if a servant is injured as a
result of poor and unsafe or defective work environment, the employer will be
liable to the employee in negligence.

133
 In this case, the employer provided factory protective glasses with the
instruction that workers should put them on.

Taju disregarded the instruction to wear glasses for safety. Therefore, Taju
will not succeed if he sues the company, because the company took proper
care to provide him with safe work tools.

d. Insurable interest is the pecuniary or proprietary interest of an insured in the

subject matter of the insurance contract, from which he stands to gain, if
preserved, and stands to lose if the subject matter is not preserved.
Marking Guide

Marks
(a)
i. The drawer, drawee and payee 3
ii. Assent to drawer’s order without condition 3
6

(b)
i. An equitable relationship involving trustee who
holds property for beneficiaries 3 3
ii. Holding of property for the ineligible persons
1
Facilitation of objects of charitable purpose 1
Giving of property to benefit persons in
succession 1
Reduction of incidence of taxation 1
Making a gift dependent on an event 1
Making secret disposition in a will possible 1
(1 mark each for any 3) 3

(c) Duty of employer to provide safe work

environment and proper tools 3
Employer not liable for employee’s injury where
the latter, failed to use the protective glass 3 6

(d) Insurable interest – interest in preservation of a

subject matter from which the person may 2
suffer loss if damaged or benefit, if preserved
20

EXAMINER’S REPORT
The question tests candidates’ understanding of parties to, and general acceptance
of, a bill of exchange, the meaning of uses of trust, the duty of an employer in
provide safe work environment, and insurable interests.
Candidates’ understanding of the question and their performance were good.

134
Solution 4

a. A professional owes a duty of care to his client where there is a fiduciary

relationship, or contractual obligation. The duty of care on the professional
or individual is to avoid careless statement or misstatement, which results in
harm or financial losses. Negligent misstatement, when there is a duty
against it, may result in damages.

Emeka paid Umukan, a professional accountant, a fee for his advice, which
establishes a fiduciary relationship. Emike has acted on the advice and
suffered a financial loss of N350,000.

Emike is advised that he will succeed in action against Umukan for

damages.

b.
i. A Partnership Deed should have the following information:
• The name of the partnership;
• The parties to the partnership;
• The rights and duties of parties, and third parties;
• The mode of admission of new partners;
• Retirement of partners;
• The general nature of business;
• Partnership assets;
• Partnership account; and
• Dissolution of partnership.

In partnership, as a general rule, partners are entitled to contribute equally

to the capital and share equally in the profits of the business. They must
equally contribute to offset the losses or debts. Ade and Uzo are to contribute
equally with Yemoh in paying the debts of the partnership, as there is no
evidence of misappropriation of funds by Yemoh. The action of Yemoh in
managing the partnership binds the other partners in the general
partnership.

Yemoh will succeed in an action against the other partners, Ade and Uzo, to
obtain their contribution in offsetting the debt of N3,000,000 .

c. Equitable Remedies are

a) Injunction: This is an order of Court to one of the parties to do
something or stop to do something.
b) Specific performance: This is an order of Court that a contract should be
performed as agreed.

135
 c) Rescission: This is a remedy in contract cases setting aside the contract
and restoring the parties as much as possible to their pre-contract
position.
d) Rectification: This is an order of Court that a mistake accidentally made
in a document be corrected to achieve the true purpose of the
agreement or the intentions of the parties.

Marking Guide

Marks
(a) That a professional owes a duty of care where there is
contractual obligation/fiduciary relationship
1
To avoid careless/negligent misstatement which results in
financial losses 1
Negligent misstatement may result in damages
1
That Emike will succeed in court 1 4
(1 mark for each correct salient point)

(b)
i. Any six correct clauses mentioned below will earn one mark
each
Name of the partnership firm: 1
Particulars of parties to the partnership 1
The general nature of business 1
The rights and duties of parties and third parties
1
The mode of admission of partners 1
Retirement of partners 1
Partnership assets 1
Partnership accounts 1
Contribution of capital 1
Sharing of profits or losses 1
Dispute resolution mode 1
Dissolution of partnership 1 6

ii. (Each salient point earns two marks)

Matter has to do with relationship of partners to third parties
2
Every partner is an agent of the firm 2
Act of a partner in the normal course of business binding on
other partners 2
Yemoh acted with the full consent of the other partners; thus
his action is binding 2
Thus, the other partners are liable to pay the part of debts
incurred by Yemoh on behalf of the firm 2
Yemoh will succeed in action against other partners Ade and
Uzo 2 6

136
(c) (1 mark for each correct equitable remedy stated and
another 1 mark for each explained)

Injunction 1
Specific performance 1
Rescission 1
Rectification 1 4
20

EXAMINER’S REPORT

The question tests candidates’ knowledge of the law on professional negligence

and its consequence; contents of a Partnership Deed; ability of a partner to bind
Partners against third parties; and equitable remedies available.

The question was well attempted by candidates and performance was good.

Solution 5

a. i. The Secretary of Public company must be any of the following

• A Chartered Accountant;
• A Legal Practitioner;
• A Chartered Secretary and Administrator; or
• A Corporate body or firm consisting of the professionals stated
above.

ii. The specific duties of a company secretary are

• Providing secretarial support at all meetings of the company;
• Advising the company on regulatory compliance;
• Maintaining the register and other records of the company;
• Rendering proper returns and giving notifications to CAC as well as
attending to other administrative matters or responsibilities; and
• Exercising any powers vested in the directors with the authority of the
board.

iii. The Secretary has authority to bind the company in all matters of
administration. The cars were hired in the name of the company, the
company is thus bound to pay.

Okoruma will succeed in an action to make the company pay the debts
incurred on the hired cars.

b. Depending on the terms of the agreement between the company and its
debenture holder; a company could be placed under receivership where
i. The principal sum borrowed by the company or interest is in arrears;

137
 ii. The security or property of the company is in jeopardy, and it is not
in the interest of the debenture holder that the company should
retain power to dispose its assets;
iii. The company fails to fulfill any of the obligations imposed on it by
the debentures;
iv. Any circumstance occurs which by the terms of the debenture calls
for realisation of its security;
v. The company is being would up;
vi. Any creditor of the company issues a process of execution against
any of its assets;
vii. The company ceases to do business; or
viii. The creditors apply to Court for receivership.

c. i. Criminal law sets out types of behaviour which are prohibited

and punishable by the state. It is an aspect of public law which
imposes liability. To establish conviction, the two elements of mens
rea and actus reus must be established in Court.

ii. Ethical codes regulate the conduct of professionals such as lawyers,

doctors, accountants, etc, in their dealings with clients. Ethical codes
are used by professional bodies to ensure high standard of conduct in
relation to clients.

iii. Bribery is a form of official corruption. It is committed where a public

officer uses his office to extract money from a payer who intends to
influence a decision. It could be anything done or omitted to be done
in order to influence a decision.

Marks
(a)
i. Any two correct persons stated earn 1 mark each
2
Chartered Accountant 1
A Legal Practitioner 1
A Chartered Secretary and Administrator 1
A corporate body or firm consisting of the professional stated
above 1

ii. Any 3 correct duties stated earn

1 mark each 3
Providing Secretarial support at all meetings of the company
1
Advising the company on regulatory compliance
1
Maintaining the register and other records of the company
1
Rendering proper statutory returns 1

138
 Exercising any powers vested in the directors with the
authority of the board 1

(b)
i. The Secretary has authority to bind the company in all matters
of administration 1 3
ii. The cars were hired in the name of the company
1
iii. The Company Secretary is held out as an agent of the company
1
iv. Okonima will succeed in an action 1
(I mark for each correct point)

(c) (1 mark for each correct circumstance stated)

6
i. Inability to meet financial obligation 1
ii. The business is being run at a loss 1
iii. Security or property of the company is in jeopardy
1
iv. Failure of company to meet statutory obligation
1
v. The company is being wound up 1
vi. Company fails to fulfill any obligation imposed on it by
debenture holders 1
vii. The company ceases to do business 1
viii. The creditors applying to court 1
ix. Any creditor of the company issues a process of execution
against any of it 1

(d) (Each correct brief explanation earns 2 marks)

i. Criminal law 2
Acts forbidden by the state at risk of punishment
To establish conviction, both mens rea and actus rea must be
established in court
ii. Ethical codes 2
Regulate conduct of professionals – Accountants, Lawyers,
Doctors
Used to ensure high standards of conduct in relation to clients
iii. Bribery 2 6
Offence relating to official corruption, receiving or agreeing to
receive, taking or taking of property as inducement
20

EXAMINER’S REPORT
The question tests candidates’ knowledge of eligibility for appointment, duties and
status of the Company Secretary; circus instances under which a company can be
placed under receivership; and explanation of criminal law, Ethical Codes and
bribery.

139
More than fifty percent of the candidates attempted the question and performed
substantially well. Candidates need to pay more attention to admissibility of
computer-generated evidence.

Solution 6

a.
i. Rights of an agent in agency are:
 The right to an indemnity from his principal;
 The right to be paid commission for work done;
 The right to have his lawful acts ratified by his principal;
 The right of lien over the goods of his principal for his
commission and other monies due to him;
 Right to enforce contracts against third party;
 Right to set his principal to assume liability and responsibility for
the lawful acts of his agent.

ii. The hirer has the following rights:

• The right to use the goods;
• The right to quiet possession and enjoyment of the goods;
• The right to know the exact instalment to be paid;
• The right to know the cash payment of the goods; and
• The right to choice of insurance and garage of and maintenance
of goods or motor vehicle

iii. The classes of goods in sale of goods are

 Existing goods: Goods owned by the seller at the time of
contract;
 Future goods: Goods to be produced by the seller after the
contract;
 Ascertained/specific goods: goods identified and agreed upon at
the time of contract; and
 Unascertained goods: These are goods which are not identified
and agreed upon at the time of contract

iv. As a general rule, all persons of full age can sue and be sued in tort.
The following are the exceptions:
 The President and Vice President, while in office;
 Governor and their Deputies, while in office;
 Judges have judicial immunity for acts done in their judicial
capacity.
 Minors or infants cannot be sued because they lack capacity;
 Persons with mental disability;
 Diplomat

140
b) S.84 of the Evidence Act contains provisions and conditions for the
admissibility of computer and electronically generated evidence as follows:

i. Statement contained in a document produced by computer shall be

admissible evidence of any fact stated in it of which direct oral evidence
would be admissible;

ii. The document containing the statement must have been produced over a
period when the computer is used regularly to store information for the
purpose whether for profit or not by body corporate;

iii. Individual statement made throughout the material period the computer
was operating properly and the information in the statement derived
from the one supplied to the computer in the course of business of those
activities;

iv. The computer storage could be by one computer or a combination

operating in succession;

v. The statement being a certificate, identified and proven to be produced

by the computer device used in production, dealing with the matter to
the best knowledge of the person that signed it;

vi. The information supplied in appropriate form by an appropriate

equipment in the course of activities by individual or corporate body; and

vii. The document produced directly from the computer by means of

appropriate equipment.

Marking Guide
Marks
(a)
i. (Any 3 correct rights of an agent in an agency earn 1 mark
each) 3
Of indemnity 1
To be paid commission 1
To have his lawful acts ratified by principal 1
Lien over the goods of his principal over commission due
1
To enforce contract against third party 1
ii. (An 3 correct rights of a hirer in hire purchase earns 1 mark
each) 3
To use the goods 1
To quiet possession 1
To know the exact instalment to be paid 1
To know the cash payment of the goods 1
Freedom of choice of insurer, garage and maintenance of goods
or motor vehicle 1

141
 iii. (Statement of each correct class of goods earns 1 mark)
3
Existing goods 1
Future goods 1
Ascertained/specific goods 1
Unascertained goods 1

iv. Statement of general rule that all persons of full age can sue
and be sued in tort 1
Statement of any 3 exceptions to the rule will earn 1 mark each

President and Vice President 1

Governors and their Deputies 1
Diplomats 1
Persons suffering from mental disabilities 1
Minors/infants i.e. below 18 years 1 4

(b) Statement and explanation of conditions for the admissibility of

computer generated evidence in court earns 1 mark each
The document processed appropriate for the purpose
1
Document produced was from computer in regular operation
1
Document described the manner of production of the statement
1
Information in the statement derived from the one supplied to
the computer in the course of business of those activities
1
Processed information is not altered 1
Computer storage could be by one computer or a combination of
computers operating in succession
1
Statement contained in document produced by computer
admissible of any fact stated in it which direct oral evidence
would be admissible
1 7
20

EXAMINERS REPORT
The question tests candidates’ knowledge of the rights of an agent in agency and hirer in
hire purchase; classes of goods in sale of goods; capacity in tortuous acts and their
exceptions; and conditions for the admissibility of computer generated evidence in court.
Candidates attempted all the questions; but performance was good only in part (a) while
part (b) was poor.

The commonest pitfall was candidates’ inability to master the conditions that would enable
computer generated evidence to be admissible in court.

Candidates are advised to read more on this area of the syllabus.

142