Statistics and Probability

Dr.Nadia Mehak
Lecture # 01
Statistics:
Statistics is defined as a science which deals with the collection of facts and
data and the drawing conclusions or inference from this data by applying
scientific methods OR It is defined as a science of estimates and probabilities.
Branches: There are two branches of statistics
(i) Inferential Statistics (ii) Descriptive Statistics
Frequency:
The number of times a thing occur in a definite period or interval of time is
called frequency of that thing.
Frequency Distribution:
The process of grouping the data into classes or groups and then determining
the frequency of each class is called the frequency distribution.
Example:
Make a grouped frequency distribution to the weights recorded to the nearest
grams of 60 apples picket out at from a consignment.
106 107 76 82 109 107 115 93
187 95 123 125 111 92 86 70
126 68 130 129 139 119 115 128
100 186 84 99 113 204 111 141
136 123 90 115 98 110 78 185
162 178 140 152 173 146 158 194
148 90 107 181 131 75 184 104
110 80 118 82
Solution: R = Range = Max Value  Lowest Value
= 20468 = 136
Class Interval = h =20

Total number of classes = =  7 (approximate)

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 Classes Tally Frequency
65—84 IIII IIII 9
85—104 IIII IIII 10
105—124 IIII IIII IIII II 17
125—144 IIII IIII 10
145—164 IIII 5
165—184 IIII 4
185—204 IIII 5
∑ = 60
Measure of central Tendency or Averages:
An average is a single value which is intended to represents a set of data or a
distribution as a whole. It is a less or more central value around which the
observations tends to cluster such a central value is called the measure of central
tendency as it indicates the central position of the distribution. It is also known
as measure of location or measure of position.
Types of Averages: There are five types of averages.
(i) Arithmetic Mean (ii) Geometric Mean
(iii). Harmonic Mean (iv) The Median
(v). The Mode
(i) Arithmetic Mean:
It is defined as the value obtained by dividing the sum of observation by their
⋯ ∑
number. = =
⋯ ∑
For grouped data = = ∑
⋯

Weight (g) (Classmarks or midpoint)

∑
65—84 9 = 74.5 670.5 =
∑
85—104 10 94.5 945.0
105—124 17 114.5 1946.5 7350
=
125—144 10 134.5 1345.0 60
145—164 5 154.5 772.5
165—184 4 174.5 698.0
= 122.5
185—204 5 194.5 972.5

∑ = 60 = 7350

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Lecture # 2
Geometric Mean: The Geometric mean G of the set n positive values
, ,…, is defined as the nth root of their product.
G= . . …
Taking log on both sides
/
log G = log ( . . … )

= log( . . … )

= [ + + + ⋯+ ] ∑

G = anti-log ∑

For group data G = anti-log ∑

∑

Example: Find G.M of data 42,32,37,46,39,36,41,48,36

Solution: n=9

log G = [ 45 + 32 + 37 + 46 + 39 + 36 + 41 + 48 + 36]

log G = 1.59856
G = anti-log (1.59586)
G = 39.68
Example: Find G.M of data given below
(Classmarks log G = anti-
Weight (g) log
or midpoint)
16.8498 log ∑
65--84 9 = 74.5 1.8722 ∑

85—104 10 94.5 1.9754 19.7540 .

= anti-log
105—124 17 114.5 2.0588 34.9996
125—144 10 134.5 2.1287 21.2870 = anti-log (2.0707)
145—164 5 154.5 2.1889 10.9445
165—184 4 174.5 2.2418 8.9672 G = 117.7 (grams)
185—204 5 194.5 2.2889 11.4445
∑
∑ = 60 = 124.2466

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The Harmonic Mean:
The Harmonic mean of a set of n values is defined as the reciprocal of the
arithmetic mean of the reciprocal of the values.
∑
H.M =  A.M =
∑

For the group data

∑
H.M =
∑

Example: Find H.M of 15,20,25

Solution: Here n = 3

H.M = = = 19.15
.

Example: Find the H.M of the given data

Weight (Classmarks 1
(g) or midpoint)
0.12078
65—84 9 = 74.5 0.01342
85—104 10 94.5 0.01058 0.1058
105—124 17 114.5 0.008734 0.165478
125—144 10 134.5 0.007435 0.07435
145—164 5 154.5 0.006472 0.3236
165—184 4 174.5 0.005731 0.022924
185—204 5 194.5 0.005141 0.025705
∑ = 0.547397
∑ = 60

∑
H.M = = = 109.61
∑ .

The Median:
The median is a value which divides an ordered set of data into two equal parts.
Median is the middle value when n is odd and mean of two values when n is
even.
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Example: Find median of data 45,32,37,46,39,36,41,48,36
Solution: Here n = 9
Arrange into ascending order
32,36,36,37,39,41,45,46,48  median = 39
Example: Find median of data 4,8,9,10,6,18,24,16,15,19
Solution: Here n = 10
Arrange into ascending order

4,6,8,9,10,15,16,18,19,24  median = = 12.5

For group data

Median = + − where n = ∑

l = lower class boundary of median class

h = class interval
f = frequency of the median class
c = cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class
Example: Find median of group data given below
Solution:
Marks f Class Boundary Cumulative
Frequency (c)

Median class
30—39 8 29.5—39.5 8
40—49 87 39.5—49.5 8+87 = 95
50—59 190 49.5—59.5 94+190 = 285
60—69 304 59.5—69.5 285+304 = 589
70—79 211 69.5—79.5 589+211 = 800
80—89 85 79.5—89.5 800+85 = 885
90—99 20 89.5—99.5 885+20 = 905
∑ = 905
n = ∑ = 905  n/2 = 905/2 = 452.5 Median class: A class carrying highest frequency

l = 59.5 , c = 285 , h = 10

Median = + −  59.5+ (452.5 − 285) = 65 marks

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The Mode:
The mode is the value in the data which occurs most frequent.
Example: Find mode of 1,4,5,6,1,8,9,1
Solution: mode = 1

Example: Find mode of 4,4,6,18,19,9,9,10,18,8

Solution: mode = 4,9,18

Example: Find mode of 4,6,8,8,6,4

Solution: mode = no

For Group data:

Mode = + ( ) ( )
×ℎ

Where = lower class boundary of the modal class

= frequency of the model class
= frequency of the class preceding the modal class
= frequency of the class next (following) to modal class
h = class interval
Example: Find mode of the group data
Marks f Class Boundary Cumulative
Frequency (c)

Modal class
30—39 8 29.5—39.5 8
40—49 87 39.5—49.5 8+87 = 95
50—59 190 49.5—59.5 94+190 = 285
60—69 304 59.5—69.5 285+304 = 589
70—79 211 69.5—79.5 589+211 = 800
80—89 85 79.5—89.5 800+85 = 885
90—99 20 89.5—99.5 885+20 = 905
= 59.5 , = 211 , = 304 , h = 10 = 190

Mode = + ( ) ( )
×ℎ

= 59.5 + ( ) ( )
× 10  mode = 65 (marks)

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Measure of Dispersion:
By Dispersion we mean the extent to which the values are spread from an
average. A quantity which measures this characteristic is called the measure of
dispersion.
There are two types of measure of dispersion
(i) Absolute measure of dispersion
(ii) Relative measure of dispersion
Example: The marks obtained by 9 students are given
45,32,37,46,39, 36,41,48,36
Find the coefficient of dispersion.
Solution: Here the highest marks = = 48
Lowest marks = = 32
Coefficient of dispersion =

= = 0.2

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Lecture # 03
Measure of Dispersion:
(i) The Range
(ii) The Variance
(iii) The Standard Deviation
(i) The Range:
The range is defined as the difference between the highest observation to the
lowest observation.
i.e. R= −
Where us the maximum value and is the smallest value/observation.
Example: Find the range from the data
45,32,37,46,39,36,41,48,36
Solution: Highest observation = 48
Lowest observation = 32
R= −
R = 48 − 32 = 16 (marks)
(ii) The Mean Deviation:
The mean deviation of n observation of data is defined as the mean of absolute
deviation or mod deviations of observations from their mean.
n

x
i 1
i x
M .D  for mean
n
n

f
i 1
i xi  x
M .D  n
for group data
f
i 1
i

x
i 1
i  median
M.D  for median
n

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 n

f
i 1
i xi  median
M .D  n
for group data
f
i 1
i

Example: Calculate M.D of by mean and median for the data

45,32,37,46,39,36,41,48,36
45  32  37  46  39  36  41  48  36
Solution: x  40
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For median 32,36,36,37,39,47,45,46,48
Median = 39

− | − | − | − |
32 -8 5 -7 7
36 -4 4 -3 3
36 -4 4 -3 3
37 -3 3 -2 2
39 -1 1 0 0
41 1 1 2 2
45 5 5 6 6
46 6 6 7 7
48 8 8 9 9
 xi  x  40  xi  median  39

M .D 
x i x

40
 4.4(marks )
n 9

M .D 
x i  median

39
 4.3( marks )
n 9
(iii) The Variance: The variance of a set of n observations is defined
as mean of squared deviations of the observations from their mean
n 2

2

i 1
xi  x 
S 
n

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 n 2
 fi xi  x  
For group data  2  S2  i 1
n

f
i 1
i

(iv) The Standard Deviation:

The positive square root of the variance is called the standard deviation
n 2
 x
i 1
i x 
i.e. S= 
n
n 2
 f x
i 1
i i x 
For group data  S n

f i 1
i

2
 xi 1
i
2
 2 xi x  x 2 
Or S 
n
n n
2
x i  2 x xi  nx 2
S2  i 1 i 1

n n

 xi 2  2 x.nx  nx2 x i n
2
S  i 1
x  i 1
& nx x i
n n i 1

n n

 xi 2  nx 2 x i
2

 i 1
 i 1
 x2
n n
n 2
2  n  n

x i   xi  x i
S  2 i 1
  i 1   x i 1

n  n  n
 
 

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 n 2
2  n 
x
i 1
i   xi 
S   i 1 
n  n 
 
 
For group data
n 2
2  n 
2
fxi 1
i i   fi xi 
S  n
  i1n 
 
f
i 1
i   fi
 i 1



n 2
2  n 
fx
i 1
i i   f i xi 
And S n
  i 1n 
 
f
i 1
i   fi
 i 1



Example: Calculate variance and standard deviation of data

7,8,10,13,14,19,20,25,26,28
7  8  10  13  14  19  20  25  26  28
Solution: x  17
10

− ( − )
7 -10 100
8 -9 81
10 -7 49
13 -4 16
14 -3 9
19 2 4
20 3 9
25 8 64
26 9 81
28 11 121
∑( − ) = 534
n 2
 x i x  534
The Variance S2  i 1
  53.4
n 10
The Standard deviation S = √ = √53.4 =7.3
Composed by: Dr. Nadia Mehak
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 Example: Calculate the variance and mean deviation for the group data
Weights − ( − ) ( − )
65—84 9 = 74.5 670.5 -48 2304 20736
85—104 10 94.5 945.0 -28 74 7840
105—124 17 114.5 1946.5 -8 64 1088
125—144 10 134.5 1345.0 12 144 1440
145—164 5 154.5 772.5 32 1024 5120
165—184 4 174.5 698.0 52 2704 10816
185—204 5 194.5 972.5 72 5184 25920
∑ ( − )
= 60
= 7350 = 72960

x
fx i i

7350
122.5
f i 60
2

The Variance S2 
 f  x  x
i i

72960
1216
f i 60

The Standard deviation S = √ = √1216 = 34.871

Moments:
A moment designates the power to which the deviation is raised before
averaging them

m1 
 x i x 
n
2

m 
 x  x i
2
n
3

m3 
 x i x 
n
4

And m4 
 x i x 
n

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