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Valve and Port Timing Diagrams

The document discusses valve and port timing diagrams for 4-stroke petrol and diesel engines, detailing the timing of valve openings and closings during various engine strokes to optimize performance. It explains the importance of valve overlap, ignition advance, and fuel injection timing, emphasizing how these factors affect engine efficiency and power output. Additionally, it briefly mentions the port timing diagram for 2-stroke engines.

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kirihas145
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13 views

Valve and Port Timing Diagrams

The document discusses valve and port timing diagrams for 4-stroke petrol and diesel engines, detailing the timing of valve openings and closings during various engine strokes to optimize performance. It explains the importance of valve overlap, ignition advance, and fuel injection timing, emphasizing how these factors affect engine efficiency and power output. Additionally, it briefly mentions the port timing diagram for 2-stroke engines.

Uploaded by

kirihas145
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Valve and port timing diagrams

- The valve timing diagram shows the position of the crank when the various operations
i.e.; suction, compression, expansion exhaust begin and end.
- The valve timing is the regulation of the positions in the cycle at which the valves are
set to at open and close
- The poppet valves of the reciprocating engines are opened and closed by cam
mechanisms. The clearance between cam, tappet and valve must be slowly taken up
and valve slowly lifted, at first, if noise and wear is to be avoided. For the same reasons
the valve cannot be closed abruptly, else it will bounce on its seat. (Also, the cam
contours should be so designed as to produce gradual and smooth changes in
directional acceleration).
- Thus, the valve opening and closing periods are spread over a considerable number of
crankshaft degrees. As a result, the opening of the valve must commence ahead of the
time at which it is fully opened (i.e. before dead centres). The same reasoning applies
for the closing time and the valves must close after the dead centres.

1. Valve timing diagram of 4-Stroke Petrol engine


- The actual valve timings used for low speed and high speed engines are shown in Fig.
2.15 (a) and (b).
a) Inlet valve
- The inlet valve opening occurs a few degrees prior to the arrival of the piston at TDC
during the exhaust stroke. This is necessary to insure that the valve will be fully open
and fresh charge starts to flow into the cylinder as soon as the piston starts to move
down.
- If the inlet valve is allowed to close at BDC, the cylinder would receive less charge
than its capacity and the pressure of the charge at the end of suction stroke will be
below atmosphere. To avoid this, the inlet valve is kept open for 40°-50° rotation of
the crank after the suction stroke for high speed engine and 20° to 25° for low speed
engine.
- The kinetic energy of the charge produces a ram effect which packs more charge into
the cylinder during this additional valve opening. Therefore, the inlet valve closing is
delayed.
- Higher the speed of the engine, the inlet valve closing is delayed longer to take an
advantage of ram effect.
b) Exhaust valve
- The exhaust valve is set to open before BDC (say about 25° before BDC in low speed
engines and 55° before BDC in high speed engines).
- If the exhaust valve did not start to open until BDC,the pressures in the cylinder
would be considerably above atmospheric pressure during the first portion of the
exhaust stroke, increasing the work required to expel the exhaust gases. But opening
the exhaust valve earlier reduces the pressure near the end of the power stroke and
thus causes some loss of useful work on this stroke.
- However, the overall effect of opening the valve prior to the time the piston reaches
BDC results in overall gain in output.
- The closing time of exhaust valve effects the volumetric efficiency. By closing the
exhaust valve a few degrees after TDC (about 15° in case of low speed engines and 20°
in case of high speed engines) the inertia of the exhaust gases tends to scavenge the
cylinder by carrying out a greater mass of the gas left in the clearance volume. This
results in increased volumetric efficiency.
c) Ignition
- Theoretically it is assumed that spark is given at the TDC and fuel burns
instantaneously. However, there is always a time lag between the spark and ignition
of the charge. The ignition starts some time after giving the spark, therefore it is
necessary to produce the spark before piston reaches the TDC to obtain proper
combustion without losses. The angle through which the spark is given earlier is
known as "Ignition Advance" or "Angle of Advance".
d) Valve Overlap
- From the valve timing diagram it is obvious that there will a period when both the
intake and exhaust valves are open at the same time. This is called valve overlap (say
about 15° in low speed engine and 30° in high speed engines). This overlap should not
be excessive otherwise it will allow the burned gases to be sucked into the intake
manifold, or the fresh charge to escape through the exhaust valve.

2. Valve timing diagram of 4-Stroke Diesel engine


- The actual valve timing diagram of 4-Stroke Diesel cycle engine is shown in fig. 2.16.
The various strokes are modified for similar reasons as explained in case of petrol
engine.
Fuel Injection Timing
- The opening of fuel valve is necessary for better evaporation and mixing of the fuel.
As there is always lag between ignition and supply of fuel, it is always necessary to
supply the fuel little earlier.
- In case of diesel engine, the overlapping provided is sufficiently large compared with
the petrol engine. More overlapping is not advisable in petrol engine because the
mixture of air and petrol may pass out with the exhaust gases and it is highly
uneconomical. This danger does not arise in case of diesel engine because only air is
taken during the suction stroke.
- The valve timing of diesel engine have to be adjusted depending upon the speed of the
engine. The typical valve timings are as follows:
- IV opens at 25° before TDC
- IV closes at 30° after BDC
- Fuel injection starts at 5° before TDC
- Fuel injection closes at 25° after TDC
- EV opens at 45° before BDC
- EV closes at 15° after TDC

3. Port Timing Diagram of 2-stroke engine


- The port timing diagram for actual working of the two-stroke petrol and diesel engine
is shown in Fig. 2.17. The port timing diagram is self-explanatory.

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