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DISCOVERING
CAREERS
Sports
 Titles in the
Discovering Careers
series

Adventure
Animals
Construction
Nature
Sports
Transportation
 DISCOVERING
CAREERS

Sports
Discovering Careers: Sports

Copyright © 2010 by Infobase Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any
form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, re-
cording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission
in writing from the publisher. For information contact

Ferguson
An imprint of Infobase Publishing
132 West 31st Street
New York NY 10001

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Sports.
p. cm. — (Discovering careers)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8160-8047-2 (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-8160-8047-X (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN-13: 978-1-4381-3137-5 (e-book) 1. Sports—Vocational guidance—Unit-
ed States. I. Ferguson Publishing.
GV734.3.S76 2010
796—dc22
2009025872

Ferguson books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk

quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions.
Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or
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You can find Ferguson on the World Wide Web at http://www.fergpubco.com

Text design by Erik Lindstrom and Erika K. Arroyo

Composition by Erik Lindstrom
Cover printed by Bang Printing, Brainerd, MN
Book printed and bound by Bang Printing, Brainerd, MN
Date printed: September 2010

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

CONTENTS
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Athletic Trainers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Dancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Fitness Experts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Groundsmanagers and Groundskeepers . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Jockeys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Lifeguards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Physical Therapists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Recreation Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Recreational Therapists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
Sports Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
Sports Broadcasters and Announcers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
Sports Coaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Sports Photographers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Sports Physicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
Sports Scouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Sports Statisticians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Sportswriters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
Stunt Performers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
Umpires and Referees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Browse and Learn More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Introduction

Y ou may not have decided yet what you want to be in the fu-
ture. And you don’t have to decide right away. You do know
that right now you are interested in sports and athletics. Do any
of the statements below describe you? If so, you may want to be-
gin thinking about what a career in sports might mean for you.

____ Physical education is my favorite subject in school.

____ I play on a sports team (baseball, basketball, soccer,
hockey, football, etc.).
____ I compete in individual sports (track, tennis, gym-
nastics, skating, swimming, etc.).
____ I regularly watch sports events on television or
the Internet.
____ I read the sports section of the newspaper.
____ I take dance/aerobics classes.
____ I am interested in physical fitness and health.
____ I like to take photographs at sporting events.
____ I know a lot of sports trivia.
____ I know the rules and regulations for several games and
sports.
____ I enjoy all kinds of competition.
____ I am interested in human anatomy and physiology.
____ I like to take risks and face physical challenges.
____ I like to talk about sports with my friends.
____ I like to write about sports for the school paper or a
blog.
____ I like helping the groundskeeper at school care for the
athletic fields.


 Discovering Careers: Sports

Discovering Careers: Sports is a book about careers in sports,

from athletes to umpires. Some people in sports-related careers
help us keep physically fit and healthy. Others entertain us by
playing team or individual sports. Some educate and inspire
athletes and non-athletes alike through coaching, teaching,
broadcasting, or sports writing.
This book describes many possibilities for future careers
in sports and athletics. Read through it and see how different
sports careers are connected. For example, if you are interested
in physical fitness and health, you will want to read the chap-
ters on Athletic Trainers, Dancers, Fitness Experts, Physical
Therapists, Recreational Therapists, and Sports Physicians. If
you have a creative side, you will want to read the chapters on
Sports Broadcasters and Announcers, Sports Photographers,
and Sportswriters. If you are interested in working in a support
position for a professional sports team, you will want to read
the chapters on Sports Coaches and Sports Scouts. Go ahead
and explore!

What Do People in Sports Do?

The first section of each chapter begins with a heading such
as “What Athletes Do” or “What Fitness Experts Do.” It tells
what it’s like to work at this job. It describes typical responsi-
bilities and assignments. You will find out about working condi-
tions. Which careers involve playing or performing in front of a
crowd? Which ones involve working behind the scenes in gyms
or practice rooms? What tools and equipment are used? This
section answers all these questions.

Education and Training

This section tells you what classes and education you need for
employment in each job—a high school diploma, training at a
junior college, a college degree, or more. It also talks about on-
 Introduction 

the-job training that you could expect to receive after you’re

hired and whether or not you must complete an apprenticeship
program.

Earnings
This section gives the average salary figures for the job described
in the chapter. These figures provide you with a general idea of
how much money people with this job can make. Keep in mind
that many people really earn more or less than the amounts
given here because actual salaries depend on many different
things, such as the size of the company, the location of the com-
pany, and the amount of education, training, and experience
you have. Generally, but not always, bigger companies located
in major cities pay more than smaller ones in smaller cities and
towns, and people with more education, training, and experi-
ence earn more. This also applies to sports team. Teams at the
professional level pay more to their workers than teams at the
amateur or minor-league levels. Also remember that these fig-
ures are current averages. They will probably be different by the
time you are ready to enter the workforce.

Outlook
This section discusses the employment outlook for the career:
whether the total number of people employed in this career will
increase or decrease in the coming years and whether jobs in this
field will be easy or hard to find. These predictions are based on
economic conditions, the size and makeup of the population,
foreign competition, and new technology. Terms such as “faster
than the average,” “about as fast as the average,” and “more slowly
than the average,” are terms used by the U.S. Department of La-
bor to describe job growth predicted by government data.
Keep in mind that these predictions are general state-
ments. No one knows for sure what the future will be like. Also
 Discovering Careers: Sports

remember that the employment outlook is a general statement

about an industry and does not necessarily apply to everyone.
A determined and talented person may be able to find a job
in an industry or career with the worst kind of outlook. And
a person without ambition and the proper training will find
it difficult to find a job in even a booming industry or career
field.

For More Info

Each chapter includes a sidebar called “For More Info.” It lists
organizations that you can contact to find out more about the
field and careers in the field. You will find names, addresses,
phone numbers, email addresses, and Web sites.

Extras
Every chapter has a few extras. There are photos that show work-
ers in action. There are sidebars and notes on ways to explore
the field, fun facts, profiles of people in the field, tips on impor-
tant skills for success in the field, information on work settings,
lists of Web sites, and other resources that might be helpful.
At the end of the book you will find three additional sec-
tions: “Glossary,” “Browse and Learn More,” and “Index.” The
Glossary gives brief definitions of words that relate to educa-
tion, career training, or employment that you may be unfa-
miliar with. The Browse and Learn More section lists sports-
related books, periodicals, and Web sites to explore. The Index
includes all the job titles mentioned in the book.
It’s not too soon to think about your future. We hope you
discover several possible career choices. Happy hunting!
Athletes

What Athletes Do
You are already an athlete if you play sports on school teams, at
recess, or with the kids on your block after class. You are also an
athlete if you enjoy running, playing golf, or simply staying fit
by exercising. But there are another
type of athletes who play sports as
their job. They are known as profes-
sional athletes. EXPLORING
Professional athletes are the top
• Start playing sports as much
players in their sports. Some ath-
and as early as possible. Most
letes play individual sports in which junior high and high schools
one person plays, or competes, have well-established programs
against another. Individual sports in team and individual sports.
include tennis and golf. Other ath- • Participate in community
letes play team sports, such as foot- sports programs, such as those
ball, basketball, baseball, soccer, offered by your local YMCA/
and hockey. There are some sports YWCA or park district.
that are both individual and team • Follow the careers of athletes
in the sport you want to play.
efforts. Two examples are gymnas-
Watch them play and study
tics and wrestling. In these sports, their technique and style.
athletes often compete individually • Read biographies of athletes
toward a total team score. you admire to find out how
To prepare for sporting events, they started out and how they
professional athletes practice for became professionals.
hours each day. Sometimes they
even practice year round. In addi-

5
 Discovering Careers: Sports

tion, they train and exercise their bodies to increase their strength,
speed, coordination (the ease which you move your body), and
endurance (your ability to not get tired when exercising). They
work with coaches, instructors, managers, and other athletes.
Successful professional athletes have much more than just
athletic talent. From the time they were young, they were willing
to work very hard to build and improve their skills. They never
quit trying no matter how many times they failed in their sport
or were told they wouldn’t make it to the professional level.
All professional athletes must travel to play or compete. Base-
ball, basketball, football, and hockey players compete in stadiums
all over the United States and Canada. Tennis players and soccer
teams travel all over the world. Some athletes like traveling. They
get to see new places and meet new people. Other athletes don’t
enjoy traveling as much because they miss their families or for
other reasons.
Athletes play both indoors and outdoors. For example, basket-
ball players play indoors in comfortable temperatures. Baseball
players may have to play in very hot or very cold weather, but they
do not play in heavy rain. Football players often compete outdoors
in all kinds of weather, including below-zero temperatures.
Crowds, or spectators, act differently depending on the sport.
The crowds at baseball and football games are often very loud.
They get excited and cheer loudly for their teams. At tennis and
golf matches, on the other hand, spectators are expected to stay
quiet.
Professional athletes work for private and public ownership
groups throughout the United States and Canada. At the highest
male professional level, there are 32 National Football League
franchises, 30 Major League Baseball franchises, 30 National
Basketball Association franchises, 30 National Hockey League
franchises, and 15 Major League Soccer franchises. The Wom-
en’s National Basketball Association has 13 franchises. Profes-
sional athletes also compete in leagues in foreign countries.
 Athletes 7

DID YOU KNOW ?

Here are the top 25 athletes of the 20th century, as selected by ESPN
as part of its SportsCentury retrospective:

• Michael Jordan (basketball) • Wilt Chamberlain (basketball)

• Babe Ruth (baseball) • Hank Aaron (baseball)
• Muhammad Ali (boxing) • Jackie Robinson (baseball)
• Jim Brown (football) • Ted Williams (baseball)
• Wayne Gretzky (hockey) • Magic Johnson (basketball)
• Jesse Owens (track and field) • Bill Russell (basketball)
• Jim Thorpe (track and field/ • Martina Navratilova (tennis)
football) • Ty Cobb (baseball)
• Willie Mays (baseball) • Gordie Howe (hockey)
• Jack Nicklaus (golf) • Joe DiMaggio (baseball)
• Babe Didrikson (track and field/golf) • Jackie Joyner-Kersee (track and field)
• Joe Louis (boxing) • Sugar Ray Robinson (boxing)
• Carl Lewis (track and field) • Joe Montana (football)

Education and Training

Each sport has its own training and educational requirements.
Successful athletes usually start competing in their sport in ju-
nior high or high school. Almost all athletes perform for years as
amateurs before they become professionals. As amateurs, they do
not receive pay, but they do receive living and training expenses.
In professional team sports, teams get the opportunity to
choose, or draft, players. In most individual sports, athletes be-
gin competing when they believe they are good enough to win
and meet other requirements.
Most professional athletes have very short careers. For a foot-
ball player, the average is four years as a professional. It is im-
portant that all athletes have some training for another career.
A college education helps athletes improve their skills in their
8 Discovering Careers: Sports

sport and play in front of talent scouts. It also prepares them for
other careers when their professional sports careers are over.

Earnings
Earnings for professional athletes vary according to the skill
of the player and the sport played. For example, Major League
Baseball players earn salaries that range from $400,000 to more

Helping Hands: Dikembe Mutombo

Dikembe Mutombo is a star athlete who Marie Mutombo Hospital and Research
wants to make a difference in the world. Center was dedicated and now serves
The eight-time National Basketball Asso- the people of DR Congo.
ciation (NBA) All-Star is using his wealth to Donating $15 million might be enough
make his native country, the Democratic for some people—but not for Dikembe
Republic of Congo (DR Congo), a better Mutombo. His foundation has funded
place. DR Congo is located in central Africa. the construction of computer labs in DR
Many people who live there are very poor. Congo, opened dormitories for disadvan-
They do not have modern hospitals like we taged youths in South Africa, led the fight
do in the United States. As a result, many to stop global AIDS and poverty, and per-
people who live there are not healthy. formed many other charitable acts.
Many children die before they reach the Mutombo has received many awards
age of five. The average life expectancy is for his work, including being inducted
only 54 years. People in the United States into the World Sports Humanitarian Hall
live to the age of 78 on average. of Fame in 2007. Dikembe Mutombo has
Mutombo decided that his coun- proven that he is a star on and off the
try needed a top-quality hospital. He court.
donated about $15 million toward the
$29 million cost of building a 300-bed Sources: World Sports Humanitarian
modern hospital in Kinshasa, the nation’s Hall of Fame, Dikembe Mutombo
capital city. On July 17, 2007, the Biamba Foundation Inc., CIA World Factbook
 Athletes 

The Seattle Storm’s Sue Bird drives past Sacramento Monarchs’ Kara Lawson
during a WNBA basketball game. (Elaine Thompson, AP Images)
10 Discovering Careers: Sports

FOR MORE INFO

If you are interested in becoming a pro- Reston, VA 20191-1598
fessional athlete, contact the professional 800-213-7193, ext. 453
organization for the sport in which you http://www.aahperd.org/nagws
would like to compete, such as the Profes-
For information on careers in sports and
sional Golfers’ Association of America,
physical education, contact
Major League Baseball, and the National
National Association for Sport and
Football League.
Physical Education
For information on opportunities for 1900 Association Drive
women in sports, contact Reston, VA 20191-1598
National Association for Girls and 800-213-7193, ext. 410
Women in Sports http://www.aahperd.org
1900 Association Drive

than $20 million a year. National Football League (NFL) teams

pay salaries that range from about $295,000 to more than $3
million a year. Top NFL players earn $12 million to $27 million
a year. Golfers may earn between $12,000 and $150,000 a year,
with top players earning more than $1 million a year. For every
top athlete who earns millions of dollars a year, there are hun-
dreds of athletes who earn less than $40,000. Professional ath-
letes can earn extra money by endorsing products or making per-
sonal appearances.

Outlook
The number of jobs for professional athletes will not increase
greatly. There will continue to be strong competition because
only the best athletes can play at the professional level. Athletes
can also work as coaches, managers, broadcasters, teachers, or
trainers.
Athletic Trainers

What Athletic Trainers Do

If you play sports long enough, you might end up spraining your
ankle, straining a muscle, or hurting yourself in another way.
But when you hurt, or injure, yourself, an athletic trainer is usu-
ally nearby to help you.
Athletic trainers help athletes stay healthy and avoid in-
juries. They work with injured athletes to get them back into
competitive shape. The professional athletic trainer may work
with a team of physicians, physical therapists, and dietitians to
plan a program of health maintenance for team athletes. Their
main goal is to help athletes stay competitive and fit. The train-
er’s program includes exercise, weight lifting, relaxation tech-
niques, and a controlled diet (healthy foods that will make them
strong).
If an athlete is injured, the trainer is in charge of treating
the injury and helping the athlete get better. Athletic trainers
work with physicians and coaches to decide if the athlete should
continue to play or not. Where the athlete is to compete, how
important the event, and how serious the injury are all factors
in the decision. For example, a trainer may decide to let a run-
ner continue training with a sprained ankle if the Olympics tri-
als are days away. If there is only a small competition coming
up, the trainer may advise the athlete to take a few weeks off
to recover. The trainer designs a series of exercises that rebuild
strength without hurting or straining the injured area.

11
1 Discovering Careers: Sports

EXPLORING
• Learn about nutrition district, or local gym. Try
and how diet affects both different types of training,
physical performance and including aerobics, weight
mental stamina. training, and stretching.
• Participate in school • Talk to an athletic trainer
and community sports about his or her career.
programs. Ask the following ques-
• Take classes in first aid and tions: What are your main
CPR. Check with your local and secondary job duties?
American Heart Association What do you like least and
or Red Cross chapter for most about your job? How
course schedules. did you train for this field?
• Participate in physical What advice would you
fitness programs offered give a young person who is
by your YMCA/YWCA, park interested in the field?

Athletic trainers work hard to prevent injuries. They rec-

ommend running, stretching, weight lifting, and other exercise
programs to help athletes stay in good physical shape and make
their bodies stronger. Athletic trainers may also design workout
programs to strengthen weaker body parts, such as ankles and
elbows. These programs help reduce the likelihood of injury.
Trainers also treat minor injuries, such as cuts and bruises,
during competition. They use ice, bandages, and other first aid
to reduce swelling and help athletes cope with pain. For more
serious injuries, such as a bad sprain or broken bone, trainers
make sure that the athletes receive proper medical attention.
Trainers use hot baths, massage, whirlpool treatments,
wrapping injured areas, and other techniques to speed the ath-
lete’s recovery.
 Athletic Trainers 1

Education and Training DID YOU KNOW ?

To become an athletic trainer you need to
graduate from high school. Then you need to
Where Athletic
earn a bachelor’s degree in physical educa-
Trainers Work
tion, physical therapy, or another area relat-
ed to health care. In addition, trainers should • Secondary schools
take courses in first aid, anatomy, nutrition, • Colleges and universities
and physical therapy. They should also take • Professional sports teams
general courses in health and the sciences, • Hospitals, clinics, physician of-
especially biology and chemistry. fices, and sports medicine clinics
• Industrial settings
Athletic trainers may need a master’s or
• Performing arts
higher degree to work for colleges and univer-
• Military
sities and other employers. Those who are em-
• Law enforcement
ployed at high schools may also work as teach-
• Corporate health programs
ers. In this instance, they would also need a
teaching certificate or license and be required Source: National Athletic
Trainers’ Association
to take some education-related courses.

Earnings
The U.S. Department of Labor reports that athletic trainers
earned median salaries of $38,360 in 2007. Those just start-

Tips for Success

To be a successful athletic • not be afraid to encounter
trainer, you should blood, broken bones, or
other wounds
• have a good understand- • be calm and decisive
ing of the makeup of the during tense situations
human body • have strong commu-
• be organized nication skills
14 Discovering Careers: Sports

An athletic trainer and coach assist a high school football player who is
suffering from leg cramps. (Tom Bushey, The Image Works)

ing out in the field made $23,430 or less. Top athletic trainers
earned more than $60,180. Athletic trainers who work for pro-
fessional sports teams earn much higher salaries.
Some trainers work all year. Others work only during the
playing season. Trainers who work for schools usually earn a
teacher’s salary plus an additional amount for their training
duties.

Outlook
Sports are becoming more popular all the time. As a result,
there should be a need for more athletic trainers. However,
 Athletic Trainers 15

FOR MORE INFO

To learn more about sports medicine, National Athletic Trainers’
contact Association
American College of Sports Medicine 2952 Stemmons Freeway
PO Box 1440 Dallas, TX 75247-6113
Indianapolis, IN 46206-1440 214-637-6282
http://www.acsm.org http://www.nata.org
For career information and a list of
accredited athletic training programs,
contact

many people want to become athletic trainers, so those with the

best education and training will have the best chance of finding
a job. It is extremely difficult to land a job with a professional
sports teams. A master’s degree is usually required to gain these
top positions.
Since it is so difficult to land a job with a professional sports
team or a college program, many athletic trainers seek jobs at the
high school level. It is much easier to land a job at this level—es-
pecially if trainers have other skills that make them more em-
ployable. For example, the athletic trainer wishing to work with
high school athletes who also can teach biology, math, physical
education, or other school subjects most likely will find a posi-
tion sooner than the candidate with only a background in athletic
training. Since budgets are tight, school boards are always look-
ing for people who can do two jobs for the price of one.
 Dancers

What Dancers Do
Dancers use body movements to tell a story, express an idea or
feeling, or entertain their audiences. Most dancers study some
ballet or classical dance. Classical dance training gives danc-
ers a good foundation for most other types of dance. Many of
the standard dance terms used in all types of dance are the
same terms used in 17th-century ballet, a type of dancing per-
formed for audiences in theatres.
Modern dance developed early in the 20th century as a
departure from classical ballet. Early modern dancers danced
barefoot and began to explore movement and physical expres-
sion in new ways. Jazz dance is a form of modern dance often
seen in Broadway productions. Tap dance combines sound and
movement as dancers tap out rhythms with metal cleats at-
tached to the toes and heels of their shoes. Acrobatic dance is a
style of dance that is characterized by difficult gymnastic feats.
Ballroom dance involves social dances such as the waltz,
fox trot, cha-cha, tango, and rhumba. Ethnic or folk dance is
performed by members of a particular cultural group, such
as Chinese or Mexicans. Ethnic dancers do not have formal
training in dance. This type of dance is based on traditions
that could be hundreds of years old.
Dancers who create new ballets or dance routines are called
choreographers. They know how to use movement and music to
tell a story, create a mood, express an idea, or celebrate move-
ment itself. Since dance is so closely related to music, choreog-
raphers must know about various musical styles and rhythms

16
 Dancers 17

(the pattern of a song or musical work).

They often hear a piece of music first and
then choreograph a dance to match it.
Dance directors are experienced
EXPLORING
dancers and choreographers who train • Take as many dance classes as
other dancers in performing a new pro- you can. Try different types of
duction. They are also known as dance
dance.
• There are many videos avail-
masters or rehearsal directors.
able that teach you ballet, tap,
and ballroom dancing. It is best,
Education and Training though, to study with a teacher
who can watch you and help
Dancers usually begin training around
you do the movements correct-
the age of 10. Some begin even as early
ly. This way, you don’t develop
as age seven or eight. They may study bad habits or injure yourself.
with private teachers or in ballet schools. • Once you have learned some
Dancers who show promise in their early dance techniques, begin to give
teens may receive professional training recitals and performances.
in a regional ballet school or a major bal- • Audition for school or com-
let company. By the age of 17 or 18, danc- munity stage productions that
ers begin to audition, or try out, for posi- have dance numbers.
tions in professional dance companies. • Watch as many famous dance-
oriented movies (Singin’ in the
Many colleges and universities of-
Rain, 42nd Street, A Chorus Line,
fer degrees in dance with choreography Staying Alive, Footloose, or Chi-
classes. Although a college degree is not cago) as you can. Note what you
required for dancers, it can be helpful. like and dislike about the styles
Those who teach dance in a college or of dance and choreography.
university often are required to have a
degree.

Earnings
The U.S. Department of Labor reports that the median salary
for dancers was $22,298 in 2007. The lowest-paid 10 percent
earned $14,914 or less, while the highest-paid 10 percent earned
$58,261 or more.
18 Discovering Careers: Sports

Words to Learn
choreography preplanned recital a formal performance
arrangement of movement cre- before an audience.
ated for a specific dance piece. style a unique, but regular, way
clarity the ability to perform of doing something.
each move in a dance clearly. technique the basic vocabulary of
five positions the fundamental any given style of dance. Ballet,
positions that form the starting jazz, and other styles of dance all
points of most dance movements. have their own techniques.

Profile: Twyla Tharp (1941– )

Dancer and choreographer Twyla Tharp first danced professionally
Tharp is known for her imaginative with the Paul Taylor Dance Company,
works that combine modern and tra- 1963–65. She formed her own com-
ditional dance movements. Eight Jelly pany in 1965 and also choreographed
Rolls, Push Comes to Shove, and Bach dances for the Joffrey Ballet, Ameri-
Partita are some of her works. can Ballet Theatre, and other dance
Tharp was born in Portland, Indi- companies. She choreographed the
ana. She studied music and dance as a motion pictures Hair and Amadeus.
child. While attending Barnard College She directed and choreographed the
in New York City, she studied dance Broadway musical Singin’ in the Rain.
with famous dancers Merce Cunning- Visit http://www.twylatharp.org to
ham, Martha Graham, and others. learn more about her career.
 Dancers 1

FOR MORE INFO

For information on all aspects of dance, Contact the NDA for information on a
contact variety of dance-related topics.
National Dance Association (NDA)
American Dance Guild c/o American Alliance for Health, Physical
http://americandanceguild.org Education, Recreation & Dance
For information on approved schools 1900 Association Drive
and a helpful FAQ section for students, Reston, VA 20191-1598
visit the association’s Web site. 800-213-7193, ext. 464
http://www.aahperd.org/nda
National Association of Schools of
Dance Visit Dance Magazine’s Web site to
11250 Roger Beacon Drive, Suite 21 read abstracts of articles that appear in
Reston, VA 20190-5248 the print version and college and career
703-437-0700 planning resources.
[email protected] Dance Magazine
http://nasd.arts-accredit.org http://www.dancemagazine.com

Because of the lack of steady, well-paying work, many danc-

ers must find other ways to make money by working at other
jobs. Possibilities include teaching dance, working several part-
time dance jobs, or going outside the field for work.

Outlook
Employment for dancers will grow about as fast as the aver-
age for all careers, according to the U.S. Department of Labor.
Despite this prediction, it is very difficult to get a good job in
this field. Very few dancers work year round. More than half
the dance companies in the United States are in New York
20 Discovering Careers: Sports

City, which means the majority of dancers live there. There

are opportunities in other large cities where there are dance
companies and theater companies. Dancers also work in film
and television, too.
Dance is increasingly being used for recreational and fitness
purposes. This suggests that there will be increasing opportuni-
ties for dance teachers in coming years.
Fitness Experts

What Fitness
Experts Do
Fitness experts teach people how EXPLORING
to exercise, eat right, and have • Visit a health club, park district,
a healthy lifestyle. Everyone has or YMCA/YWCA aerobics class
different fitness needs, so experts to watch fitness trainers and
aerobics instructors at work.
must design programs special-
• Sign up for an aerobics class or
ly for each person’s needs. Even train with a fitness trainer to
when they teach classes, they must learn firsthand what their jobs
plan programs that will meet the are like.
needs of people at different levels • Participate in school sports.
of health and fitness. For example, • Join local athletic clubs or start
they would create a more chal- one yourself. Get a group of
lenging exercise plan for a young friends together to run or ride
person like you as opposed to one bikes at a regular time each
for an elderly person or someone
week. Measure your fitness
progress.
who is recovering from surgery.
• Learn about nutrition and prac-
There are two main types of tice good eating habits.
fitness experts: aerobics instruc-
tors and personal trainers.
Aerobics instructors teach
aerobic dance and aerobic step
classes. The term aerobic refers to the body’s need for oxygen
during exercise. Aerobic exercise strengthens the heart and
cardiovascular (blood) system.

2
22 Discovering Careers: Sports

A personal trainer offers advice to her client on the proper use of hand
weights. (Bob Daemmrich, The Image Works)

Aerobics instructors sometimes teach special groups, such

as the elderly or those with injuries or illnesses that affect their
ability to exercise. They also teach those who are healthy, but
who want to stay fit. Aerobics instructors use lively exercise
routines set to music that can be changed to fit the needs of
each individual class.
A typical class starts with warm-up exercises, or slow
stretching movements that get the blood moving and increase
flexibility. After the warm-up are about 30 minutes of nonstop
activity to increase the heart rate. The class ends with a cool-
 Fitness Experts 

The Keys to Succesful Exercise

The American Council on Exercise 2. Strength Conditioning. This can in-
says that there are three main com- clude free weights, calisthenics, or
ponents to a “safe and effective” workouts using weight machines.
fitness program. They are: The key is to find activities that will
exercise every major muscle group
1. Aerobic Exercise. This can con- in your body.
sist of weight-bearing activities 3. Stretching for Flexibility. This
such as running, jumping rope, involves “holding a mild stretch
or walking or non-weight bear- for 15 to 30 seconds” while breath-
ing activities such as bicycling or ing normally. When you stretch,
swimming. Experts advise three be sure to exercise all the majors
to five days of aerobic exercise a muscles in your body.
week for most people.

down period of stretching and slower DID YOU KNOW ?

movements.
Personal trainers help health-con-
Where Fitness Experts Work
scious people with exercise, weight
training, weight loss, diet, and medical • Athletic clubs
rehabilitation programs. Personal train- • Rehabilitation centers
ers are sometimes called fitness trainers. • Community centers
During one training session, or over a • Churches and other religious
period of several sessions, trainers teach organizations
• Health clubs
their clients how to meet their health
• Park or recreation districts
and fitness goals. They may train in the
• Companies
homes of their clients, their own studio
spaces, or in health clubs.
Fitness experts are expected to be
physically fit, but they do not have to be in
24 Discovering Careers: Sports

perfect shape. They should have endurance in order to provide

a good example during long exercise sessions. Fitness experts
should have good communication skills in order to teach their
students about fitness, health, and new exercises. They should
have a pleasant personality, but also be able to encourage their
classes or clients to reach their highest potential. Good organi-
zational skills will help fitness experts keep track of class sched-
ules, payments, and other important business-related details.

Education and Training

If you’re interested in health and fitness, you are probably al-
ready taking physical education classes and involved in sports
activities. It’s also important to take health classes and courses
like home economics, which offer lessons in diet and nutrition.
Business courses can help you if you plan to run your own per-
sonal training service. Science courses such as biology, chem-
istry, and physiology are important because they will help you
understand muscle groups, food and drug reactions, and other
concerns of exercise science.
Most fitness experts have a high school diploma. Many now
have college degrees. A college major in either sports physiol-
ogy or exercise physiology will help if you want to advance in
the field. Fitness experts also must be certified in CPR.
Workshops and adult education courses at such places as
the YMCA/YWCA will help you gain experience. Unpaid ap-
prenticeships are a good way to get supervised experience be-
fore you teach classes on your own.

Earnings
Aerobics instructors are usually paid by the class, and start
out at about $15 per class. Experienced aerobics instructors
can earn up to $50 or $60 per class.
 Fitness Experts 5

FOR MORE INFO

For information on careers, contact [email protected]
Aerobics and Fitness Association of http://www.acefitness.org
America For information about the fitness
15250 Ventura Boulevard, Suite 200 industry in general, and personal train-
Sherman Oaks, CA 91403-3215 ing specifically, contact
http://www.afaa.com IDEA Health and Fitness Association
For more information about careers in 10455 Pacific Center Court
fitness, contact San Diego, CA 92121-4339
American Council on Exercise 800-999-4332
4851 Paramount Drive [email protected]
San Diego, CA 92123-1449 http://www.ideafit.com
888-825-3636

The IDEA Health and Fitness Association reports that the

average hourly rate for personal trainers is $41. Hourly fees
ranged from less than $20 to $70 or more. The U.S. Depart-
ment of Labor reports that in 2007 the median annual sal-
ary for fitness trainers, which includes personal trainers, was
$27,680.

Outlook
People in the United States are becoming more interested
in health and fitness. As a result, fitness experts should have
good opportunities in coming years. The number of elderly
people in the United States is growing. This will create a need
for aerobics instructors to work in retirement homes. Many
large businesses will also hire instructors and trainers to help
keep their employees healthy. There is also more demand for
personal trainers. People enjoy the convenience of being able
26 Discovering Careers: Sports

to work out with a personal trainer at any time of the day

depending on their schedules. Some personal trainers are even
beginning to work with clients in their own homes or for cor-
porations. In the future, people will continue to be too busy
with work and other responsibilities to exercise. This should
ensure that fitness experts will continue to be needed in
the future.
Groundsmanagers
and Groundskeepers

What Groundsmanagers and

Groundskeepers Do
Groundsmanagers supervise the operation and maintenance
of a wide variety of public and private sites, including golf and
country clubs and sports play-
ing fields. Groundskeepers are un-
skilled manual laborers who assist
groundsmanagers. EXPLORING
Within the sports industry,
• Contact professional sports
groundsmanagers and their crews
teams, lawn care companies,
work to keep playing fields, as well nurseries, botanical gardens,
as the property surrounding facili- and professional landscapers in
ties, ready for use. Crews are hired your area to set up interviews
to keep natural and artificial turf with workers who will be able to
in top condition. In addition to the answer your career questions.
initial installation of the turf and • Volunteer or apply for a part-
its drainage system (which removes time job at nurseries, public
water from the field), groundsman- gardens, parks, and recreation
agers also have daily maintenance
offices.
• Apply to the golf course in
duties. These include mowing, fer-
your area for a position on the
tilizing (adding chemical and natu- groundskeeping crew.
ral nutrients to the soil), and aer- • Help your parents care for your
ating the fields (punching holes in lawn and yard.
the ground to allow oxygen, water,
fertilizers, and other nutrients to

27
8 Discovering Careers: Sports

get into the soil). Also, they may need to

Join Up apply chemicals to kill weeds and pests.
Groundsmanagers and groundskeepers
If you are between the ages must also vacuum and disinfect artificial
of five and 22, you might want turf after a sporting event so that harmful
to join the National Junior bacteria won’t grow and destroy the turf or
Horticultural Association. The harm the players who compete on the field.
association offers horticulture- In addition, the cushioning pad beneath
related projects, contests, and the artificial turf must be replaced periodi-
other activities. Visit http://www. cally. At professional arenas, the grounds
njha.org for more information. crew also paints goal and foul lines as well
as team names and logos.
Golf course superintendents oversee the
maintenance of golf courses and their associated properties. The
associated property includes the golf course, practice areas, golf
carts, clubhouse grounds and landscaping, tennis courts, swim-
ming pools, open spaces, and wooded areas, among others. To do
all these maintenance tasks, golf course superintendents inter-
view, hire, train, direct, and supervise a staff of employees. Staff
members may include equipment managers, equipment mechan-
ics, horticulturists, foremen, office assistants, irrigation specialists,
chemical technicians, equipment operators, and groundskeepers.
Some crews work year-round to ensure that playing fields
and other grounds are in good shape. Depending on the region of
the country, the groundsmanager might hire extra groundskeep-
ers during busy periods and cut back on staff during the slower
months. Grounds crew who maintain professional sports fields
are very busy during the playing season. They also are responsible
for maintaining or protecting the playing surface in the offsea-
son. Groundsmanagers and groundskeepers also care for practice
fields and facilities. An example of these would be the playing
fields used by baseball teams during spring training in Arizona
and Florida.
To be a successful groundsmanager, you should be very orga-
nized, be able to communicate well with others, have leadership
 Groundsmanagers and Groundskeepers 

What Golf Course

Superintendents Do
Here is a breakdown of the duties of the average golf course
superintendent.

Golf course maintenance tasks: 36.4 percent

Business management tasks: 28.3 percent
Staff management tasks: 28 percent
Other tasks: 7.3 percent
Source: Golf Course Superintendents
Association of America

skills, and be able to work under deadline pressure. Grounds-

keepers must be able to follow directions and have good com-
munication skills. They must also have responsible personali-
ties since they are often assigned tasks and then asked to work
without direct supervision.

Education and Training

There are no minimum educational requirements for entry-lev-
el jobs in groundskeeping, though some companies do prefer to
hire high school graduates. Jobs that deal with the use of pesti-
cides, fungicides, and other chemicals will require a high school
diploma. In school, you should take classes in agriculture, biol-
ogy, chemistry, and earth science.
If you hope to get a position as a manager, it would be wise to
earn a college degree. Many groundsmanagers have a bachelor’s
degree in grounds management, horticulture, agronomy (soil
management), or other related fields. Helpful courses include
business, management, public relations, budgeting, and envi-
0 Discovering Careers: Sports

FOR MORE INFO

For information on golf and sports turf For information on grounds
careers, contact management, contact
American Society for Horticultural Professional Grounds Management
Science Society
113 South West Street, Suite 200 720 Light Street
Alexandria, VA 22314-2851 Baltimore, MD 21230-3816
703-836-4606 410-223-2861
http://www.ashs.org [email protected]
http://www.pgms.org
For information on golf course manage-
ment careers and approved education For industry information, contact
programs, contact Sports Turf Managers Association
Golf Course Superintendents 805 New Hampshire, Suite E
Association of America Lawrence, KS 66044-2774
1421 Research Park Drive 800-323-3875
Lawrence, KS 66049-3859 http://www.stma.org
800-472-7878
[email protected]
http://www.gcsaa.org

ronment. Most golf course superintendents have a bachelor’s

degree in agronomy or horticulture or a two-year degree in a
turfgrass management program.
Most entry-level positions offer on-the-job training. Some
states require workers who work with herbicides and pesti-
cides to take an examination on the proper application of such
chemicals.

Earnings
Groundsmanagers earn salaries that range from $25,000 to
$65,000. Those who work for professional sports teams have
 Groundsmanagers and Groundskeepers 31

higher earnings. Groundskeepers earn much lower salaries—

about $16,000 to $35,000 a year.
The average base salary for golf course superintendents was
$73,766 in 2006, according to the Golf Course Superintendents
Association of America. Assistant golf course superintendents
earned an average of $37,032.

Outlook
Professional sports arenas, stadiums, and fields, as well as the
athletes who play in these venues, make a lot of money. The ap-
pearance of a playing field is extremely important to the team
and the community that supports it. Fans and sports manage-
ment alike take great pride in the way their baseball stadium
looks, for example, when it is televised in a national broadcast.
Groundsmanagers and their crews will always play an impor-
tant role in maintaining a sports team’s image.
The number of new golf courses being planned has slowed
in recent years. Some golf courses have even closed. With fewer
golf courses, it will be harder for golf course superintendents
to get a job. Those with experience, a college education, and a
desire to learn throughout their careers will have the best job
prospects. Also, job opportunities exist outside the United
States if you are willing to relocate.
 Jockeys

What Jockeys Do
Jockeys are athletes who train and ride horses in competitions.
Many work as independent contractors who ride for different
barns, trainers, and owners. There are nearly 100 race tracks
throughout the United States. Jock-
eys also compete in foreign coun-
tries. In quarter horse and obstacle
racing, jockeys guide the horses
EXPLORING while sitting in a saddle. In harness
• Get used to being around racing, jockeys sit in special carts,
horses. Volunteer at a stable using the reins to steer their horse to
or take riding lessons. Some victory.
stables need part-time and It takes years of practice, hard
full-time help, depending on work, and racing experience for a
the season and location. Many
jockey to learn how to move and
larger facilities offer positions
control a horse during a race. Jock-
where you can clean stalls, feed
and groom horses, and main- eys work with the horse’s owner,
tain stables. trainer, groom, and exerciser to pre-
• 4-H Clubs offer good opportu- pare the horse for competition. They
nities to get involved with the work to increase the horse’s racing
care, grooming, and sport of strengths and try to correct any of
horses. its weaknesses. Special drills or exer-
• Talk to a jockey about his or her cises help build the horse’s stamina
career. and develop a final “kick” or burst
of speed that will help the horse

32
 Jockeys 

near the end of a race. Jockeys and trainers also run the horses
through practice races of different lengths and routes.
Being in top shape gives jockeys an edge over their competi-
tors. Weight is important because the lighter the rider, the faster
the horse can run. Most jockeys weigh 125 pounds or less. They
must be physically and mentally strong in order to control their
powerful, spirited horses. Jockeys are outstanding riders. They
must be able to cope with a nervous, frightened, or high-spirited
horse. And because weather can vary greatly on a race day, jock-
eys need to be able to “read” the track through a driving rain or
on a dry and dusty day. This helps them guide their horses and
win races.
On race day, each jockey wears a cap, breeches, boots, and a
colorful blouse in the special colors of the horse’s owner. These
colorful shirts are made from silk, and for this reason, are known
as the jockey’s silks. Before each race the jockeys are weighed
with their saddles so track officials can be certain each horse
is carrying its assigned weight. Jockeys get on, or mount, their
horses. Then they are called by a bugle to begin moving in a
single-file line toward the starting gate, or post. The race begins

Funny Horse Names

People often come up with funny or interesting
names for their horses. Here are just a few:
Fool Me Not Silver Spoon
Golden Lassie Battleship
Seabiscuit Peter Pan
Watamichoppedliver Needles
Man o’ War Aloha Friday
 Discovering Careers: Sports

when the jockeys and horses are in position in their individual

stalls at the starting gate. The official presses a button that rings
a bell and opens the gate, and the horses bolt out.
During the race, jockeys use quick reflexes and knowledge of
pacing to make split-second decisions. Their goal is to get their
horse into a better position by making moves and passes. Most
horses have a particular style of racing. Some are better at the
beginning of a race, while others are known for a strong fin-
ish. It is up to jockeys to use their horses’ strengths to win (first
place), place (second place), or show (third place) in the race.

Helping Hands: Willie Shoemaker

(1931–2003)
Willie Shoemaker was one of the most becoming, at age 54, the oldest jockey
popular and successful jockeys in the to win this renowned race. Shoemaker
history of Thoroughbred horse racing. retired in 1990. He had raced 40,350
He won 8,833 races during his 40-year times in his long career!
career—a record that lasted until 1999, Soon after he retired, Shoemaker
when it was broken by Laffit Pincay, Jr. faced a major challenge. In 1991, he was
(Pincay’s record has since been surpassed partially paralyzed by an auto accident.
by Russell Baze and Jorge Ricardo.) When But despite his health problems, Shoe-
he was born, Shoemaker only weighed 1 maker worked as a horse trainer, using
pound, 13 ounces! Doctors didn’t think a mouth-controlled wheelchair so he
he would live, but Shoemaker eventu- could continue working with the horses
ally grew into a healthy, but small, young he loved. He also served as the honor-
man. Shoemaker rode his first race at the ary chairman of the Paralysis Project of
age of 17, finishing fifth. He won his third America, an organization that seeks to
race, riding a horse named Shafter V. find a cure for paralysis caused by spinal
Reeve. This started him on a long career cord injury. Shoemaker continued to be
in the winner’s circle. In 1986, he won the an advocate for the sport until his death
Kentucky Derby for the fourth time— in 2003.
 Jockeys 35

Jockeys compete in a race at the Sha Tin Racetrack in Hong Kong.

(Vincent Yu, AP Images)

There are four types of horse racing: Thoroughbred, har-

ness, quarter horse, and obstacle racing. Thoroughbred racing,
in which all the horses are of the Thoroughbred breed, is the
most popular type. Thoroughbreds must be at least two years
old to race. Generally there is no maximum age limit, although
some states have an age limit of 12 years.
In harness racing, a driver seated in a lightweight cart, or
sulky, is pulled by a Standardbred pacer or trotter. Pacers move
both legs on either side of the body in unison. Trotters move
diagonally opposite legs in unison (for example, the left front
and right rear). Pacers race only against other pacers, trotters
only against trotters.
 Discovering Careers: Sports

Quarter horses excel in reaching great speeds within short

distances, and races are generally one-quarter mile long.
In obstacle racing, which consists of steeplechases and hur-
dle races, horses race over a course set with jumps and other
hazards.

Education and Training

There are few educational requirements for jockeys, although
a high school diploma is helpful. Jockeys can be as young as 16
years old. They must be small, and their height should be in pro-
portion to their weight (usually around 5 feet tall). Jockeys must
be master horse riders, and this experience and skill is gained
only with years of riding practice.

Earnings
The best jockeys may earn up to $1 million a year. But most
jockeys earn less than $100,000 a year. Generally, they receive a
percentage of the purse, or overall winnings, in a race, depend-

Words to Learn
dead heat in horse rac- turf race in horse racing,
ing, when a tie occurs a race that is run on a
between two horses at grass surface
the finish line win, place, show wager-
flat race in horse rac- ing terms in horse racing
ing, a race that does not for horses that win,
involve jumps come in second, or come
sulky in harness racing, in third, respectively
a two-wheeled cart that
a driver sits on while
being pulled by a horse
 Jockeys 7

FOR MORE INFO

For information on thoroughbred rac- For biographies of jockeys, a racing glos-
ing, contact sary, and more, visit the association’s
The Jockey Club Web site.
40 East 52nd Street National Thoroughbred Racing
New York, NY 10022-5911 Association
212-371-5970 2525 Harrodsburg Road, Suite 400
http://www.jockeyclub.com Lexington, KY 40504-3359
For more information about a career as 859-245-6872
a jockey, contact [email protected]
http://www.ntra.com
Jockeys’ Guild
103 Wind Haven Drive, Suite 200 For information about top jockeys, visit
Nicholasville, KY 40356-8026 National Museum of Racing and Hall
[email protected] of Fame
http://www.jockeysguild.com http://www.racingmuseum.org

ing on their agreement with the horse’s owner. They have to pay
costs for agent, valet, equipment, and travel fees.

Outlook
Fewer jobs for jockeys will be available in the coming years be-
cause the industry has been on the decline. Competition with
other sports and forms of gambling has taken dollars away from
the industry.
 Lifeguards

What Lifeguards Do
Lifeguards watch over swimming and other activities at beach-
es, pools, public parks, summer camps, scout camps, health
clubs, and private resorts. Many people think lifeguards have an
ideal job, especially during the summer months. But the job of
a lifeguard is serious business. The safety and lives of the public
depend on how well they manage a water area.
Lifeguards watch over beach and pool areas from high tow-
ers or chairs. They make sure swimmers and others who are
near the water follow safety practices. They see that swimmers
do not go too far from shore or become too rowdy. They also
enforce local laws and regulations, such as the banning of pets,
motorbikes, glass containers, and alcoholic beverages on the
beach. Lifeguards use a whistle or megaphone to control swim-
mers. They also may have the authority to issue misdemeanor
citations (a ticket for a lesser criminal act) to those who do not
obey the rules.
Lifeguards at lakes and oceans have even more responsibili-
ties. They make sure that speedboats and fishing boats don’t en-
ter the swimming zone. Lifeguards at the ocean may work with
air patrols to keep swimmers safe. Lifeguards also watch and
keep the public aware of strong tides. These tides can pull weak
or tired swimmers out to sea. Some beaches use colored disks
or flags to alert beach users to dangerous situations. Lifeguards
keep track of conditions and place the appropriate disks on a
large board and the flags where people can see them.

38
 Lifeguards 

EXPLORING
• Take swimming lessons • Participate in the American
either at school or a commu- Red Cross GuardStart pro-
nity pool. Swim regularly to gram. The program prepares
increase your strength and 11- to 14-year-olds to take
speed. American Red Cross Life-
• Join the junior lifeguard guarding certification pro-
program of the United States grams and for future work as
Lifesaving Association. This lifeguards. The GuardStart
summer program prepares program helps you build a
youths ages nine to 17 for foundation of knowledge,
work as lifeguards. Partici- attitudes, and skills that you
pants learn water and beach will need to be a respon-
safety and first aid tech- sible lifeguard. The program
niques. U.S. Ocean Safety also teaches prevention, fitness,
offers a similar program. (See response, leadership, and
For More Info.) professionalism. To find out
• Try out for your school’s about GuardStart programs
swim team and participate in in your community, contact
meets. your local Red Cross chapter.

Lifeguards are specially trained to handle emergencies at

their beach or pool. If a swimmer tires or gets a cramp, a life-
guard may use a rope, pole, or flotation device to pull the swim-
mer to safety. They also may swim to a person who is in trouble
and then tow the person to poolside or shore. Lifeguards may
use a boat to rescue those who swim out too far or those who
are dragged out by a strong current.
Lifeguards are trained in mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). They use these tech-
0 Discovering Careers: Sports

niques to revive those who are uncon-

DID YOU KNOW ? scious or who have stopped breathing.
Lifeguards also treat minor injuries such
The U.S. Lifesaving Association as cuts and bruises, bumps on the head,
reports that nearly 197 million and sun poisoning.
people attended beaches in 2008.
The total number of rescues by Education and Training
lifeguards was 53,480. Lifeguards
To become a lifeguard, you should take
also provided medical help to
classes in physical education, swimming,
136,454 people and took 890,630
and health. You must complete a recog-
enforcement actions (warnings,
citations, and arrests). There nized lifeguard course. Many states re-
were 57 drownings (46 of them in quire lifeguards to have training with the
unguarded areas). YMCA/YWCA or Red Cross.
To be hired as a lifeguard, you must
prove your skill and knowledge in water

The Standard for

Swimming Education
The American Red Cross is a leader in can participate in lifeguard training.
aquatic education for people of all ages American Red Cross Lifeguard Train-
and abilities. The organization teaches ing teaches:
more than four million people every
• Surveillance skills
year in swimming and lifeguarding.
• Rescue skills
The Red Cross starts off teaching
• First-aid training and CPR
water safety to children six months to
• Characteristics and responsibili-
five years old. At the age of five, kids
ties of a professional lifeguard,
can begin the Learn-to-Swim pro-
such as how to interact with the
grams, which teach everything from
public, help people with dis-
stroke readiness to stroke technique
abilities, and deal with difficult
and refinement.
patrons
Once they master swimming
skills, young people age 15 and older
 Lifeguards 1

FOR MORE INFO

For information regarding certifica- For information on tryouts and its
tion, education, or class schedules, junior lifeguard program, contact
contact U.S. Ocean Safety
American Red Cross 34241 Pacific Coast Highway, Suite 106
2025 E Street, NW Dana Point, CA 92629-3845
Washington, DC 20006-5009 949-276-5050
202-303 5000 http://www.usos.com
http://www.redcross.org
For information on careers and its
junior lifeguard program, contact
United States Lifesaving Association
http://www.usla.org

rescue and first aid. In addition to showing your lifesaving, div-

ing, and rescue ability, you must be able to perform CPR for two
minutes on a mannequin. You must also be able to swim 500
yards and tread water for one minute.

Earnings
Earnings for lifeguards vary throughout the United States. The
median hourly salary for lifeguards was $8.64 in 2007, accord-
ing to the U.S. Department of Labor. New lifeguards earned
$6.78 or less an hour. Senior lifeguards earn between $12.91 or
more an hour.

Outlook
There is slow job turnover for lifeguards. Many high school and
college students work as lifeguards during their summer va-
cations and return to work each summer until they graduate.
There is a lot of competition for lifeguarding positions because
it is an attractive and enjoyable summer job.
 Physical Therapists

What Physical Therapists Do

Physical therapists help people who have been injured or ill to
recover and relearn daily living skills, such as walking, eating,
and bathing. They work with athletes who have been injured
during a game or practice. They work with elderly people who
have had accidents or strokes (an illness that occurs when a
blood clot blocks an artery or a blood vessel). They also help
children who have birth defects or disabilities. Physical thera-
pists feel good when a person they are working with is able
to do an activity he or she once did
routinely.
Physical therapists first evaluate
new patients to decide what treat-
EXPLORING ment would help them. Physical
• Ask your teacher to arrange therapists work as part of a health
a visit to a physical therapy care team that may include the pa-
department at a hospital to see tient’s physician or surgeon, nurse,
physical therapists at work. occupational therapist, and psychol-
• Read books on these subjects: ogist. After setting treatment goals
massage, occupational therapy, for the patient, the physical therapist
arts therapy, anatomy, and decides which methods to use.
physical therapy. If a patient has muscle damage
• Talk to a physical therapist who
in a leg, for example, the physi-
works in a sports setting about
his or her career. cal therapist may move the mus-
cle through different motions and
watch how the patient stands and

42
 Physical Therapists 43

A physical therapist works with the right leg of a high school athlete who was
injured during a 5K race. (Ed Andrieski, AP Images)

walks to decide whether the patient needs braces or specific

exercises. Other treatments often prescribed by therapists in-
clude hydrotherapy (the use of water in treatment), paraffin
baths, infrared lamps, heating pads, ice, ultrasound, or electri-
cal current.
Depending on the patient’s injury or disability, therapy
may last a few weeks, months, or even years. Physical thera-
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 Difference between Shastra and Astra in, ii, 666;
Disappearance of, works in India, i, 18;
Forgery in correct and archaic, i, 15;
Greek, said to be progeny of, i, 21;
Hebrew, not derived from, i, 102;
Jah and Yah, in, ii, 138;
Language of the Gods, i, 290;
Nomenclature, ii, 608;
Numerals, i, 386;
Oxford, Sir M. Williams, professor of, at, i, 78;
Prometheus derived from, word, ii, 431;
Root of, mystery tongue, ii, 210;
Scriptures, i, 126;
Senzar commentaries, translations of, i, 50;
Shlokas, i, 684;
Stanzas, i, 50;
Texts, ii, 646;
Works, i, 6.
Sanskrit literature, Imposition, said to be an, ii, 461;
Testimony of, ii, 606;
Weber, on, ii, 53.
Sanskrit MSS., Astronomy, on, ii, 581;
Secret doctrine scattered through thousands of, i, 6.
Sanskrit-speaking, Agni with, races, ii, 106;
People, ii, 214.
Sanskritist, Dayânand Sarasvatî, i, 14;
Fitzedward Hall, ii, 94;
Max Müller, great Oxford, ii, 599;
Pandit and, ii, 235;
Romaka-pura and the, ii, 54;
Western, ii, 619;
Wilson, ii, 666.
Sankritists, Agneyâstra and modern, ii, 666;
 Chronology of, i, 492;
English and American, i, 710;
Researches of, i, 5;
Rig Veda, and, ii, 470, 471;
Trojan inscriptions in characters unknown to, ii, 459.
Santati of a particular Manu, Each root-race, ii, 149.
Saphar, one of the three seraphim, i, 120.
Sapta, Chatur and Tri produce, i, 58, 100.
Sapta Samudra, or seven oceans, i, 371, ii, 743.
Saptaloka, Seven lokas or, ii, 245.
Saptaparna, Atma-Vidyâ and, i, 221;
Cave, i, 4;
Heart of the man-plant called, i, 65, 251;
Man became a, ii, 624;
Man-plant, i, 257;
Plant, a seven-leaved, ii, 606, 625.
Saptarshi, Great Bear abode of, ii, 668;
Planetary spirits, and, ii, 332.
Saptarshis, Brahmâ, mind-born sons of, i, 470;
Great Bear, stars in, i, 438;
Hindûs, of, i, 471;
Krittikâs, and, ii, 580;
Present age, closely connected with our, ii, 579;
Rishis become, i, 477, ii, 93;
Stellar and lunar spirits connected with, i, 219.
Sar, saros, cycle or circle, i, 139.
Sarah, Abraham’s wife, ii, 184;
Human womb, Eve or, ii, 495;
Saraï, name changed to, ii, 80.
Saraï, Pharaoh and, i, 454;
SRI = the wife of Abram, ii, 80.
Saramâ, Hermes and Hindû, ii, 32.
Sârameya, Hermes and Hindû, ii, 32.
Saraph, Fiery, of Isaiah, ii, 66;
Fiery or flaming venom, ii, 216, 223;
Mehophep, ii, 216;
Seraphim, singular of, ii, 527;
Serpent, or, ii, 404.
Sarasvatî, Brahmâ and, ii, 80;
Devasenâ aspect of, ii, 209;
Vâch, later form of, i, 122, 377;
Watery, ii, 80.
Sarcode, Moneron, of, i, 152, ii, 162;
Protoplasm, generally known as, ii, 162.
Sarcophagus, Adytum, placed in, ii, 481;
Ark and, ii, 482;
Candidate for initiation entered, ii, 484;
Female principle, symbolic of, ii, 484;
Giants, of, ii, 291;
King’s chamber, in, ii, 493, 589.
Sardinia, Giant tombs of, ii, 795.
Sargina, king of Akkad, i, 340.
Sargon, Accad, of, ii, 730;
Agadi, or Akkad, capital of, i, 339;
Babylonian Moses, was, i, 339;
Kouyunjik, and history of, i, 339;
Moses, and, i, 340, ii, 447;
Naram-Sin, son of, ii, 730;
Reign of, ii, 730.
Sarîsripa, Svapada, insects and small lives, ii, 55.
Sarku, Light race or, ii, 5.
Sarmatian Bouh, ii, 636.
Saros, Great, i, 703;
Sar and, or cycle, i, 139;
Synodial months, composed of 222, i, 719.
Saroses, Berosus and the 120, i, 719.
Sarpa, Nâga, serpent, ii, 192, 527.
Sarparâjni, Book of, quoted, i, 103;
Earth called, i, 103;
Queen of the serpents, ii, 50.
Sarpas, Flying, ii, 21, 193, 526.
Sarva-mandala, the egg of Brahmâ, i, 277, 400.
Sarva-medha ceremony, ii, 640.
Sarvaga, All-permeant, i, 637;
World, substance of, i, 487, 637.
Sarvâtman, Lords of being concealed in, i, 117.
Sarvâvasu, one of the seven rays, i, 561.
Sarvesha, Spirit or, i, 400.
Sat, Asat and, ii, 470;
Be-ness, absolute, i, 42, 145, 167, ii, 324;
Ever-unmanifested, i, 309;
Existent nor being, in itself is neither, ii, 470;
Hermes (the later Sat-an) or, ii, 558;
Is or, i, 592;
One reality, Absoluteness, the, i, 44;
Satya or, i, 98;
Universal soul or, ii, 61;
Unknowable absoluteness of, i, 607;
Untranslatable term, an, i, 91;
World of truth, or, i, 144.
Satan, ii, 374, 534, 535;
Adversary or, ii, 64, 392;
Ambition of, ii, 296;
Angel of death, same as, ii, 403;
Angel of the manifest worlds, is, ii, 245;
Anointed, identified with, ii, 244;
Athenæus on name of, ii, 35;
Belief in existence of, ii, 821;
Christ and, ii, 522;
Christian church and, ii, 536;
Christianity, not first conceived by, i, 443;
Conqueror of, Michael regarded as the, ii, 531;
Creator, the real, ii, 254;
Deity, in relation to, i, 219;
Dethroned, will be, ii, 438;
Devil, or, i, 446;
Dogma of redemption, corner-stone of, ii, 541;
Doorkeeper is, ii, 243;
Dragon of wisdom, miscalled, ii, 98;
Dragon, or, i, 216;
Éliphas Lévi describes, ii, 533;
Enemy of God, or, ii, 49;
Energy, ever active, ii, 533;
Energy of universe, represents centrifugal, ii, 255;
Esoteric view about, ii, 243;
Evil, personification of abstract, ii, 501;
Fiends, and, i, 671;
Gnostic allegory of, ii, 254;
God and, two supremes, i, 218;
God, kosmic reflection of, ii, 245;
Gods become, ii, 247;
Hades, angel of, ii, 245;
Hermes called, ii, 398, 558;
Holy Ghost and, ii, 539;
Host of, i, 215, ii, 182;
Ideals, grandest of, ii, 533;
Idol, as an, i, 445;
Innocence of, i, 346;
Jehovah, identical with, ii, 404;
Jewish, Samael, ii, 427;
Justice of God, magistrate of, ii, 244;
Kabalah, in, ii, 117, 246;
Lair of, ii, 532;
Legions of, ii, 245;
Lightning, seen to fall as, ii, 240, 241, 510;
Logoi of non-Christian religions, masquerading as, ii, 247;
Logos, one with, ii, 240, 541;
Logos, the first-born brother of, ii, 172;
Lucifer or, i, 100, ii, 66, 240, 296;
Madonna and, i, 433;
Man, inextricably interwoven with, ii, 501;
Many names hath God given, ii, 244;
Materialism, of, i, 660;
Matter, or, ii, 246;
Meaning of, ii, 249;
Merodach or, ii, 56;
Messenger, ever-loving, ii, 254;
Mind in man, is, ii, 540;
Much-slandered, i, 445;
Ophiomorphos, or, ii, 254, 407;
Orthodox types of, Nimrods, etc., ii, 284;
Pember on, ii, 239;
Philosophical view of, i, 220;
Phôsphoros, lord of, ii, 540;
Polar opposite or reverse of everything, is metaphysically, ii, 406;
Reality of, ii, 219, 537;
Rebellion, and his, ii, 394, 517;
Roman Catholics and, i, 671, ii, 537;
Root-idea of orthodox, ii, 500;
Samael and, the Talmud, ii, 406;
Samael or, serpent of Genesis, ii, 402;
Sea dragon Tiamat, female, ii, 64;
Secret of, quoted, ii, 243;
Serpent-formed, ii, 254;
Serpent is not, ii, 405, 406;
 Serpent, seducing, ii, 117;
Shamaël or, ii, 215;
Slayer of, ii, 503;
Son of God, i, 444, ii, 395, 513;
Svastika and, ii, 103;
Talmud on, ii, 501;
Theologians, of, ii, 499;
Theology, of, ii, 64;
Transformation of divine alter ego into, ii, 499;
Transformation of universal soul into, ii, 537;
Tsaba, or army of, ii, 526;
Typhon, or, ii, 621;
Venus-Lucifer and, ii, 33, 35;
War between the angels of God and, ii, 820;
Western theology holds copyright of, ii, 242.
Sa’tan, in Hebrew Sâtân, an adversary, ii, 404.
Satan ou le Diable, quoted, ii, 536.
Satanians, Sect of, ii, 407.
Satanic, Blushing bride, i, 346;
Eternal injustice quite, i, 242;
Kriyâshakti power regarded as, ii, 238;
Legions of the church, i, 353;
Myth, ii, 395, 557;
Pride amongst the seven rectors, i, 447;
Science said to be, ii, 49;
Will-effort called, ii, 256.
Satanism, Hypnotism will soon become, ii, 678;
Idols, of, ii, 356.
Satellite, Earth, moon, only physically, of, i, 202;
Gross body of its invisible principles, i, 202;
Mother, of child, i, 203;
Occult connection of our, with fecundation, i, 284;
Our, only, i, 202;
 Rarefied spirits in earth’s, i, 255.
Satellites, Jupiter, of, i, 649, ii, 145;
Origin of, i, 651;
Planets and their, i, 128, 648, 653;
Uranus and Neptune, of, i, 173, 629;
Venus and Mercury have no, i, 179, 180, 188, ii, 35.
Sati and Anouki, triadic Goddesses, i, 393.
Satiety, Kâma Rûpa results in, ii, 627.
Sattâ or sole existence, i, 400.
Sattapanni of Mahâvansa, i, 4.
Sattva, i, 371, 584;
Âtma-Buddhi, name given in Âryâsanga school to, i, 98;
Buddhi, rendered by Shankara to mean, i, 98;
Understanding, is original for, i, 98.
Saturday or day of Saturn, i, 716.
Saturday Review, Max Müller in, i, 321.
Saturn, i, 628;
Abraham and, i, 631;
Agruerus, and Sydyk same personage, ii, 150;
Angel presiding over, i, 496;
Chiun, or, ii, 408;
Cronus, or, i, 275, 450;
Cronus-Sydyk, or, ii, 376;
Dagon, and, i, 703;
Doctrines of Nabathæan Agriculture taught by, ii, 475;
Emblem of prudence and, i, 275;
Genius of, ii, 567, 569;
God and planet, ii, 26;
Golden age of, ii, 276, 440;
Government of, ii, 389;
House of, i, 129;
Ildabaoth and, i, 484, 631, ii, 567;
 Jehovah identical with, i, 450, 631, 632, ii, 134;
Jupiter and Mars, conjunction of, i, 720;
Jupiter, and our earth on same plane, i, 176;
Kali Yuga, at commencement of, i, 725;
Kronos or, ii, 151;
Krûra-lochana, Shani or, ii, 32;
Lemuria, kingdom of, ii, 812;
Lemurians, ruled, ii, 808;
Mass huge as, i, 546;
Moon and, fourth race born under, ii, 32;
Moon, revelation from, through idol of, ii, 475, 476;
Moon-God, or Jewish, ii, 66;
Music of spheres, and, ii, 635;
Nations born under, i, 631;
Period, transformed from eternal duration into a limited, i, 451;
Planets, and rarefied, ii, 145;
Planets, sun and moon opposed to, ii, 66;
Pre-planetary form of, i, 439;
Progeny, devoured his, i, 737;
Regent group of, ii, 134;
Reign of, ii, 821;
Reviled by worshippers of other Gods, i, 631;
Rings of, ii, 245;
Sabaoth, or, i, 630;
Satan, or, ii, 245;
Saturday, or day of, i, 716;
Shani or, ii, 32;
Stone, Jupiter swallowed by, under form of a, ii, 356;
Sydic, Cronus, or, ii, 410;
Thrones, ruled by, i, 469;
Time, is Chronos or, ii, 356;
Uranus denser than, i, 649;
Velocity of equatorial, i, 649;
Vul-cain, Chiun, or, ii, 408.
Saturn-Cronus, Rudra-Shiva, or, ii, 528;
 Titans of third race personified by, ii, 809.
Saturn-Jehovah, i, 631.
Saturnine land, Hyperborean or, ii, 821.
Satya, Absolute true being, or esse, means, i, 79;
Age, i, 405, ii, 155;
Krita Yuga, or, ii, 155;
Loka, ii, 335;
Purity, age of, i, 706;
Sat, or, i, 98.
Satya-Yuga, ii, 518, 547;
Age after deluge, first, i, 97;
Ages, always first in series of four, i, 404;
End of, ii, 211;
Great flood at end of, ii, 154;
Kapila of, ii, 604;
Manvantaras, plus period of one, make a day of Brahmâ, fourteen,
ii, 72;
Rishis of, i, 256;
Watchers reign during, i, 287.
Satyas lost in Samâdhi, ii, 94.
Satyât Nâsti Paro Dharmah, i, 25.
Satyavrata, Noah seen in, i, 718.
Satyrs, ii, 300;
Fables, not, ii, 274;
Nephilim of the Bible, of tradition, ii, 798, 819.
Saul, Armies of, discomfited, i, 506;
Divination practised by, ii, 476.
Saurian, Flying, ii, 215;
Scale-bound gigantic, ii, 160.
Saurians, Aquatic animals, ii, 216;
Mesozoic, ii, 313.
Savage, Anthropoid, and, ii, 717;
Atlanteans, condition of later, ii, 786;
Chiefs, white, ii, 786;
Crossing of Europeans with certain, tribes produces sterility, ii,
205;
Discerns good from bad, i, 455;
Hæckel’s speechless, ii, 715;
Inferiority of, accounted for, ii, 259;
Neolithic man more of, than Palæolithic, ii, 762;
Palæolithic, engraving made by, ii, 760;
Primeval, ii, 181, 762;
Primeval in, Miocene age, ii, 716;
Quaternary ages, of, ii, 792;
Races, Max Müller’s remarks upon, ii, 761;
Spirits inferior to lowest, ii, 387;
Trees, tribes build abodes on, ii, 714.
Savagery, Golden age has no features of, ii, 762;
Relapse, a, ii, 762;
State of relative, Europeans might fall back into a, ii, 444.
Savages, American, ideographs of the, ii, 458;
Apes not imitated by, ii, 714;
Immigration of, into Somme Valley, ii, 780;
Palæolithic, ii, 330, 360, 724;
Proof that there have been, ii, 549, 756;
South Sea Islands, in, ii, 439;
Stone hatchets used now by, ii, 756.
Savahi in chain of our planet, ii, 802.
Savarnâ, mother of Prachetasas, ii, 611.
Saviour, Animalism, from, ii, 540;
Christ as one God and, ii, 522;
Christian, i, 720, ii, 240, 433;
Civilized nations, of present, i, 510;
Dhyân Chohans transformed by church into, ii, 617;
 Divine mother of, ii, 602;
Earth, Christ the Logos, on, ii, 507;
Epithets applied to Christian, i, 720;
Gnostic, Agathodæmon, ii, 480;
Gods imprisoned, from death of, ii, 5;
Humanity, of, ii, 189, 490;
Kali Yuga, of humanity cannot appear in, i, 510;
Kepler finds prophecy of, i, 716;
Kwan-shi-yin, of all living beings, i, 511;
Man his own, i, 706;
Oracles that related to birth of, i, 721;
Sacred island, will come from, ii, 366;
Sacred name of, in connection with brazen serpent, i, 390;
Satan in light of a, ii, 254;
Vaivasvata, of our race, ii, 149;
Words put into mouth of, i, 446.
Saviours, Agnishvâtta our, ii, 430;
Avatâras, and, i, 700;
Creators of divine man, and, i, 215;
Cyclic, ii, 433;
Humanity, of, ii, 183;
Humanity or of Brahmâ, of, ii, 173;
Rebels are our, ii, 108;
Satanic origin, said to be of, ii, 506;
Spiritual, Pisces a symbol of all, i, 717.
Sâvitrî, Vâch named, ii, 136.
Saxon derivation of God, i, 370.
Sâyana and Idâ or Ilâ, ii, 147, 151.
Sayce, Prof. A. H., quoted, ii, 57, 213, 477, 485, 730, 731, 732.
Scale, Angelic beings, of, i, 239;
Chemical elements and colour, of, ii, 664;
Cosmic, i, 685;
Creative forces, of, ii, 516;
 Evolution, of, ii, 704;
Hierarchic degrees, of, i, 588;
Manifestation, of, i, 163;
Matter, of, ii, 141;
Nature, of, i, 720;
Seven notes of, i, 480, 583;
Spirit and matter, of, i, 219;
Spirituality, of, i, 254;
Temperature in universe, of, i, 166.
Scale of existence, Beings on highest, i, 116.
Scales, Evolution, of, i, 272;
Guardian of, i, 240;
Karmic, i, 205;
Lion and, ii, 452;
Pythagorean and hermetic, ii, 621.
Scaled dragons, Winged and, ii, 370.
Scaly one, ii, 370.
Scandinavia, Ases of, ii, 102;
Cross in pre-Christian, ii, 588;
Falling demon of, ii, 510;
Kings of, ii, 362;
Norway and, ii, 11;
Runic inscriptions in, ii, 361.
Scandinavian, Cosmogony, i, 394;
Creation, i, 460;
Eddas, i, 368, ii, 30, 403;
Hel, ii, 817;
Legends of war in heaven, i, 223;
Odin or Woden in, mythology, ii, 442.
Scandinavians, America reached and settled by, i, 316;
Fair faced, ii, 797;
Fire and water, beliefs as to, i, 433.
Scandium, an element, i, 597.
Scapegoat, Azazel, of Israel, ii, 406;
Fall into generation, symbol of, ii, 537;
Israel, of, ii, 405, 427;
Satan needed as a, i, 444.
Scarabæus, Egyptians, of, ii, 582;
Khopiroo, or, i, 391.
Scarlet, Woman in purple and, ii, 790.
Scene of initiation, Bas-relief at Philæ representing a, ii, 589.
Sceptic, All-denying, i, 670;
Beliefs, i, 287.
Scepticism, British, Bacon’s advice to representatives of, ii, 462;
Fever of, malignant, ii, 78;
Greeks were moderns in their, ii, 299;
Inadequacy of, i, 521;
Jungles of modern, i, 739;
Mad, makes a man, i, 520.
Sceptics, Astrology, laugh at, i, 707;
Handful of modern, i, 670.
Schelling, Avatâras, accepted the idea of, i, 83;
Fichte, and, i, 81;
Force, on, i, 556;
Plurality of worlds, on, ii, 746;
References to, ii, 120, 483;
Religion, on primitive, i, 501;
Serpent, on, ii, 220.
Schemal, Alter ego of Samaël, i, 449, 450.
Scherers, Christopher, quoted, ii, 47.
Schesoo-Hor or servants of Horus, ii, 450.
Schibb ∴, Vegetable kingdom symbolized by, ii, 608.
Schibboleth, Schibb ∴ or, ii, 608.
Schiller on the veil of Isis, ii, 691.
Schiller’s skull, Measurement of, ii, 550.
Schimeon, Rabbi, quoted, ii, 663.
Schindler’s Penteglott, ii, 222.
Schism between sons of fourth race, ii, 222.
Schlagintweit, E., quoted, i, 11, ii, 30, 189.
Schlegel, Dr., on the zodiac, i, 722.
Schliemann, Dr., ii, 106, 246, 459, 620, 763.
Schmidt, quoted, ii, 703.
Scholiasts, Ambitious, ii, 820.
Schools, Catechism of inner, ii, 294;
Darshanas or, i, 78;
Esoteric, seven in the, i, 7, 147, ii, 638;
Heliopolis, of, i, 330;
Hînayâna and Mahâyâna, i, 71;
India, of, i, 290, 299, ii, 45;
Materialistic, atoms of the, i, 672;
Occultism, of, i, 121;
Philosophy, of, i, 78;
Secret doctrines of, preserved in the Vatican, i, 27;
Struggle between Initiates of two, ii, 523.
Schopenhauer, referred to, i, 123, ii, 165, 318.
Schopenhauerian idea, ii, 556.
Schöpfungsgeschichte, ii, 693.
Schott, quoted, i, 20.
Schwartze, Pistis Sophia, Latin translation of, by, ii, 597;
Quoted, ii, 485, 597;
Referred to, ii, 485.
Schwegler, quoted, i, 82.
Schweinfurth, Dr., quoted, ii, 703, 797.
Science and the Emotions, quoted, i, 32.
Science of Language, quoted, ii, 178, 461.
Science of Religion, quoted, i, 7, 8.
Science of Serpents, referred to, ii, 30.
Science of Thought, quoted, ii, 209.
Science-philosophy of the initiated, ii, 831.
Scientific Arena, quoted, i, 170.
Scientific Letters, Butlerof’s, quoted, i, 564.
Scientifico-materialistic theory, Naudin’s, ii, 126.
Scinde, Jews refugees in, ii, 210.
Scintillæ or sparks, i, 125.
Scintillas, Elohim, issue from, i, 679;
Upper and lower worlds, of, i, 678;
Worlds called, ii, 744.
Scintillating points, Monads as, i, 694.
Sciolists and, Scientists, i, 299.
Sclater, P. L., referred to, ii, 7, 181.
Scorpio, Constellation, eighth, i, 711;
Dan, in sphere of, i, 715;
Job, mentioned in, i, 710;
Mars and, ii, 410;
Virgo becomes, ii, 137.
Scorpion, Heart of, i, 726;
Mars held house of, ii, 410;
Worm that never dies, is, ii, 621.
Scotland, Raised beaches in, ii, 831.
Screen, Illusion, of, i, 296;
Objects placed behind a, Kosmos is like, i, 298;
Seven colours on a, i, 575;
Silhouettes on external, ii, 839.
Scribe of Amenti, Thot the, i, 413.
Scribes, Lipika literally, i, 130, 153.
Scriptural Japhet, ii, 151.
Scripture, Archaic, Kalpa in, ii, 50;
Archaic teaching and, i, 346;
Chaldæan, Adam-Adami in, ii, 46;
Christian, i, 286;
Chronological system in Hebrew occult, ii, 660;
Double origin of Hebrew, ii, 212;
Elohists, of, i, 274;
Giants, references to, ii, 289;
Hebdomad in every, ii, 624;
Nazarenes, Codex Nazaræus, of, ii, 101;
Nazarenes, of, i, 216, ii, 101;
Pre-historic religion, of, ii, 507;
Record, tree symbol of a, i, 153;
Rig-Vedic, compiled by Initiates, ii, 471;
Theology not warranted by any ancient, ii, 64.
Scriptures, Ancient, i, 299, ii, 80, 212;
Androgynes in revealed, ii, 132;
Anthropogenesis, and, ii, 178;
Archaic, i, 268;
Archaic, Brâhmanical distortions of, ii, 97;
Chaldæa of, i, 10;
Chaldæan, resemblance between Jewish and, i, 10;
Deva-loka, accounts in exoteric, of, i, 156;
Eastern, Genesis and, ii, 163;
Evolution and ancient, ii, 118;
Exoteric and esoteric, ii, 107;
 Exoteric, Avyaya in, ii, 72;
Exoteric, of world religions, i, 188;
Fires, sparks and flames in ancient, ii, 87;
Geometrical figures used in all ancient, i, 95;
Gods and ascetics in Hindû, ii, 184;
Hermaphrodite in, of almost all nations, ii, 131;
Hindû, i, 137, 141, 306, ii, 601, 642;
India, of, i, 305;
Jewish, a dead shell, ii, 481;
Mazdean, Vendîdâd and other, ii, 102, 428, 801;
Metaphysical in, ii, 790;
Nations, of all ancient, ii, 5;
Phallic element in old, ii, 695;
Renan on the Chaldæan, ii, 478;
Sanskrit, i, 126;
Satan in Pagan, ii, 63;
Secret, i, 473;
Septenary in ancient, ii, 646;
Septenary in Aryan, ii, 648;
Symbols of national, i, 250;
Time referred to in, i, 75;
Translators of Bibles and, ii, 567;
Vedas and other, are chanted by the Brâhmans, i, 121;
Vishnu in exoteric, ii, 113;
Worlds spoken of in all ancient, ii, 740;
Zoroastrian and Hindû, ii, 374;
Zoroastrian, antiquity of, ii, 372.
Scrofulous, Fifth race, ii, 429.
Scroll, Anubis holding out a, i, 441.
Scrolls, Mosaic, remodelled, ii, 496;
Mysteries were never recorded in, i, 250;
Numerically, read, ii, 218;
Porta Pia, discovered at, i, 441.
Scrolls of Wisdom, referred to, ii, 105.
Sculptor, Model in mind of, ii, 697;
Model of, molten brass poured into, ii, 118.
Sculpture, Mars the lord of, ii, 410.
Sculptured Implements, bone, ii, 755.
Sculptures, Mexican, old, ii, 39;
Temples, in most ancient, i, 386, 387.
Sculpturing on rocks, ancient, ii, 361.
Scythe, Cronus with his, i, 451;
Deucalion called a northern, ii, 812;
Old time with its, i, 496.
Scythia, Herodotus, of, ii, 434;
Hyperborean land not near, ii, 6;
Hyperborean land said to be beyond, ii, 11.
Scythian people, Arismaspes a, ii, 813.
Scyths, Origin of the, ii, 212, 818.
Sea, Abyss of learning, called, ii, 528;
Caspian, ii, 664;
Consecrated inland, ii, 528;
Culture-god comes from, ii, 236;
Deity compared to a shoreless, i, 381;
Ethereal fluid, of, i, 574;
Extermination of first product of, ii, 430;
Great, of space, ii, 531;
Great, waters of, ii, 531;
Hathor, light of the, i, 430;
Jambu-dvîpa surrounded by, ii, 334;
Mare or, i, 413, 495;
Monsters, ii, 8;
Mother-water great, ii, 17, 67;
Pelagus, great, ii, 818;
Sahara a, ii, 781;
Salt water, of, ii, 334;
 Space, of, ii, 501, 531;
Thalassa, ii, 68, 122;
Thalatth, ii, 57;
Venus Aphrodite personified, i, 495;
Virgin Mary Mare the, i, 495;
Visible, became, ii, 501;
Zohar on secrets of land and, ii, 8.
Sea of Aral, ii, 434.
Sea of Curds, milky way, ii, 335.
Sea of Fire is noumenal, i, 104;
Shoreless, i, 59, 100.
Sea of Knowledge, ii, 528.
Sea of Milk, Lakshmî springing from, i, 407;
Milky way, ii, 335.
Sea of Sorrow, ii, 531.
Sea-anemone, ii, 176.
Sea-bottom, upraising of, ii, 340.
Sea-dragon, ii, 64, 528, 610.
Seal, Apocalypse seventh, of, ii, 202;
Solomon’s, double triangle, i, 143;
Svastika, on living initiates, ii, 619.
Seang of Wei, king, ii, 316.
Seas, Allegorical, ii, 335;
Carbonic acid, of liquid, i, 273;
Metaphorical names of, ii, 334;
Midgard snake coiled at bottom of, i, 438;
Neptune ruler over, ii, 68;
Salt for, i, 637;
Seven, ii, 638, 652;
Silurian period, of, ii, 723.
Sea-serpent, ii, 217, 501.
Sea-slime, our ancestors were, ii, 276.
Seasons, Beginning of change of, ii, 211;
Book of Enoch on, i, 667;
Cause of, i, 667, ii, 372;
Confucius on, i, 475;
Cosmic divisions of, ii, 77;
Hanokh computed, ii, 561;
Jupiter, of, ii, 746;
Kabiri regents over, i, 703;
Mars, of, ii, 747;
Points of compass, meaning, i, 475;
Procreation, of, ii, 430;
Periodical return of, i, 707;
Shifting of, ii, 739;
Titan-Kabirim regulators of, ii, 379;
Venus, of, ii, 747;
Vicissitudes of, i, 703.
Seats of Blessed, ii, 443.
Seats of Knowledge, ii, 443.
Seats of Mercy, ii, 443.
Seaweeds, algæ, ii, 752.
Seb, Ancestral soul or, ii, 669;
Egg of, i, 391;
God of time and earth, i, 385;
Goose, carries a, i, 382;
Hawk, issues from egg like a, i, 385;
Osiris, son of, i, 471;
Tefnoot and, ii, 390.
Sebekh, Crocodile called, i, 241;
Sevekh, or, i, 240.
Sebti, Kepti and, i, 438.
Secchi, Father, quoted, i, 591.
Second, Manifestation, stage of, i, 472;
Primal cause becoming, i, 678;
Universal soul, principle of, i, 587;
World, spark becomes plant in, i, 66, 258.
Second Adam, Androgyne formed from, ii, 480;
Gnostics, of, ii, 479;
Protoplastic androgyne Adam called, ii, 478;
Septenary, ii, 1.
Second birth for the dead, i, 391.
Second causes, Naudin does not consider, ii, 126;
Science, of, ii, 127.
Second continent, Greenland belonged to, ii, 146;
Primeval races, of, i, 396;
Remnants of, ii, 10.
Second division of ancestral series of man, ii, 705.
Second earth, No earth, is, i, 402;
Vapour, disappeared as, i, 473.
Second floor, Universal or, ii, 154.
Second God, Creator, Philo called, i, 374;
Logos or, i, 376.
Second line, Chakra inscribed in, i, 139.
Second Logos, Adam Kadmon, i, 235, ii, 28;
Ampsiu-Ouraan, ii, 601;
Demiurge, or, ii, 26;
Manifested, i, 102, 483;
Platonists, of, ii, 574;
Sound, or, ii, 594;
Tetragrammaton, ii, 633.
Second one and pentacle, in the egg, i, 153.
Second race, Adam-Eve or, ii, 142;
Androgyne, ii, 142;
Appearance of, ii, 157;
A-sexual, ii, 122, 123;
Astral, ii, 259, 727;
Belt of earth during, ii, 418;
Brihaspati (Jupiter), born under, ii, 32;
Chhâyâs evolved, ii, 123;
Continent of, ii, 327;
Cycle between first and, ii, 184;
Ethereo-physical, ii, 312;
Evolution of, ii, 115;
Fathers of sweat-born, ii, 122, 124;
First created, by budding, ii, 140;
First, emanated from, ii, 174;
First, how formed from, ii, 124;
Forms of, ii, 128;
Fourth round humanity, of, ii, 723;
Groups of, ii, 317;
Hyperborean continent, on, ii, 6;
Jod-Heva or, ii, 142;
Kâma Rûpa, devoid of, ii, 123;
Land during, ii, 419;
Mammalia contemporary with, ii, 723;
Mârishâ symbol for, ii, 185;
Mentally, psycho-spiritual, ii, 312;
Mexican primitive ancestor and, ii, 169, 170;
Northern Asia and, ii, 419;
Preservers and incarnating Gods, endowed by, ii, 174;
Primitive race merged in, ii, 128;
Production of, ii, 19;
Sons of Mahat and, ii, 108;
Sound-language, had, ii, 208;
Sub-races of, first, ii, 124;
Sweat-born, called, ii, 124, 157, 174, 184, 186;
Third, evolved, ii, 139;
 Third, gives birth to, ii, 140;
Third produced unconsciously by, i, 228;
Uranus a Dhyân Chohan of, ii, 809;
Yima progenitor of, ii, 644.
Second round, Element of, i, 280;
Elements, developed two, i, 271;
Explanation of, i, 183;
Globe luminous during, i, 273;
Human element in, i, 197;
Matter in, i, 272.
Second seven, i, 61.
Second sight, astral light cause of, i, 279.
Secondaries, Trithemius on the seven, i, 488.
Secondary, Chaos, ii, 210;
Creations, i, 481;
Cosmic evolution, stage of, i, 461;
Deity, ii, 662;
Evolution, stage of, i, 656;
Formations, ii, 265;
Gods, ii, 82;
Mesozoic ages, or, ii, 628;
Rocks, ii, 750;
Strata twice the thickness of the Tertiary, ii, 755;
Suns, ii, 250;
Transmutations, ii, 704.
Secondary age, Cataclysms of, ii, 754;
Homo Primogenius of, ii, 776;
Man in, ii, 10, 302, 754;
Northern Lemuria in, ii, 348;
Primary and, ii, 166;
Tertiary, twice length of, ii, 755;
Third race and, ii, 751;
Third race Titan of, ii, 8.
Secondary Angels, i, 359.
Secondary causes, Intelligence beyond, ii, 585;
Variations, of, ii, 685.
Secondary creation, Beginning of, i, 484;
Eleventh crore, or, ii, 326;
Every cosmogony begins by, ii, 62;
Mahat of, i, 104;
Ninth and, i, 104, 492;
Pratisarga or, ii, 112;
Primary and, ii, 113, 120;
Vârâha or, ii, 56.
Secondary Gods, Maruts, ii, 648.
Secondary Laws, of Darwinism, ii, 699.
Secondary Man of de Quatrefages, ii, 726.
Secondary period, Australia during, ii, 7;
Fourth creation and, i, 490;
Mammalia in, first traces of, ii, 723;
Man in, ii, 273, 279, 724, 788;
Modern and esoteric science on, ii, 753;
Triassic rocks of, ii, 723.
Secondary spirit, Spiritus representing the, ii, 608.
Secondless, Existence, one, i, 84;
Parabrahman, i, 569;
Sat, i, 145.
Secondless principle, God, ii, 586.
Secondless reality, Parabrahman, i, 35;
Unknowable cause of all, ii, 534.
Secrecy, Divine truths, with regard to, ii, 603;
Maimonides enjoins, ii, 478;
Mysteries of life and death preserved in, ii, 471;
Occult and religious mysteries, of, ii, 131;
 Occult truth, regarding, ii, 619;
Symbology, of, i, 389;
Theology, less dangerous than, ii, 545.
Secret, Ages, of, ii, 543;
Ain Suph, from head of, i, 38;
Ancient thought, of, i, 324;
Archangel whose name was, i, 471;
Being and non-being, of, i, 190;
Birth or social position, of, ii, 171;
Cycles of ancients kept, ii, 414;
Death, which gives, i, 318;
Dragon, of, ii, 397;
Elohim, of, ii, 432;
Embryology explained, of, i, 244;
Fires, of, ii, 111, 112;
Formation of a body, of, i, 723;
Generation of a single atom, of, i, 733;
Great, i, 604;
Inequalities of intellect, of, ii, 171;
Kumâras, three of, i, 493;
Malleable glass, of, ii, 449;
Occult sciences, in, ii, 745;
Priests have kept things, ii, 385;
Reincarnation kept, ii, 582;
Satan, of, ii, 243;
Secrets, of, i, 378, ii, 295;
Septenary system kept, ii, 639;
Symbols, ii, 655;
Vedas, of, i, 231.
Secret annals of Lemurians, ii, 549.
Secret book, Apocryphon, ii, 557;
Bible is, according to Origen, Clemens and Rabbis, ii, 565;
Kabalah is, ii, 565;
Posture during contemplation, on, ii, 583.
Secret books, Astronomy, on, i, 224;
Atlantis, on, ii, 422;
Celestial Nâgas of, i, 440;
Data of, ii, 739;
Four hidden dragons of wisdom of, i, 440;
Mirror of Futurity among, ii, 53;
Occultism, of, ii, 55;
Planets enumerated in, i, 176;
Procreation, explained in, ii, 90.
Secret catechism of Druses of Syria, ii, 30.
Secret Colleges of prophets with Jews, ii, 561.
Secret Computations of Japanese, ii, 597.
Secret Cycle, Phœnix symbol of a, ii, 652.
Secret Cycles, Nârada closely connected with, ii, 86.
Secret doctrine, Adam-Adami, on, ii, 473;
Ancient races, on, ii, 101;
Androgynes and first three races of, ii, 131;
Archaic ages, of, i, 6;
Archaic, echo of, i, 104;
Atheism, teaches no, i, 300;
Atlantis, date of, ii, 412;
Axiom in, i, 42, ii, 143;
Basic conceptions on which rests, i, 48;
Be-ness, symbolized, i, 42;
Books of, ii, 335;
Brâhmans, of initiated, i, 5;
Buddhism upreared on tenets of, i, 78;
Cataclysms, on, ii, 158;
Century all of, that can be given out this, i, 22;
Christian fathers endeavour to obliterate, i, 24;
Chronology of, ii, 9, 53, 74, 77, 471;
Collection of facts, a, i, 29;
Corroboration of, i, 471;
Cosmogony of, i, 293, 737, ii, 62;
Cosmos and man, elements of, i, 88;
Cradle of physical man, ii, 442;
Creation, on, ii, 582;
Crookes’ near approach to, i, 681;
Curse of incarnation, on, ii, 256;
Daksha’s sacrifice and, ii, 193;
Darwinian accounts of origin of man, and, ii, 167;
Defenders of, i, 739;
Deluge of geology and, ii, 153;
Derision expected for, ii, 460;
Dhyân Chohans, on groups of, i, 49;
Divine essence explained by, i, 33;
Divine Pymander and, ii, 1;
Dogma, not, ii, 273;
Dragon, meaning of, in, ii, 396;
Earlier men, common property of, ii, 838;
East, of, i, 1, ii, 167;
Egyptian papyri and, i, 737;
Egyptians believed in, ii, 146;
Esoteric Buddhism and, i, 2, 184;
Esoteric cosmogony of, i, 653;
Esotericism of Jews and, ii, 44;
Evolution in, corroborated, ii, 191;
Evolution of man according to, ii, 162;
Father, evolution of life and, i, 104;
Father and mother, Aditi, i, 379;
Few fundamental truths from, i, 5, 6;
Figures symbolical in, i, 68;
First book of, man’s appearance and, i, 49;
Full consciousness, teaching as to, i, 132;
Fundamental principle of, ii, 565;
Garuda, furnishes key to, ii, 596;
Gautama, of, i, 5;
Genesis and, ii, 131, 391;
Gerald Massey and, ii, 671;
Gnostics and, i, 484, ii, 65;
Great flood, records, i, 364;
Hebrew Bible and, ii, 292;
Heptad, on, ii, 637;
Hermetic fragments and, i, 307;
History, authentic, i, 18;
History, teaches, i, 287;
Illusion, on, i, 662;
Indian philosophy, religion and, ii, 92;
Initiation of Egyptians, taught at, ii, 146;
Isis Unveiled not, i, 25;
Islands, takes no account of, ii, 8;
Japanese fables and, i, 238;
Kabalah and, accord, ii, 135;
Logos or collective creator, admits, i, 300;
Mânasa in, ii, 180;
Metaphysics dealt with, ii, 686;
Minds, first beings called in, i, 114;
Modern science and, ii, 462;
Nâgas of, ii, 191;
Natural genesis and, i, 713;
Nazarenes, echoed by, ii, 101;
Nebular theory, on, i, 653;
Norse legends and, ii, 101;
Occultism, written for students in, i, 50;
Once open to all, ii, 643;
One absolute be-ness first axiom of, i, 42;
One form of existence, postulates, i, 77;
One number issued from no-number, i, 121;
Order of nature, on, ii, 562;
Orientalists and, ii, 471;
Origin of man, on, ii, 178;
Partial sketch of, attempted, i, 78;
Periodicity, asserts law of, i, 45;
Philosophies, on antiquity of, i, 416;
Planetary chain, especially occupied with, i, 90;
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