khz;l;Nghh;l; gs;sp> Re;juelg;G> rptfq;if.

tFg;G :10
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,ay; 2. fhw;Nw th!
ghujpahu;.
1. ghujpahh; - Mrphpah; Fwpg;G jUf.
ngah; : Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahu;
ngw;Nwhh; : rpd;drhkp - ,yf;Fkp mk;khs;
Ch; : vl;laGuk;
NtW ngah;fs;: kfhftp> ghl;Lf;nfhU Gytd;> ePLJapy; ePf;fg; ghbte;j epyh
gzp : nra;jpahsu;
mwpag;gLtJ : ftpQh;> vOj;jhsh;> tpLjiy tPuh;>
gilg;Gfs; : ghQ;rhyp rgjk;> ghg;gh ghl;L> fz;zd; ghl;L >Fapy; ghl;L.
,jo;;fs; : ,e;jpah> RNjrkpj;jpud;. ghujpahh; rKjha Vw;wj; jho;Tf;Fk;>
ngz; mbikf;Fk; vjpuhfg; ghly;fs; vOjpdhh;.
fhyk; : 11.12.1882 – 11.09.1921.
2. „fhw;wpd;wp mikahJ cyf caphpuf;fk;‟ vd;gij ghujpahhpd; trd ftpij
thapyhf epWTf.
“fhw;Nw>th>
vkJ caph; - neUg;ig ePbj;J epd;W ey;nyhsp jUkhW
ed;whf tPR.”
fhw;Nw eP>
 G+f;fspypUf;Fk; kfue;jj; J}isr; Rke;J th.
 kdj;ij kaq;fr; nra;Ak; ,dpa thridAld; th.
 ,iyfspd; kPJk; ePh; miyfspd; kPJk; cuha;e;J th.
fhw;Nw eP vkJ caph;
 neUg;ig ePbf;fr; nra;J ey;y xsp jUkhW ed;whf tPR.
mjw;fhf eP>
 rf;jp Fiwe;J Ngha; mjid mtpj;J tplhNj. mjhtJ Fsph;j;J tplhNj.
 Nga; Nghy tPrp kbj;J tplhNj. mjhtJ> mopj;J tplhNj.
 nkJthf> rPuhd eyj;Jld; neLq;fhyk; epd;W tPrpf; nfhz;bU.
 cdf;Fg; ghl;Lfs; ghLfpd;Nwhk;. cdf;Fg; Gfo;r;rpfs; $Wfpd;Nwhk;. cd;id
topgLfpd;Nwhk;.
3.nrhw;nghUs;
kfue;jj;J}s; - kyupy; cs;s jhJ kdk; - cs;sk;
cuha;e;J - Nja;e;J mtpj;JtplhNj - Fsph;j;JtplhNj
kbj;JtplhNj - mopj;JtplhNj g;uhzu]k; - capu; tsp
ePbj;J epd;W - epiyj;J epd;W rf;jp - Mw;wy;
mtpj;J tplhNj- Fspu;tpj;J tplhNj kbj;J tplhNj - mopj;J tplhNj
yadj;Jld; - rPuhf topgLfpd;Nwhk; - Jjpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
 2. Ky;iyg;ghl;L.
eg;G+jdhh;
1. Ky;iyg;ghl;L – E}w;Fwpg;G jUf.
 gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fSs; xd;W.
 103 mbfisf;nfhz;lJ.
 Mrpupag;ghthy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
 Ky;iy epyj;ijg; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ.
 ek; ghlg;gFjp 1-17 mbfisf; nfhz;lJ.
 gj;Jg;ghl;by; Fiwe;j mbfisf; nfhz;l E}y; ,J.
 ,jd; Mrpupau; eg;G+jdhu;
2. Ky;iyg;ghl;by; Fwpg;gpLk; fhh;fhyr; nra;jpfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
fhu;fhyk;
“ede;jiy cyfk; tis, NekpnahL”
 mfd;w cyfj;ij tisj;Jg; ngUkio nghopfpwJ.
 tyk;Gupr;rq;Fg; nghwpj;j iffisAila jpUkhy;> FWfpatbtk; nfhz;Ls;shu;.
 FWfpa tbtk; nfhz;l jpUkhYf;F> khtyp kd;dd; ePu;thu;j;Jj; jUfpwhu;.
 mg;nghOJ> kz;Zf;Fk; tpz;Zf;Fkhfj; jpUkhy; NgUUtk; vLj;J cau;e;J
epw;fpwhu;.
 mijg;Nghd;W kioNkfk; fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;fpwhu; Mrphpau;.
 gpd;>mk;kioNkfk;> xypf;Fk; flypd; Fspu;ePiug; gUfp>ngUe;Njhw;wk; nfhs;fpwJ.
 ,Wjpahf tykha; vOe;J> kiyiar; #o;e;J> tpiue;j Ntfj;Jld;
ngUkioiag; nghopfpwJ.
khiyg;nghOJ
“ngUk;ngay; nghope;j rpWGd; khiy”
 Jd;gj;ijr; nra;fpd;w mk;khiyg; nghOjpy; Kjpa ngz;fs; kpFe;j
fhtiyAila Ch;g;gf;fk; nrd;wdu;.
 ahopir Nghd;W xypf;Fk; tz;Lfs;>
 mt;tz;Lfs; #o;e;J Muthupf;Fk; eWkzk; nfhz;l Ky;iy mUk;Gfs;.
 me;j mUk;Gfs; kyu;e;j Ky;iyg; G+f;fisAk; ehopapy; nfhz;L te;j
ney;iyAk; Nrh;j;Jj; nja;tj;jpd; Kd; J}tpdu;.
 gpwF nja;tj;ijj; njhOJ> jiytpf;fhf ew;nrhy; Nfl;L epd;wu;.
“ed;du; ed;nkhop Nfl;ldk;”
tphpr;rp Nfl;ly;
%J}hpy;
 rpWjhk;G fapw;why; fl;lg;gl;l ,sq;fd;W xd;W grpahy; thbf;nfhz;bUe;jJ.
mjd; tUj;jj;ij Xu; ,ilkfs; fz;lhs;.
 Fspu; jhq;fhky; iffisf; fl;bagb epd;whs;.
 gpd;> ,sq;fd;iwg; ghu;j;J> ”Gy;iy Nka;e;J cd; jha;khu; tise;j fj;jpia
cila fk;igf; nfhz;l vk; ,ilau; Xl;btu ,g;NghJ te;JtpLtu;>
tUe;jhNj” vd;whs;.
  ,J „ey;y nrhy;‟ vdf;nfhz;L KJngz;fs; jiytpaplk; „ew;nrhy;iy ehq;fs;
Nfl;Nlhk;‟ vd;W $wpdu;.
 ,t;thW jiytd; tUif Fwpj;J KJngz;bu; tpupr;rp Nfl;L epd;wdu;.
Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy;
 epd; jiytd; giftiu ntd;W jpiwg;nghUNshL tUtJ cWjp.
 jiytpNa! kdj;jLkhw;wk; nfhs;shNj! vd Mw;Wg;gLj;jpdu; KJngz;bu;.
3. nrhw;nghUs;
rpWGd; -rpWJd;gk; Nekp - tyk;Gupr; rq;F
khmy; -jpUkhy; NfhL - kiy
nghope;j -nga;j J}ca; - J}tp
,ilkfs; -Ma;r;rpau; Rty; - Njhs;
griyf;fd;W-,sq;fd;W ,kpo; - xyp
myhp -Ky;iyg;G+ Nfhtyu;-,ilau;
fb -fhty; Kfpy; - Nkfk;
Nfhtyh; -,ilau; tpupr;rp -ew;nrhy
jhk;G -fapW tP -kyu;
J}a; -,d;dpir msngil khmy; - nra;Aspir msngil
4. ghliyg; gbj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp
“ede;jiy cyfk; tis, NekpnahL
tyk;Ghp nghwpj;j khjhq;F jlf;if”
tpdhf;fs;
1. ,g;ghly; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s E}y;
Ky;iyg;ghl;L
2. ,g;ghlypd; Mrpupau;
eg;G+jdhh;
3. Ky;iyg; ghl;by; ,lk;ngw;w epyk;
Ky;iy
4. Ky;iyg;ghl;by; ,lk;ngw;ws;s %d;W nghUs;fs;
Kjy;> fU> chp.
5. tyk;Gupr; rq;if ifapy; Ve;jpatu;
jpUkhy;
6. Ky;iy epyk; vd;gJ
fhLk; fhL rhh;e;j ,lk;
7. jpUkhYf;F ePu;thh;j;J nfhLj;jtd;
khtyp kd;dd;
8. ahUf;fhf ew;nrhy; Nfl;L epd;wdh;
jiytpf;fhf

2. Nfl;fpwjh vd; Fuy;!

1. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhw;W vt;thW ,lk; gpbj;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gijf; $Wf.

,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhw;W
 njd;wyhfpa ehd;> gytpj kyu;fspd; eWkzj;ij ms;sp tUk; nghOJ
$lNt tz;LfisAk; mioj;J tUtjhy;> ,sq;Nfhtbfs; vd;id>
“tz;nlhL Gf;f kztha;j; njd;wy;”rpyk;G 2:24
vd eak;gl ciuf;fpwhh;.
  gygl;lilr; nrhf;fehjg; Gyth; vOjpa gj;kfphpehjh; njd;wy; tpLJ}J
vd;Dk; rpw;wpyf;fpaj;jpy; ngz;nzhUj;jp
“ee;jkpOk; jz;nghUie ed;djpAk; Nrh;nghUg;gpw;
nre;jkpopd; gpd;Djpj;j njd;wNy”
vdj; J}J nry;y vd;id md;NghL miof;fpwhs;.
 mJkl;Lky;y
“ejpapy; tpisahbf; nfhbapy; jiyrPtp
ele;j ,se;njd;wNy” –jpiuapirg;ghly;
vdg; gythwhf ,yf;fpaq;fspYk;> jpiuapirg; ghly;fspYk; fhw;whfpa ehd;
ePq;fh ,lk; gpbj;jpUg;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

2. Ke;ePh; ehtha; Xl;bahf fhw;W vt;thW gad;gLfpwJ?

Ke;ePh; ehtha; Xl;bahf fhw;W
 goq;fhyj;jpy; fly;fle;j gazq;fs; eilngw;wd.
 ,it midj;Jk; fhw;wpd; JizAld; ,af;fg;gl;l gha;kuf; fg;gy;fshy;
epfo;e;jitNa.
 gUtf;fhw;wpd; gaid cyfpw;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu; fpNuf;f mwpQh;
`pg;ghy];
 ,tUf;Fk; Kd;dNu jkpoh;fs; fly; fle;J thzpfk; nra;J ntw;wp
fz;lth;fs; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
“esp,U Ke;ePh; ehtha; Xl;b
tspnjhopy; Mz;l cuNthd; kUf!
fsp,ay; ahidf; fhpfhy; tst!” -Gwk; 66
,g;ghly;> fhpfhy; ngUtsj;jhidr; rq;ffhyg; ngz; Gytuhd
ntz;zpf;Faj;jpahh;; „tsp‟ vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Lr; rpwg;Gr; nra;jpUg;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
3. fhw;wpd; gad;fs; ahit?
fhw;wpd; gad;fs;
 gUt fhyq;fspy; Nkfj;ijf; nfhz;L te;J kioiaj; jUfpwJ.
 njd;Nkw;Fg; gUtf;fhw;whf tlfpof;Fg; gUtf; fhw;whf cyh te;J Nkfj;ijf;
Fsph;tpj;J kioiag; nghopfpwJ.
 ,e;jpahtpw;Fj; Njitahd vOgJ tpOf;fhL(70%)kioastpidj; njd;Nkw;Fg;
gUtf; fhw;Nw jUfpwJ.
 [_d; Kjy; nrg;lk;gu; tiu njd;Nkw;Fg; gUtf; fhw;whf tPRfpwJ.
 mf;Nlhgu; Kjy; brk;gu; tiu tlfpof;Fg; gUtf; fhw;whf tPRfpwJ.
 Ntshz;ik rpwg;gjpYk; ehL jd;dpiwT miltjpYk; fhw;wpd; gq;F
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
„tsp kpfpd; typ ,y;iy‟(Gwk;55)
vd;W IA+u;Kltdhu; rpwg;gpj;Js;shh;.
 kJiu ,sehfdhh;(Gwk; 55) fLq;fhw;W> kziyf; nfhz;Lte;J Nru;f;fpwJ vd
mjd; Ntfj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;
 caph; tsp je;J capu;fisf; fhf;fpwJ.
 jhtuq;fspd; xspr; Nrh;fi ; fapy; czT cw;gj;jpf;F cjTfpwJ.
  tpijfis vLj;Jr; nrd;W gy ,lq;fspYk; cjTfpwJ.
 G+tpd;> Njdpd;> fdpapd;> jhtuj;jpd;> caphpdj;jpd; kzj;ijr; Rke;J Gtpapd;
capu;r; rq;fpypj;njhlu; mWglhjpUf;f cjTfpwJ.
 epyf;fhpapd; Njit Fiwe;J fdpktsq;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 njhiyj;njhlu;gpd; ikakhfTk; cs;sJ.
 „fhw;Ws;sNghNj kpd;rhuk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;‟ vDk; GJnkhopf;F tpj;jhfpwJ.
 fjputdplkpUe;J ntsptUk; Gw Cjhf; fjph;fisj; jLf;Fk; muzhfTk;
tpsq;FfpwJ.
 Gtpia xU Nghh;it Nghyr; Rw;wpf;fple;J ghpjpapd; fjph;r;#l;ilf; Fiwj;Jf;
nfhLf;fpwJ.
4. kdpjdhy; fhw;W vt;thW khrilfpwJ? mij ePf;Fk; topKiwfs; ahit?
kdpjdhy; khrilAk; fhw;W
 Fg;igfs;> nefpopg;igfs;> nkJcUisfs; Nghd;wtw;iw vhpg;gJ.
 Fsph;rhjdg; ngl;b> Fsp&l;lg;gl;l miw Mfpatw;iw kpFjpahfg;
gad;gLj;JtJ.
 gl;lhRfis kpFjpahf ntbg;gJ.
 Gif tbfl;b ,y;yhky; njhopw;rhiyfis ,af;FtJ.
 jdp kdpjhpd; kpFjpahd Ch;jpg; gad;ghL.
 thD}h;jpfs; ntsptpLk; Gif Mfpatw;why; fhw;W khrilfpwJ.
ePf;Fk; topKiwfs;
 kuq;fis tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Fg;ig Nkyhz;ikia Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F Kd;Dhpik juNtz;Lk;.
 kpd;dhw;wyhy; ,aq;Fk; Ch;jpfis kpFjpahfg; gad;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.
 fr;rh vz;nza;> epyf;fhp Kjypa Gijtbt vhpnghUs;fisj; jtph;f;fNtz;Lk;.
 tPl;Lr; rikaYf;F tpwFfisg; gad;gLj;Jtijf; iftplNtz;Lk;.
5. er;Rf; fye;j fhw;wpdhy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs; ahit?
er;Rf; fye;j fhw;wpdhy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs;
 fz; vhpr;ry;> jiytyp> njhz;ilf;fl;L> fha;r;ry;> EiuaPuy;> Gw;W Neha;>
,isg;G Neha; vdg; gy Neha;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
 Foe;ijfspd; %is tsh;r;rpAk; FiwfpwJ.(rpWth; epjpak;)
 Fsph;gjdg; ngl;bapypUe;J tUk; FNshNuh GNshNuh fhh;gd; XNrhd; glyj;ij
Xl;ilapLfpwJ.
 ,jdhy; GwCjhf; fjph;fs; Neubahf kf;fisj; jhf;Ffpd;wd.
 XuwpT Kjy; MwwpT tiuAs;s caph;fs; Jd;gkilfpd;wd.
 fe;jf il Mf;irL> iel;u[d; il Mf;irL Mfpait kio nga;Ak; NghJ
ePupy; fiue;J tpLtjhy; mkpykio nga;fpwJ.
 ,jdhy; kz;> ePh;> fl;llq;fs;> fhLfs;> ePh;tho; caphpdq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
6. ehd;F jpirapYk; cs;s fhw;wpd; ngau;fis vOJf.
 ehd; tPRfpd;w jpiriaf; nfhz;Lk; jkpou;fs; vdf;Fg; ngau; #l;bAs;sdu;.
 fpof;F vd;gjw;Ff; Fzf;F vd;Dk; ngaUKz;L .
 fpof;fpypUe;J tPRk;NghJ ehd; nfhz;ly; vdg;gLfpNwd;.
  nfhz;lyhf ehd; Fspu;r;rp jUfpNwd;: ,d;gj;ijj; jUfpNwd;: kioiaj;
jUfpNwd;.
 fly; gFjpf;F NkYs;s kioNkfq;fisr; Rke;J tUtjhy; kiof;fhw;W
vdg;gLfpNwd;.
 Nkw;F vd;gjw;Ff; Flf;F vd;Dk; ngaUKz;L.
 Nkw;fpypUe;J tPRk;NghJ ehd; Nfhil vdg;gLfpNwd;: Nkw;fpypUe;J mjpf
typikNahL tPRfpNwd;: twz;l epyg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J tPRtjhy;
ntg;gf;fhw;whfpNwd;.
 tlf;F vd;gjw;F thil vd;Dk; ngaUKz;L.
 tlf;fpypUe;J tPRk;NghJ ehd; thilf;fhw;W vdg;gLfpNwd;.
 ehd; gdpg;gFjpapypUe;J tPRtjhy; kpfTk; Fspu;r;rpahd Cijf;fhw;W vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpNwd;.
 njw;fpypUe;J tPRk;NghJ ehd; njd;wy; fhw;W vdg;gLfpNwd;:
 kuk;> nrb> nfhb> MW> kiy> gs;sj;jhf;F vdg; gy jilfisj; jhz;b
tUtjhy; Ntfk; Fiwe;J ,jkhd ,ay;G nfhs;fpNwd;.
6. fhw;Wf;F toq;fg;gLk; NtW ngau;fs; ahit?
 fhw;Wf;F toq;fg;gLk; NtW ngau;fs;:
 vdf;F ,e;jg; G+Tyfpy; gy ngau;fs; cz;L.
 fhw;W> tsp> njd;wy;> Gay;> #whtsp vdg; gy;NtW ngau;fshy;
miof;fg;gLfpNwd;.
 gUtepiy> #oy;> tPRk; Ntfk; Mfpatw;wpw;Nfw;gj; njd;wy; fhw;W> G+q;fhw;W>
fly;fhw;W> gdpf;fhw;W> thilf;fhw;W> Nky;fhw;W> fPo;fhw;W> nkd;fhw;W>
,se;njd;wy;> GOjpf;fhw;W> Mbf;fhw;W> fLq;fhw;W> Gay;fhw;W> Nga;f;fhw;W>
Roy;fhw;W> #whtopf;fhw;W vdg; gy;NtW ngau;fshy; miof;fg;gLfpNwd;.