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Demystifying Big Data, Machine
Learning, and Deep Learning for
Healthcare Analytics

FIRST EDITION

Pradeep N
Professor, Computer Science and Engineering, Bapuji Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Davangere, Karnataka, India

Sandeep Kautish
Professor & Dean Academics, LBEF Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal
(In Academic Collaboration with APUTI Malaysia)

Sheng-Lung Peng
Professor, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering,
National Dong Hwa University, Taiwan
Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Dedication

Contributors

Editors biography

Foreword

Preface

Overview

Section 1: Big data in healthcare analytics

Chapter 1: Foundations of healthcare informatics

Abstract

1.1: Introduction

1.2: Goals of healthcare informatics

1.3: Focus of healthcare informatics

1.4: Applications of healthcare informatics

1.5: Medical information

1.6: Clinical decision support systems

1.7: Developing clinical decision support systems

1.8: Healthcare information management

1.9: Control flow

1.10: Other perspectives

1.11: Conclusion

Chapter 2: Smart healthcare systems using big data

Abstract

2.1: Introduction

2.2: Big data analytics in healthcare

2.3: Related work

2.4: Big data for biomedicine

 2.5: Proposed solutions for smart healthcare model

2.6: Role of sensor technology for eHealth

2.7: Major applications and challenges

2.8: Conclusion and future scope

Chapter 3: Big data-based frameworks for healthcare systems

Abstract

3.1: Introduction

3.2: The role of big data in healthcare systems and industry

3.3: Big data frameworks for healthcare systems

3.4: Overview of big data techniques and technologies

supporting healthcare systems

3.5: Overview of big data platform and tools for healthcare

systems

3.6: Proposed big data-based conceptual framework for

healthcare systems

3.7: Conclusion

Chapter 4: Predictive analysis and modeling in healthcare systems

Abstract

4.1: Introduction

4.2: Process configuration and modeling in healthcare systems

 4.3: Basic techniques of process modeling and prediction

4.4: Event log

4.5: Control perspective of hospital process using various

modeling notations

4.6: Predictive modeling control flow of a process using fuzzy

miner

4.7: Open research problems

4.8: Conclusion

Chapter 5: Challenges and opportunities of big data integration in

patient-centric healthcare analytics using mobile networks

Abstract

5.1: Introduction

5.2: Elderly health monitoring using big data

5.3: Personalized monitoring and support platform (MONISAN)

5.4: Patient-centric healthcare provider using big data

5.5: Patient-centric optimization model

5.6: The WSRMAX approach-based MILP formulation

5.7: MILP formulation-probability fairness approach

5.8: Heuristic approach

5.9: Results and discussion

5.10: Future directions

 5.11: Conclusion

Chapter 6: Emergence of decision support systems in healthcare

Abstract

6.1: Introduction

6.2: Transformation in healthcare systems

6.3: CDS-based technologies

6.4: Clinical data-driven society

6.5: Future of decision support system

6.6: Example: Decision support system

6.7: Conclusion

Section 2: Machine learning and deep learning for

healthcare

Chapter 7: A comprehensive review on deep learning techniques for

a BCI-based communication system

Abstract

Acknowledgments

7.1: Introduction

7.2: Communication system for paralytic people

7.3: Acquisition system

 7.4: Machine learning techniques in EEG signal processing

7.5: Deep learning techniques in EEG signal processing

7.6: Performance metrics

7.7: Inferences

7.8: Research challenges and opportunities

7.9: Future scope

7.10: Conclusion

Chapter 8: Clinical diagnostic systems based on machine learning

and deep learning

Abstract

8.1: Introduction

8.2: Literature review and discussion

8.3: Applications of machine learning and deep learning in

healthcare systems

8.4: Proposed methodology

8.5: Results and discussion

8.6: Future scope and perceptive

8.7: Conclusion

Chapter 9: An improved time-frequency method for efficient

diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias
 Abstract

9.1: Introduction

9.2: Methods

9.3: Proposed methodology

9.4: Experiments and simulation performance

9.5: Conclusion and future scope

Chapter 10: Local plastic surgery-based face recognition using

convolutional neural networks

Abstract

10.1: Introduction

10.2: Overview of convolutional neural network

10.3: Literature survey

10.4: Design of deep learning architecture for local plastic

surgery-based face recognition

10.5: Experimental setup

10.6: Database description

10.7: Results

10.8: Conclusion and future scope

Chapter 11: Machine learning algorithms for prediction of heart

disease
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 Abstract

Acknowledgments

11.1: Introduction

11.2: Literature review

11.3: ML workflow

11.4: Experimental setup

11.5: Supervised ML algorithms

11.6: Ensemble ML models

11.7: Results and discussion

11.8: Summary

Chapter 12: Convolutional Siamese networks for one-shot malaria

parasite recognition in microscopic images

Abstract

12.1: Introduction

12.2: Related works

12.3: Materials and methods

12.4: Proposed methodology

12.5: Results and discussions

12.6: Conclusions
Chapter 13: Kidney disease prediction using a machine learning
approach: A comparative and comprehensive analysis

Abstract

13.1: Introduction

13.2: Machine learning importance in disease prediction

13.3: ML models used in the study

13.4: Results and discussion

13.5: Conclusion

Index
Copyright
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Notices
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Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own
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Dedication

Dedicated to the almighty and our well wishers.

Contributors
Shridhar Allagi Department of Computer Science and
Engineering, KLE Institute of Technology, Hubballi, India
J. Anitha Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences,
Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
B. Annappa Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Mangalore, India
Siddhartha Kumar Arjaria Rajkiya Engineering College, Banda,
Uttar Pradesh, India
M. Bhuvaneshwari Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences,
Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
Chinmay Chakraborty Dept. of Electronics & Communication
Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi,
Jharkhand, India
Jincy S. Cherian The Bhopal School of Social Sciences, Bhopal,
Madhya Pradesh, India
S. Thomas George Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences,
Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
Yogita Gupta Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Patiala, India
Sanjeevakumar M. Hatture Basaveshwar Engineering College
(Autonomous), Bagalkot, Karnataka, India
Aboobucker Ilmudeen Department of Management and
Information Technology, Faculty of Management and Commerce,
South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Oluvil, Sri Lanka
Nagaveni Kadakol Basaveshwar Engineering College
(Autonomous), Bagalkot, Karnataka, India
E. Grace Mary Kanaga Karunya Institute of Technology and
Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
M. Karthiga Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Erode,
Tamil Nadu, India
Sandeep Kautish LBEF Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal (In
Academic Collaboration with APUTI Malaysia)
Roshni Khedgaonkar Computer Technology, Yeshwantrao
Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur, India
B. Lalith Bharadwaj Department of Information Technology, VNR
Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad,
Telangana, India
G. Madhu Department of Information Technology, VNR Vignana
Jyothi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad,
Telangana, India
M.V. Manoj Kumar Department of Information Science and
Engineering, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Bengaluru,
India
Pradeep N Computer Science and Engineering, Bapuji Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Davangere, Karnataka, India
S.S. Nandhini Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Erode,
Tamil Nadu, India
Rashmi Rachh Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, India
Mukesh Raghuwanshi Computer Engineering, G.H. Raisoni
College of Engineering and Management, Pune, India
Kumudha Raimond Karunya Institute of Technology and
Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
Sandeep Raj Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, Indian Institute of Information Technology Bhagalpur,
Bhagalpur, India
Megha Rathi Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, JIIT,
Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abhishek Singh Rathore Computer Science & Engineering, Shri
Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Vishwavidyalaya, Indore, Madhya Pradesh,
India
A. Reyana Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore,
Tamilnadu, India
B. Rohit Department of Computer Science, VNR Vignana Jyothi
Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana,
India
K. Sai Vardhan Department of Information Technology, VNR
Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad,
Telangana, India
H.A. Sanjay Department of Information Science and Engineering,
Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
S. Sankarananth Excel College of Engineering and Technology,
Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
B. Sathis Kumar VIT University, Chennai, India
Shravan B.K. Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, India
Kavita Singh Computer Technology, Yeshwantrao Chavan
College of Engineering, Nagpur, India
S. Sountharrajan VIT Bhopal University, Bhopal, Madhya
Pradesh, India
Likewin Thomas Department of Computer Science and
Engineering, PES Institute of Technology and Management,
Shivamogga, India
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Other documents randomly have
different content
 CHAPTER XLI

THE EARL’S BODY BROUGHT TO CHURCH.

Thora, the mother of Earl Magnus, had invited both the Earls to a
banquet after their meeting, and Earl Hákon went there after the
murder of the holy Earl Magnus. Thóra herself served at the
banquet, and brought the drink to the Earl and his men who had
been present at the murder of her son. And when the drink began to
have effect on the Earl, then went Thóra before him and said: “You
came alone here, my lord, but I expected you both. Now, I hope you
will gladden me in the sight of God and men. Be to me in stead of a
son, and I shall be to you in stead of a mother. I stand greatly in
need of your mercy now, and (I pray you to) permit me to bring my
son to church. Hear this my supplication now, as you wish God to
look upon you at the day of doom.”
The Earl became silent, and considered her case, as she prayed so
meekly, and with tears, that her son might be brought to church. He
looked upon her, and the tears fell, and he said, “Bury your son
where it pleases you.”
Then the Earl’s body was brought to Hrossey, and buried at
Christ’s Kirk (in Birsay), which had been built by Earl Thorfinn.
 CHAPTER LXII

THE MIRACLE-WORKING OF MAGNUS THE MARTYR.

Soon after this a heavenly light was seen above his burial-place.
Then men who were placed in danger began to pray to him, and
their prayers were heard. A heavenly odour was frequently perceived
above his burial-place, from which people suffering from illness
received health. Then sufferers made pilgrimages thither both from
the Orkneys and Hjaltland, and kept vigils at his grave, and were
cured of all their sufferings.[303] But people dared not make this
known while Earl Hákon was alive.
It is said of the men who were most guilty in the murder of the
holy Earl Magnus that most of them met with a miserable death.
 CHAPTER XLIII

THE MIRACLES WROUGHT BY THE BLESSED FRIEND OF GOD, MAGNUS.

William was Bishop of the Orkneys at this time. He was the first
bishop there. The bishop’s seat was at Christ’s Kirk in Birgishérad
(Birsay). William was bishop for six winters of the seventh decade.
[304]
For a long time he disbelieved in the sanctity of Earl Magnus,
until his merits became manifest to such a degree that God made his
holiness grow the more conspicuous the more it was tried, as is told
in the book of his miracles.
 CHAPTER XLIV

THE JOURNEY OF EARL HAKON TO THE SOUTH.

After the murder of Earl Magnus, Hákon, Paul’s son, took possession
of all the Orkneys, and exacted an oath of fealty from all men, and
took submission from those who had served Earl Magnus. He
became a great chief, and made heavy exactions from those of Earl
Magnus’s friends who in his opinion had taken part against him.
Some winters after this he prepared to leave the country, and
went to Rome. Then he also went to Jerusalem, according to the
custom of the palmers, and brought away sacred relics, and bathed
in the river Jordan. After that he returned to his dominions, and
resumed the government of the Orkneys. He became a good ruler,
and established peace throughout his dominions; he also made new
laws for the Orkneys, which the landowners liked better than the
former ones. Then he became so popular that the Orkneymen
desired no other rulers than Hákon and his issue.
 CHAPTER XLV

GENEALOGICAL.

When Earl Hákon ruled over the Orkneys there lived a noble and
wealthy man, by name Moddan, at Dal (Dale), in Caithness. His
daughters were Helga and Frákork Thórleif. Helga, Moddan’s
daughter, was the concubine of Earl Hákon, and their son was
Harald, who was called Sléttmáli (smooth-talker), and their daughter
was Ingibiorg, who was married to Olaf Bitling (little bit), the King of
the Sudreyar. Their second daughter was Margarét. Moddan’s
daughter, Frákork, was married to a man who was named Liót Níding
(miscreant), in Sutherland, and their daughter was Steinvör the
Stout, who was married to Thorliót, at Rekavík.[305] Their sons were
Olvir Rosta (strife), Magnus Orm, and Moddan Eindridi, and their
daughter Audhild. A second daughter of Frákork was Gudrún,
married to Thorstein Höld, Fiaransmunn (open-mouth). Their son
was Thorbiörn Klerk (clerk).
Hákon, Paul’s son, had a son named Paul, who was called Umálgi
(speechless); he was a reserved man, but popular. When the
brothers grew up they never agreed. Hákon, Paul’s son, died on a
sick-bed in the Islands, and his death was considered a great loss,
for in the later days of his reign there was unbroken peace, and the
Islanders suspected that the brothers would not agree well.
 CHAPTER XLVI

THE SLAYING OF THORKEL FÓSTRI.

After the death of Earl Hákon, his sons succeeded him; but they
soon disagreed, and divided the dominions between them. Then also
dissensions arose between the great men, and the vassals of each
were divided into factions. Earl Harald held Caithness from the King
of the Scots, and he resided frequently there, but sometimes also in
Scotland (Sutherland?), for he had many friends and kinsmen there.
When Earl Harald was staying in Sutherland there came to him a
man called Sigurd Slembir,[306] who was said to be the son of the
priest Adalbrekt. He came from Scotland, having been staying with
King David, who had held him in high esteem. Earl Harald received
him extremely well. Sigurd went into the Islands with Earl Harald
and Frákork, Moddan’s daughter, for her husband, Liót Níding, was
dead. She and her sister took a large share in the government with
Earl Harald. Sigurd Slembir was a great favourite with all of them. At
that time Audhild, the daughter of Thórleif, Moddan’s daughter, was
his concubine. Afterwards she was married to Hákon Kló (claw).
Before that time she had been married to Eirík Stræta; their son was
Eirík Slagbrellir.
When Sigurd and Frákork came to the Islands great dissensions
arose, and both of the Earls called together as many of their friends
as they could get. The most attached to Earl Paul was Sigurd, at
Westness,[307] who had married Ingibiorg the Noble, a kinswoman of
the Earls’, and Thorkel, Sumarlidi’s son, who was always with Earl
Paul, and was called his foster-father. He was a kinsman of the holy
Earl Magnus, and a most popular man. The friends of the Earl
thought that no man would less deplore their dissensions than
Thorkel, because of the injury done him by their father Hákon. At
last Earl Harald and Sigurd Slembir went to Thorkel Fóstri,[308] and
slew him. When Earl Paul heard this, he was very much displeased,
and gathered men together; but when their mutual friends became
aware of this, they went between them and tried to reconcile them;
and all took part in making peace. Earl Paul was so wroth that he
would not make peace, unless all those who were concerned in the
manslaying were banished. But as the islanders thought their
dissensions a great calamity, they all tried to pacify them; and the
result was that Sigurd and all those who, in Earl Paul’s opinion, were
most concerned in this crime, were banished from the Orkneys. Earl
Harald paid the manbote (compensation) for the slaughter of
Thorkel. The terms of this peace were that their friendship should be
confirmed, and that they should spend Christmas and all the chief
festivals together.
Sigurd Slembir left the Orkneys, and went to Scotland, and stayed
for a while with Malcolm, King of Scots, and was well entertained.
He was thought a great man in all manly exercises. He remained for
a time in Scotland, until he went to Jerusalem.
 CHAPTER XLVII

EARL HARALD SLAIN BY SORCERY.

Once the brothers were to be entertained at Orfjara (Orphir), one of

Earl Harald’s estates, and he was to bear the expense of the
entertainment for both of them that Christmas. He was very busy,
and made great preparations. The sisters Frákork and Helga were
there with the Earl, and sat sewing in a little room.[309] Earl Harald
went into the room where the sisters were sitting on a cross-bench,
and saw a linen garment, newly made, and white as snow, lying
between them. The Earl took it up, and saw that it was embroidered
with gold. He asked, “To whom does this splendid thing belong?”
Frákork replied, “It is intended for your brother Paul.”
“Why do you make such a fine garment for him? You do not take
such pains in making my clothing.”
He had just come out of bed, and was dressed in a shirt and linen
drawers, and had thrown a mantle over his shoulders. He threw off
the mantle, and spread out the dress. His mother took hold of it,
and asked him not to envy his brother of his fine clothing. The Earl
pulled it from her, and prepared to put it on. Then Frákork snatched
off her head-gear, and tore her hair, and said that his life was at
stake if he put it on, and both of the women wept grievously. The
Earl put on the garment nevertheless; but as soon as it touched his
sides a shiver went through his body, which was soon followed by
great pain, so that he had to take to his bed; and he was not long in
bed until he died. His friends considered his death a great loss.
 Immediately after his death his brother Paul took possession of his
dominions, with the consent of the Bœndr. Earl Paul considered that
the splendid underclothing which Earl Harald had put on had been
intended for him, and therefore he did not like the sisters to stay in
the Orkneys. So they left the Islands with all their attendants, and
went first to Caithness, and then to Scotland to the estate which
Frákork had there. Her son Erlend was brought up there while he
was young. Olvir Rosta, the son of Thorliót, from Rekavík
(Rackwick), and Steinný (Steinvor?), Frákork’s daughter, were also
brought up there. Olvir was a man of great strength, a violent man
and a great fighter. Thorbiörn Klerk, the son of Thorstein Höld, was
brought up there, and also Margarét, the daughter of Earl Hákon
and Helga, Moddan’s daughter, and Eirík Slagbrellir. All these were
men of great families, and accomplished, and thought they had
claims to the Orkneys. The brothers of Frákork were Magnus Orfi
(the liberal) and Earl Ottar, in Thórsey (Thurso), who was a noble
man.
 CHAPTER XLVIII

OF EARL PAUL.

Earl Paul then ruled the Orkneys, and was very popular. He was
somewhat taciturn, spoke little at the Things, and gave others a
large share in the government with himself. He was a modest man,
and gentle to the people, liberal with his money, and spared nothing
with his friends. He was not warlike, and kept himself very quiet. At
that time there were many noble men descended from Earls in the
Orkneys. Then there lived at Westness, in Hrólfsey (Rousay), a noble
man, by name Sigurd, who had married Ingibiorg the Noble. Her
mother Herborg was the daughter of Earl Paul, Thorfinn’s son. Their
sons were Brynjúlf and Hákon Pík (peak). All these were Earl Paul’s
vassals; so were also the sons of Hávard, Gunni’s son—Hákon Kló,
Thorstein, and Dûfniáll. Their mother was Bergliót, and her mother
was Ragnhild, the daughter of Earl Paul. There was a man named
Erling, who lived in Caithness. He had four sons, all of them
accomplished men. A man named Olaf lived in Gáreksey (Gairsay),
and had another estate at Dungalsbæ, in Caithness. Olaf was a
great man, and highly honoured by Earl Paul. His wife was named
Asleif, a wise woman, accomplished, and of a great family. Their
sons—Valthióf, Swein, and Gunni—were all accomplished men. Their
sister was named Ingigerd. Sigurd, the Earl’s brother-in-law, had
married Thóra, the mother of Earl Magnus, and their son was Hákon
Karl (man). Both Sigurd and his son were great chiefs. In Rínarsey
(North Ronaldsay) there lived a woman, by name Ragna, and her
son was named Thorstein, a man of great strength. A farmer named
Kugi, a wise and wealthy man, lived at Gefsisness,[310] in Westrey. A
farmer named Helgi lived at a hamlet in Westrey. Thorkel Flétta (a
braid), a violent and powerful man, lived in Westrey. Thorstein and
Haflidi were unpopular men. At Swiney (Swona), in the Pentland
Firth, lived a poor man, and his sons were Asbiörn and Margad,
sturdy fellows. In Fridarey (Fair Isle) lived a man by name Dagfinn. A
man named Thorstein lived at Fluguness,[311] in Hrossey (the
Mainland of Orkney), and his sons were Thorstein Krôkauga
(crooked eye) and Blán, both of them wild fellows. Játvör, the
daughter of Earl Erlend, and her son Borgar, lived at Knarrarstadir;
[312]
they were rather unpopular. Jón Vœng (wing) lived at Uppland,
in Háey (Hoy). Rikgard lived at Brekkur,[313] in Straumsey. They were
poor men, and relatives of Olaf Hrólfsson. A man named Grímkell
lived at Glettuness.[314] All these men will be mentioned in the saga
afterwards.
 CHAPTER XLIX

OF KALI, WHO AFTERWARDS BECAME AN EARL.

Kol, who was a very wise man, resided on his estates at Agdir (in
Norway), and did not go to the Orkneys. His son Kali grew up there,
and was a most promising man. He was of middle size, well
proportioned, and very handsomely shaped; his hair was of a light
auburn colour. He was very affable and popular, and highly
accomplished. He made the following verses:—
At the game-board I am skilful;
Knowing in no less than nine arts;
Runic lore I well remember;
Books I like; with tools I’m handy;
Expert am I on the snow-shoes,
With the bow, and pull an oar well;
And, besides, I am an adept
At the harp, and making verses.

Kali was frequently with his kinsman Sölmund, the son of Sigurd
Sneis. He was treasurer at Túnsberg, and had estates at Austragdir.
He was a great chief, and had a numerous retinue.
 CHAPTER L

OF KALI AND GILLICHRIST.

When Kali was fifteen winters old, he went with some merchants to
England, taking with him a good (cargo of) merchandise. They went
to a trading place called Grímsbœ (Grimsby). There was a great
number of people from Norway, as well as from the Orkneys,
Scotland, and the Sudreyar. Kali met there a man who was called
Gillichrist. The latter asked Kali about many things in Norway, and
spoke chiefly with him, so that they became companions. Then he
told Kali in confidence that his name was Harald,[315] that Magnus
Barelegs was his father, and his mother was in the Sudreyar. He
further asked him how he would be received in Norway if he came
there. Kali said that he thought King Sigurd would be likely to
receive him well, if others did not set him against him. Gillichrist and
Kali exchanged presents, and at parting they promised each other
mutual friendship wherever they might meet.
 CHAPTER LI

OF KALI AND JON.

After that Kali went from the west in the same ship. They touched at
Agdir, and from there they went to Biörgvin (Bergen). Then he made
a stanza:—
Unpleasantly we have been wading
In the mud a weary five weeks.
Dirt we had indeed in plenty,
While we lay in Grimsby harbour;
But now on the moor of sea-gulls
Ride we o’er the crests of billows,
Gaily as the elk of bowsprits
Eastward ploughs its way to Bergen.

When they came to the town, there was a great number of people
from the north and the south (of Norway), and from foreign lands,
who had brought much merchandise. The crew of the ship went to
some public places to amuse themselves. Kali was a great dandy,
and made a great display, as he was newly arrived from England. He
thought a great deal of himself, and many others thought a great
deal of him too, because he was of a good family, and highly
accomplished. In the inn where he sat drinking there was a man
named Jón Pétrsson, the son of Serk, from Sogn. He was the king’s
vassal at the time. His mother was Helga, the daughter of Hárek,
from Setr. Jón was a great dandy too. The dame who kept the inn
where they were drinking was Unn by name, a woman of good
repute. Jón and Kali soon became companions, and parted great
friends. Whereupon Jón went home to his estates, and Kali went to
his father, Kol, at Agdir. Kali stayed frequently with his kinsman
Sölmund. Thus some years passed, in which Kali made trading trips
during the summer, and spent the winters at home or with Sölmund.
 CHAPTER LII

KALI GOES INTO DOLLS CAVE.

One summer Kali went to Thrándheim; he was detained by weather

in an island called Dolls, and there was a cave called Dollshellir. It
was said that money was hidden there. The merchants went into the
cave, and found it very difficult to penetrate into it. They came to a
sheet of water stretching across the cave, and no one dared to cross
it except Kali, and one of Sölmund’s domestics called Hávard. They
swam across the lake, having a rope between them. Kali also carried
firewood and fire-making gear between his shoulders. They came to
the opposite shore, which was rugged and stony; the smell also was
there very bad, so that they could hardly make a light. Kali said they
should not go any farther, and piled up stones as a monument. Then
Kali sang a song:
Here I raise a mighty stone-pile,
In remembrance of our daring,
In this Dolls cave, dark and gloomy,
Where we sought the goblins’ treasure.
Yet I know not how the captain
Of the ocean’s gliding snow-skates
May re-cross the dismal water:
Long and dreary is the journey.

Then they returned, and came safe to their men, and it is not
mentioned that anything else happened during their journey. When
they came to Biörgvin, Kali went to the same inn, to Dame Unn. Jón
Pétrsson was there, and one of his domestics, by name Brynjúlf.
Many other men were also there, although their names are not
mentioned here.
 CHAPTER LIII

OF HAVARD AND BRYNJULF.

One evening, when Jón and Kali had gone to bed, many remained
drinking, and talked a great deal. The guests were getting drunk,
and at last they began comparing men,[316] and disputing about who
were the greatest of the landed men of Norway. Brynjúlf said that
Jón Pétrsson was the best man, and of the noblest family of all the
young men south of Stád. Hávard, the companion of Kali, spoke of
Sölmund, and said that he was in nothing inferior to Jón, adding that
the men of Vík would esteem him more than Jón. Out of this a great
quarrel arose, and as the ale spoke in them, they kept so little within
bounds that Hávard jumped up, took a piece of wood, and struck
Brynjúlf a blow on the head, so that he fainted. Those present took
hold of Brynjúlf, and sent Hávard away to Kali, who again sent him
to a priest called Rikgard, in Alvidra. “And tell him from me,” said
Kali, “to keep you till I come to the east.” Kali sent a man with him,
and they rowed to the south till they came to Grœningiasund. Then
Hávard said to his fellow-traveller: “Now, as we are out of their
reach, let us rest ourselves, and lie down to sleep.”
When Brynjúlf recovered, he was conducted to Jón, and he told
him all that had happened, and also that the man had been sent
away. Jón guessed the truth about Hávard’s destination, and ordered
ten men, led by Brynjúlf, to take a rowing boat, in which they rowed
till they came to Grœningiasund, and by that time it was daylight.
They saw a boat on the beach. Brynjúlf said: “Perhaps these men
may be able to tell us something of Hávard.” Then they went up and
found them when they had just woke up. Brynjúlf and his men
attacked them immediately with arms, and Hávard and his
companion were both slain. After this they returned to the town and
told the news to Jón, and then it was known to the whole town.
Kali considered these slaughters a great offence against himself;
and when mediators went between him and Jón, the latter said that
he would leave to him to say what amends he wished for the
offence, without prejudice to the right of the King and the parties to
the suit. Kali agreed to this, yet they were no friends from this time.
Kali went home after this occurrence, and when he saw his father he
told him the news and the result.
Then Kol said: “I think your judgment was rather strange, in that
you should have agreed to any terms of reconciliation before
Sölmund knew. I think your position is difficult, and that you can do
little else than try to be reconciled. But Sölmund would not have
acted like you if your man had been killed.”
Kali replied: “I suppose it is true, father, that I have judged rather
hastily in this matter, and you were too far away to advise me. It will
often appear that I am not so deeply wise as you. But I thought that
Sölmund had not a better chance of gaining honourable amends,
though I refused what was offered to me. And I consider it no
dishonour for you and Sölmund if he offers to allow you to
determine your compensation, though I doubt whether such an offer
will be made. But I consider myself under no obligation to Brynjúlf,
while I have made no award and no money has been received.”
Father and son had a long talk about this, and did not agree; then
they sent men to tell Sölmund the news.
 CHAPTER LIV

OF JON AND SOLMUND.

After that, Kol and Kali had an interview with Sölmund. Kol wished to
send men to Jón to try to make peace between them; but Sölmund
and Hallvard, Hávard’s brother, refused everything but blood-
revenge, and said it was not becoming to ask for settlement. Yet
Kol’s advice was taken, because he promised not to withdraw from
the case until Sölmund had received honourable amends; and Kol
was to lay all the plans. When the messengers returned, they said
they had received a most unfavourable reply to their demands, and
that Jón refused positively to make compensation for a man who by
his own act had forfeited his personal security. Sölmund said that
this had turned out just as he expected—namely, that little honour
would be gained by asking Jón for settlement; and then he begged
Kol to propose a plan that might be of some avail.
Kol replied: “Is Hallvard willing to run any risk in order to avenge
his brother, even though it may come to little?”
Hallvard said he would not spare himself in order to take revenge,
even if there were danger connected with it.
“Then,” said Kol, “you shall go secretly to Sogn, to a man called
Uni, who lives not far from Jón. He is a wise man, but rather poor,
for he has been a long time oppressed by Jón; he is a great friend of
mine, and considerably advanced in years. You shall take to him
from me six marks (of silver) weighed, in order that he may give you
advice how to take revenge on Brynjúlf, or some other of Jón’s men,
whom he considers not less a loss to him. And if this can be brought
about, Uni shall send you to my kinsman Kyrpinga Orm, at Studla,
and his sons Ogmund and Erling, and there I consider you will be as
if you were at home. Tell Uni to sell his farm and come to me.”
Hallvard prepared to go, and we are not told of his journey or
night quarters, until he came to Uni one evening. He did not tell his
true name. They inquired of each other for current news; and in the
evening, when they were sitting round the fire, the guest asked a
great deal about noble men in Sogn and Hördaland. Uni said that
none of the landed men were considered more powerful than Jón,
on account of his family and his violence; and he further asked
whether they had no experience of it in the south. When he had said
this, the guest became silent. Then the people arose from the fire,
and the two remained.
Then Uni said: “Did not you say just now that your name was
Hallvard?”
“No,” said the guest; “I called myself Saxi this evening.”
Uni said: “Then I am out of all difficulties; but if my name were
Brynjúlf, I should think yours was Hallvard; and now let us go to
sleep.”
The guest took hold of him and said: “Let us not go yet.”
Whereupon he delivered the purse, and said: “Kol sends you his
greeting and this silver, in order that you may be willing to advise
me how to avenge my brother Havard on Brynjúlf.” Then he told him
Kol’s plans.
Uni said: “Kol deserves well of me, but I cannot know what may
be done about the revenge on Brynjúlf; but he is expected here to-
morrow to fetch his concubine’s clothes.”
Thereafter he went with Hallvard to a stable which stood opposite
the door of the house, and concealed him in the manger. This was
before the people got up, but he had slept in the house during the
night. When Hallvard had been a little while in the stable, he saw a
brisk man coming to the house. He called into the house, and told
the woman to make herself ready. She took her clothes and brought
them out. Then Hallvard thought he knew who the man was, and
walked out. Brynjúlf had put down his weapons while he was tying
the clothes; and when Hallvard met him he dealt him a deadly blow,
and returned to the stable and hid himself. While the slaughter was
being committed the woman had gone into the house to take leave
of the inmates, but when she came out she saw what had occurred,
and ran in crying and frightened to such a degree that she was
nearly fainting, and told the news. Farmer Uni ran out, and said that
the man had probably been an assassin. He despatched a man to
tell Jón the news, and urged his men with great eagerness to search
for the murderer; therefore no one suspected him. Hallvard
remained in the stable until the search had slackened. Then he
went, with Uni’s advice, to Orm and his sons at Studla, and they sent
men with him to the east. Kol and Sölmund received him well, and
were then well satisfied with their case. After a while the truth came
out, and Jón was very much grieved. Thus that year passed.
Next winter, towards Yuletide, Jón left his home with thirty men,
saying that he was going to pay his uncle Olaf a visit. This he did,
and was very well received. Jón told his uncle that he was going to
Agdir to see Sölmund. Olaf dissuaded him from it, and said that he
had held his own though they parted as matters stood then. But Jón
said he was not satisfied to let Brynjúlf remain unavenged. Olaf said
he thought he would gain very little by trying; yet he had from there
thirty men, and thus he went with half a hundred men across the
hills, intending to take Sölmund and Kol by surprise. When Jón had
just gone from the north, Uni went in haste to Orm and his sons at
Studla, and they sent men with him to Kol. He arrived there at Yule,
and told them that Jón was going to attack them. Kol despatched
scouts immediately to all parts where Jón was expected; and he
himself went to see Sölmund, and they and their kinsmen waited
with a great number of men about them. They had news of Jón’s
movements, and started immediately to meet him. They met at a
certain wood, and the fight began immediately. Kol’s men were
much more numerous, and came off victorious. Jón lost many men,
and fled into the wood. He was wounded in the leg, and this wound
healed so badly that he was lame ever after, and was called Jón Fót
(leg). He came to the north during Lent, and his expedition was
considered rather ignominious. The winter thus passed, but the next
summer Jón caused two of Kol’s kinsmen to be killed, Gunnar and
Aslák.
 CHAPTER LV

THE RECONCILIATION OF THE ORKNEYMEN.

Shortly afterwards King Sigurd came to the town, and these

difficulties were laid before him. Then the King summoned both to
appear before him, and they came accompanied by their kinsmen
and friends. An attempt was made to reconcile them, and the result
was, that the King should judge all their differences, which both
parties confirmed by shaking of hands. King Sigurd, assisted by the
advice of the wisest men, then made peace between them. One part
of the agreement was, that Jón Pétrsson should marry Ingirid, Kol’s
daughter, and their friendship should be confirmed by the
connection. The killed were set off against each other. The attack on
Kol, and Jón’s wound, were set off against the loss of men in the
east. Further wounds were matched, and the difference made up.
Each should assist the other, both at home and abroad. As a result
of this reconciliation, King Sigurd gave Kali, Kol’s son, the half of the
Orkneys, jointly with Paul, Hákon’s son, and made him an Earl at the
same time. He also gave him the name of Earl Rögnvald, Brúsi’s son,
because his mother, Gunnhild, said that Rögnvald was the most
accomplished of all the Orkney Earls, and thought the name would
bring good fortune. This part of the Orkneys had belonged to Earl
Magnus, Kali’s mother’s brother. After this reconciliation, they who
were enemies before parted good friends.
 CHAPTER LVI

KING SIGURD’S DEATH.

This winter King Sigurd resided in Osló.[317] During Lent he was taken
ill, and died one night after Lady-day. His son Magnus was in the
town, and held a Thing, and was accepted king throughout the land,
agreeably to the oaths which the inhabitants had sworn to King
Sigurd. He also took possession of all the royal treasures.
Harald Gilli was at Túnsberg when he heard of the death of King
Sigurd. He had meetings with his friends, and sent for Rögnvald and
his father, because they had always been friends since they met in
England. Rögnvald and his father had also done most to help Harald
to prove his paternity to Sigurd. In this they were assisted by many
barons; among others Ingimar, Swein’s son, and Thióstólf, Ali’s son.
Harald and his party resolved to hold the Hauga-Thing[318] at
Túnsberg, and there Harald was accepted king of one-half of the
land. The oaths with which he had given up his patrimony in order
to be permitted to prove his paternity by an ordeal[319] were said to
have been given under compulsion. Then people flocked to him, and
gave in their allegiance, and soon he had many men about him.
Messages went between him and King Magnus, but it was not
until four winters had passed that they were reconciled, on the
terms that each of them should have one-half of the kingdom; but
King Magnus had the long ships, and the table-service, and all the
treasures (of his father), yet he was dissatisfied with his portion, and
showed enmity to all the friends of King Harald. King Magnus would
not hold valid King Sigurd’s gift of the Orkneys and the earldom to
Rögnvald, because he was the firmest partisan of King Harald, until
all their dealings were concluded. Magnus and Harald were three
winters Kings of Norway, and nominally at peace, but the fourth
summer they fought at Fyrileif,[320] where King Magnus had nearly
6000, but Harald only 1500 men. These chiefs were with King
Harald: his brother Kriströd, Earl Rögnvald, Ingimar from Ask,
Thióstólf Ali’s son, and Sölmund. King Magnus gained the victory,
and Harald fled. Kriströd and Ingimar were killed. Ingimar made the
following stanza:—
Fiends me drove to Fyrileif;[321]
Not with my will did I fight there.
Bit by arrows from the elmbow,
Ne’er to Ask shall I return.

King Harald fled to his ships in Vík,[322] and went to Denmark to

King Eirik Eymuni,[323] who gave him Halland for his maintenance,
and eight long ships without rigging. Thióstólf, Ali’s son, sold his
lands, bought ships and arms, and went in autumn to King Harald, in
Denmark. At Yuletide King Harald came to Biörgvin, and lay in
Flóruvagár till after Yule. Then they attacked the town, and met with
little resistance. King Magnus was seized on board his own ship, and
maimed. King Harald then took possession of the whole kingdom,
and the next spring he renewed the gift of the Islands and the title
of Earl to Rögnvald.
 CHAPTER LVII

KOL’S SCHEMES.

Kol resolved to send men to the Orkneys to ask Earl Paul to give up
half the Islands which King Harald had given to Rögnvald, and they
should be friends and good kinsmen. But if Earl Paul refused, the
same men should go to Frákork and Olvir Rosta, and offer them one-
half of the land, jointly with Earl Rögnvald, if they were willing to
take it from Earl Paul by force of arms. When they came to Earl Paul
in the Orkneys, and delivered the message, he replied: “I
understand this claim; it has been planned advisedly, and with long
forethought; they sought the help of the Kings of Norway to obtain
my possessions. Now, I will not repay this perfidy by giving away my
possessions to a man who is not nearer to me than Rögnvald is, and
refusing them to my brother’s son or sister’s son. There is no need
to talk any more of this, for with the assistance of my friends and
kinsmen I shall defend the Orkneys as long as God grants me life.”
Then the messengers saw what would be the result of their
message to Earl Paul, and went away across the Pentland Firth to
Caithness, and south into the country to Frákork, and delivered their
message, to the effect that Kol and Rögnvald offered her and Olvir
half the Islands if they were willing to conquer them from Earl Paul.
Frákork replied: “It is true that Kol is a very clever man, and it was
wisely planned to seek assistance here, as we have a great many
relatives and connections. I have now married Margaret, Hákon’s
daughter, to Moddan, Earl of Atjöklar (Athole), who is of the noblest
family of all the Scottish chiefs. His father, Malcolm, is the brother
(uncle?) of King Malcolm, the father of David, who is now King of
Scots. We have many and just claims on the Orkneys. We ourselves
have also some power. We are said also to be rather far-seeing, and
during hostilities all things do not come on us unawares; yet we will
be glad to enter into alliance with Kol and his son for many reasons.
Tell them from me that I and Olvir shall bring an army to the
Orkneys against Earl Paul about the middle of the next summer. Let
Earl Rögnvald meet us then, and come to a decisive battle with Earl
Paul; and I will collect forces together during the winter from my
kinsmen, friends, and connections in Scotland and the Sudreyar
(Hebrides).”
The messengers returned to Norway, and related how matters
stood. Next winter Earl Rögnvald prepared to go west, and the chiefs
Sölmund and Jón with him. They went the next summer, and had a
fine body of troops, though not numerous, and five or six ships.
They arrived at Hjaltland (Shetland) about the middle of the
summer, but heard nothing of Frákork. Strong and contrary winds
sprung up, and they brought their ships to Alasund,[324] and went a-
feasting over the country, for the Bœndr received them well.
But of Frákork it is to be told that in the spring she went to the
Sudreyar, where she and Olvir gathered troops and ships together.
They got twelve ships, all of them small and somewhat badly
manned; and about the middle of the summer they directed their
course to the Orkneys, intending to meet Earl Rögnvald, according
to their agreement. The wind was rather unfavourable. Olvir Rosta
was the commander of these troops, and he was to obtain an
earldom in the Orkneys if they gained the victory. Frákork was there
also with many of her retainers.
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