Water and Wastewater

Drinking water source in your house?

How many of you carry water with you?

Why?
Adequacy of water in respect of

Quality

Quantity

Supply pressure

Essential in modern society

What is the cost? How much people pay? How much you pay?
Bulk domestic: Rs. 7.00 Per K. L.
(Including Govt. Hospitals/Housing complexes (both rental & ownership)
or owned by State & Central Govt. & other public bodies as well as private
housing estates with less than25% of non-residential use)
Government Hospitals Rs. 7.00 Per K. L.
Bulk ICI Rs. 15.00 Per K. L
(Private Hospt., Defence Estab. (other than housing complexes) Railway
Estab. & other Commercial Estab.
Multistoried Buildings Rs. 12.00 Per K. L.
(With 25% or more commercial areas)
Other than KMC area
a) Domestic Rs. 12.00 Per K. L
b) ICI Rs. 18.00 Per K. L
c) Domestic + Partly Commercial Rs. 15.00 Per K. L
Bills will be raised monthly. Meter rent will be collected in addition to above charges.
Source: https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/WaterSupplyFees.jsp

Family with 5 member.

Water consumption = @200 lpcd x 5 person = 1000 L/d = 30 KL/month
Charges = 30*12 + 150 (maintenance) = Rs. 510.
Cost of bottled water = Rs. 60 per 20 L x (30000/20) = Rs. 90,000.
How will you judge water quality????????????

What about ancient people????????????

• Early human could judge water quality through the physical
sense of sight, taste and odor.

• Early people recognized the importance of water from

quantity view point.
• Mid nineteenth century

• Relationship between human waste, drinking water and disease

documented.
• In 1854, Dr. John Snow, a
public health worker in
London, noted a high
correlation between Cholera
disease case and
consumption of water from a
well on Broad Street. Vibrio cholerae

• In 1900, the concept of

waterborne disease was well
accepted after the germ
theory of disease was made
by Louis Pasteur and others.
John Snow memorial
• Many of the chemicals used in
industrial processes and
agriculture have been identified in
water.

• With the advances of science, the

trace quantities of different
chemicals in water.
What should be the quality of drinking water?
Drinking water standard: IS 10500 - 2012
 In the recent
years, the
availability of good
quality water is
becoming great
problem to us.
What about water quality in our campus?
Total Solids 2000 mg/L (500)
pH 7.5 (6.5-8.5)
Hardness(Total) 705 mg/L as CaCO3 (200)
Ca Hardness 415 mg/L as CaCO3 (75)
Total Alkalinity 335 mg/L as CaCO3 (200)
Chlorides 550-600 mg/L (250)
Iron 0.8-1 mg/L (1.0)
Turbidity 2.5 NTU (5)
 Availability of fresh water
Year Population Per capita water
(Million) availability (m3/year)
1951 361 5177
1955 395 4732
1991 846 2209
2001 1027 1820
2025 1394 1341
2050 1640 1140
 Sources of drinking water

Groundwater Surface water

• Shallow tube well • River
• Deep tube well • Lakes
• Reservoirs
 Major characteristics

Surface water Groundwater

• High suspended solids • High mineral content
• High pathogen • Low turbidity
• Less pathogens

Can you drink groundwater without treatment?

 Water Pollution?
• Water pollution may be defined as the presence of impurities in
water in such quantity and of such nature as to impair the use of
water for a stated purpose.

• Thus, impurities to be considered in a particular case depend on the

purpose of use.
• Irrigation water should not be highly saline.
• Water used for boiler should not contain hardness.
• Drinking water should be free from all toxic substances including
pathogens.
Water Quality Parameters

• Physical

• Chemical

• Bacteriological
 Water Quality Parameters
• Physical

Suspended solids

Turbidity

Colour

Taste and odor

Temperature
 Water Quality Parameters
• Chemical
pH
Total dissolved solids
Alkalinity
Acidity
Hardness
Fluoride
Metals
Organics: BOD & COD
Nutrients
 Water Quality Parameters
• Biological

Pathogens
• Bacteria
• Virus
• Protozoa
 Suspended solids

Dissolved Solids
 Sources of suspended solids
• Inorganic solids such as clay, silt and other soil constituents
• Organic materials such as plant fibers, biological solids like algal
cells, bacteria etc.
• These materials are resulted from the erosive action of water flowing
over surfaces.
• Human activities contribute large quantities of suspended solids that
are normally organic in nature in wastewater.
• Industrial activities contribute a variety of suspended solids.
• Immiscible liquids such as oils and greases are often constituents of
wastewater.
 Environmental significance

• Suspended material is aesthetically displeasing.

• It provides adsorption sites for chemical and biological agents.
• Suspended organics may be biodegradable and results objectionable
by products.
• Decrease the sunlight to penetrate in deep water resulting decrease
in photosynthesis.
 Turbidity
• Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large
numbers of individual particles.
• It is a measure of the extent to which light is either absorbed or
scattered by suspended solids in water.
• Absorption and scattering of light are influenced by both size and
surface characteristics of the suspended materials.
 Colour
• Apparent colour and True colour

• Sources
• After contact with organic debris such as leaves, conifer needles, weeds,
wood water picks up tannins, humic acids and take on yellow brown hues.
• Iron oxides cause reddish water and manganese oxides cause brown or
blackish water.
• Industrial wastes from textiles, dyeing, paper-pulp, food processing,
chemical production, refineries, slaughterhouse etc. may add substantial
coloration to water in receiving stream.
 Colour
• Impacts
• Coloured water is not aesthetically acceptable to general public.
• Highly coloured water is not suitable for laundering, dyeing, paper making
beverage manufacturing, dairy production, textiles, plastic production etc.
• Organics contributing colour to water may reduce the effectiveness of
chlorine as disinfectant.
• Chloro organic may formed which causes cancer.
 Taste and Odor
• Sources
• Many substances (such as minerals, metals, salts from soil; end products of
biological reactions; constituent of wastewater) with which water comes into
contact in nature or during human use may impact perceptible taste and odor.
• Inorganic substances are more likely to produce taste unaccompanied by
odor.
• Alkaline material impacts a bitter taste to water; while metallic salts may give
a salty or bitter taste.
• Organic matters, on the other hand, are likely to produce both taste & odor.
• Organic matters may include phenol, petroleum products etc.
• Certain species of algae secrete an oily substance that may result both taste
and odor.
 Taste and Odor

• Impacts
• Consumers prefer tasty and odor free water.
• Odor produced by organic substances may pose more than a problem of
simple aesthetics, since more of those substances may be carcinogenic.
 Temperature
• Sources

• Temperature of natural water system depends on ambient temperature (i.e.

surrounding atmospheric temperature)
• Discharge of the heated water from different industries to different water
bodies may result localized temperature changes in receiving water bodies.
• Removal of forest canopy and irrigation return flow can also result in
increased stream temperature.
 Temperature
• Impact
• Temperature changes affect the reaction rates and solubility levels of chemicals.
• Most chemical reactions involving dissolution of solids are accelerated by increased
temperature.
• Solubility of gases decrease at elevated temperature.
• Increased biological activities increases the oxidation of organics at elevated
temperature and decrease the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration is water.
• Cooler water usually has a wider diversity of biological species.
• At elevated temperatures and increased metabolic rates, organisms that are flourish,
while other species decline and perhaps eliminated altogether
• Acceleration growth of algae occurs in warm water and can become a problem when
cells cluster into algae mats.
• Aquatic animals also suffer from the elevated temperature.
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 Total dissolved solids

Sources

• The dissolved substances may be inorganic or organic.

• Inorganic substances which may be dissolved in water include minerals,
metals and gases.
• Water may come in contact with these substances in atmosphere, on surface,
within the soil.
• Materials from decay products of vegetation, from organic chemicals, from
the organic gases are common organic dissolved constituent of water.
 Total dissolved solids

Impacts
• Dissolved minerals, gases, organic constituents may produce aesthetically
displeasing colour, tastes and odors.
• Some chemicals may be toxic.
• Some of dissolved organics have been found to be carcinogenic.
• Not all dissolved organics are undesirable; some minerals are added to have a
better taste.
• Since pure water is aggressive, some readily dissolvable material is sometime
added to a relatively pure water to reduce its tendency to dissolve pipes and
plumbing.
 Alkalinity

• Alkalinity is defined as the quantity of ions in water that will react to

neutralize hydrogen ions.
• Alkalinity is thus a measure of the ability of water to neutralize acid.
• Constituents of alkalinity in natural water systems include CO32-,
HCO3-, OH-, HSiO3-, HPO42-, HS-, NH30 etc.
 Alkalinity

Impacts
• In large quantities, alkalinity imparts a bitter taste to water.
• The principal objection to alkaline water, however, is the reactions that can
occur between alkalinity and certain cations in the water
• The resultant precipitate can foul pipes and other water systems
appurtenances.
 pH

We can define pH as:

𝑝𝐻 = − log{H+ }

pH is important parameter.
 Hardness
• Hardness is defined as the concentration of multivalent metallic
cations in solution.
• Temporary and permanent hardness.
• Impacts
• Soap consumption by hard water represents an economic loss to water user.
• Soap and hard water makes the skin rough and uncomfortable
• Boiler Scale
• Deposition of precipitant in distribution system
• Hard water is beneficial to the human cardiovascular system
 Fluoride
• Fluoride is seldom found in appreciable amount in surface waters.
• Generally fluoride is associated with a few types of sedimentary or
igneous rocks and appears in groundwater in only a few geographical
locations.
• Fluoride is toxic to human also to other animals when it is present in
large quantities in water; while small concentration can be beneficial.
• Concentration of approximately 1.0 mg/l in drinking water helps to
prevent dental cavities in children. During formation of permanent
teeth, fluoride combines chemically with tooth enamel, resulting in
harder, stronger teeth that are more resistance to decay.
• Fluoride is more often added to drinking water supplies if sufficient
quantities for good dental formation are not naturally present.
 Fluoride
• Excessive intake of fluoride can often result in discoloration of teeth.
Noticeable discoloration, called mottling, is relatively common when
fluoride concentration in drinking water exceed 2.0 mg/l.

• Excessive dosages of fluoride can also result in bone fluorosis and

other skeletal abnormalities. (Conc.>5.0 mg/l).

• Affect places in India –Rajasthan; Haryana; Birbhum; Bankura; North

Bengal in WB.
 Organics
• BOD

• COD
 Nutrients
• Nutrients are the essential elements required for the growth and
reproduction of plants, animals and aquatic species.

• Among various nutrients C, N & P is very important.

• Carbon is readily available from many sources.

• In most cases, nitrogen & phosphorus becomes limiting factor for the
growth of lives.
 Blue baby syndrome or methemoglobinemia
• Apparently, low acidic condition (higher pH) in an infant’s intestinal track
permit growth of nitrate reducing bacteria that convert NO3- to NO2-, which
is absorbed by blood stream.

• Nitrite has a greater affinity for hemoglobin than does oxygen and thus
replaces oxygen in the blood complex.

• The body is denied essential oxygen.

• Because oxygen starvation results in bluish discoloration of the body,

nitrate poison has referred to as the “blue baby” syndrome.
 Pathogen
• Pathogens are disease (such as cholera, typhoid and dysentery)
causing microorganisms such as Shigella bacteria, Vibrio cholera
bacteria and Salmonella typhi bacteria.
• They mainly reach to the water bodies from the discharges of
untreated sewage.
• Indicator microorganisms such as total coliform, fecal coliform,
fecal streptococci and E. coli are used to indicate the possibility of
sewage pollution in the water.
• The higher the coliform bacteria concentration, the higher the
possibility of having pathogens in water.
• Due to the difficulty to diagnose pathogens, indicator organisms are
used instead.