‭Name:‬ ‭Grade: IG1 _______‬ ‭Roll No.

: _______‬ ‭2024-25‬
‭Subject: Biology Unit 4‬ ‭Date: ______________‬ ‭Teacher’s sign:‬

‭ nit 4 Reading Material‬

U ‭Biological‬‭Molecules‬
‭Biological molecules, also known as biomolecules, are essential components of all living organisms. They play crucial‬
‭roles in the structure and function of cells, tissues, and organs. The primary types of biological molecules include‬
‭carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Each of these molecules has unique properties and functions that are vital for life.‬

‭Carbohydrates‬

‭ arbohydrates are organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, typically with a hydrogen to‬
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‭oxygen atom ratio of 2:1, as in water. They are one of the most important sources of energy for living organisms.‬
‭Carbohydrates can be classified into three main types: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.‬

‭ onosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates and include glucose, fructose, and galactose. These simple‬
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‭sugars are the building blocks for more complex carbohydrates. Glucose, in particular, is a crucial energy source for‬
‭cells and is involved in cellular respiration, where it is broken down to release energy.‬

‭ isaccharides consist of two monosaccharide molecules linked together. Common examples include sucrose (table‬
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‭sugar), which is composed of glucose and fructose, and lactose (milk sugar), which is made up of glucose and‬
‭galactose. These sugars are broken down into their monosaccharide components during digestion.‬

‭ olysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharide units. They serve various functions, such as energy storage and‬
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‭structural support. Starch and glycogen are polysaccharides that store energy in plants and animals, respectively.‬
‭Cellulose, another polysaccharide, provides structural support in plant cell walls.‬
‭Proteins‬

‭ roteins are complex molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, but they also contain nitrogen (N) and‬
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‭many have sulfur (S). Proteins are composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. There are 20 different‬
‭amino acids that can combine in various sequences to form a vast array of proteins, each with unique functions.‬
‭Proteins are essential for numerous biological processes, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA replication,‬
‭and transporting molecules.‬

T‭ he structure of proteins is organized into four levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary‬
‭structure is the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The secondary structure refers to the local folding of‬
‭the polypeptide chain. The tertiary structure is the overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain,‬
‭while the quaternary structure involves the arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains into a functional protein‬
‭complex.‬

E‭ nzymes are a specific type of protein that act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions in the body‬
‭without being consumed in the process. Hemoglobin, another protein, is responsible for transporting oxygen in the‬
‭blood. Antibodies, which are also proteins, play a crucial role in the immune system by identifying and neutralizing‬
‭foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses.‬

‭Fats‬

F‭ ats, also known as lipids, are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules that include‬
‭triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. They are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen,‬
‭and oxygen, but in different proportions compared to carbohydrates. There are different types‬
‭of fatty acid and these can form different fats with different properties. Fats are used for‬
‭energy storage and thermal insulation in the body. Some fats, such as Phospholipids and‬
‭Steroids are a key component of cell membranes.‬

T‭ riglycerides are the most common type of fat and are composed of one glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acid‬
‭chains. They serve as a major energy storage form in animals, providing more than twice the energy per gram‬
‭compared to carbohydrates and proteins. Triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue and can be broken down into fatty‬
‭acids and glycerol when energy is needed.‬

I‭n conclusion, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are fundamental biological molecules that perform a wide range of‬
‭functions necessary for life. Understanding their structures and roles helps us appreciate the complexity and‬
‭efficiency of biological systems. These molecules not only provide energy and structural support but also facilitate‬
‭communication and regulation within and between cells, ensuring the proper functioning of living organisms.‬
‭Test of Biological molecules - starch, protein, reducing sugar, fat, vitamin C‬‭Video Link‬

T‭ esting for biological molecules is an essential part of understanding the composition of various‬
‭substances, especially in food and biological samples. Here, we will explore the tests for starch,‬
‭protein, reducing sugar, fat, and vitamin C. Each test involves specific reagents and procedures‬
‭that help identify the presence of these molecules.‬

‭Conclusion‬

T‭ hese tests are simple yet effective ways to identify the‬

‭presence of key biological molecules in various samples.‬
‭Understanding these tests can help students and‬
‭researchers analyze the nutritional content of foods and‬
‭the biochemical composition of biological samples. By‬
‭following the procedures carefully, one can obtain‬
‭reliable results that contribute to a deeper‬
‭understanding of the molecular makeup of substances.‬
‭ NA: The Blueprint of Life‬
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‭Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)‬‭is a molecule that‬
‭carries the genetic instructions for the development,‬
‭functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known‬
‭organisms and many viruses. Think of it as the‬
‭blueprint that dictates everything about an organism,‬
‭from its eye color to its susceptibility to certain‬
‭diseases.‬
‭Structure of DNA‬
‭DNA is a long molecule made up of smaller units‬
‭called‬‭nucleotides‬‭. Each nucleotide contains:‬
‭●‬‭A‬‭sugar‬‭molecule (deoxyribose)‬
‭●‬‭A‬‭phosphate‬‭group‬
‭●‬‭A‬‭nitrogenous base‬
‭There are four types of nitrogenous bases in DNA:‬
‭●‬ ‭Adenine (A)‬
‭●‬ ‭Guanine (G)‬
‭●‬ ‭Cytosine (C)‬
‭●‬ ‭Thymine (T)‬
‭These nucleotides link together to form two long‬
‭strands that wind around each other in a double helix‬
‭shape, like a twisted ladder. The sugar and phosphate‬
‭groups form the "backbone" of the ladder, while the nitrogenous bases form the "rungs".‬

‭ ase Pairing‬
B
‭The nitrogenous bases in DNA pair up in a specific way:‬
‭●‬ ‭Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T)‬
‭●‬ ‭Guanine (G) always pairs with Cytosine (C)‬
‭This is called‬‭complementary base pairing‬‭. The order‬‭of these base pairs along the DNA molecule is what carries the‬
‭genetic information.‬

T‭ he Importance of DNA‬
‭DNA is crucial for life because it:‬
‭●‬ ‭Carries genetic information:‬‭The sequence of base‬‭pairs in DNA determines the genetic traits of an organism.‬
‭●‬ ‭Replicates itself:‬‭DNA can make copies of itself,‬‭ensuring that genetic information is passed on during cell‬
‭division.‬
‭●‬ ‭Directs protein synthesis:‬‭The information in DNA‬‭is used to create proteins, which carry out various‬
‭functions in the body.‬

‭Diagram of Base Pairing‬

F‭ lip works Graphic Organisers: ALL answers are to be written in the Biology Notebook ONLY.‬
‭Mission 1A (1)‬
‭Complete the table:‬
‭Biological‬ ‭Elements‬ ‭Examples‬ ‭Function in plants and‬
‭molecule‬ ‭1‬ ‭2‬ ‭3‬ ‭4‬ ‭5‬ ‭animals‬
F‭ at‬
‭Carbohydrate‬
‭Protein‬

‭ ission 1A (2a)‬
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‭Make a flowchart for the types of Carbohydrates:‬

‭ ission 1A (2b)‬
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‭Smaller molecules make larger molecules. Fill the table with the missing words‬
‭Smaller molecule‬ ‭Larger molecule‬ ‭Function of the larger molecule in Plants or Animals as applicable‬
‭ lucose‬
G
‭Glucose‬
‭Glucose‬
L‭ actose‬
‭Fructose‬
‭Maltose‬
‭Sucrose‬
‭Protein‬
‭Lipid‬

‭ ission 1A (2c)‬
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‭Bonds hold molecules together.‬
‭Make an organised list of the various types of bonds found in carbohydrates, fats and proteins.‬

‭ ission 1A (2d)‬
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‭“Proteins are truly complex”. Justify this statement by taking points from the given reading material. Highlight the‬
‭words that are unique to proteins.‬

‭ ission 1B: Test for Biomolecules‬

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‭Complete the table below:‬
‭Biomolecule‬ ‭Reagent (Name‬ ‭Special step (if any)‬ ‭+ result‬ ‭- result‬ ‭ recaution while performing‬
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‭and colour)‬ ‭this test‬

‭Draw:‬
‭ utline structure of‬
O ‭ utline structure of‬
O ‭ utline structure of‬ O
O ‭ utline structure of‬ O
‭ utline structure of a‬
‭a glucose molecule‬ ‭a fructose molecule‬ ‭a maltose molecule‬ ‭a sucrose molecule‬ ‭lactose molecule‬

‭ utline structure of‬

O ‭ utline structure of‬
O ‭ utline structure of‬ O
O ‭ utline structure of‬ O
‭ utline structure of a‬
‭an amino acid‬ ‭a polypeptide chain‬ ‭a protein molecule‬ ‭a lipid molecule‬ ‭nucleotide molecule‬

‭ utline structure of‬

O ‭ utline structure of‬
O ‭ utline structure of‬
O
‭cellulose‬ ‭starch‬ ‭glycogen‬
‭ ission 1C - Structure of DNA‬
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‭Complete the given Graphic organiser by using words and illustrations to help you understand better.‬

‭ re Assessment: Check your understanding of the unit.‬

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‭1. Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids?‬
‭a) Energy storage b) Insulation c) Structural component of cell membranes‬ ‭d) Catalyzing biochemical reactions‬

‭ . A molecule is composed of a long chain of amino acids. This molecule is most likely a:‬
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‭a) Carbohydrate‬ ‭b) Lipid‬ ‭c) Protein‬ ‭d) Nucleic acid‬

‭ . Which element is found in all biological molecules, but is NOT a major component of carbohydrates and lipids?‬
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‭a) Carbon‬ ‭b) Hydrogen‬ ‭c) Oxygen‬ ‭d) Nitrogen‬

‭ . The primary structure of a protein refers to:‬

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‭a) The overall 3D shape of the protein‬ ‭ ) The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain‬
b
‭c) The interactions between different polypeptide chains d) The folding of the polypeptide chain‬

‭ . Glycogen is a polysaccharide used for energy storage in animals. Which of the following best describes its‬
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‭structure?‬
‭a) A long, branched chain of glucose molecules‬ ‭b) A long, unbranched chain of glucose molecules‬
‭c) A chain of glucose molecules linked to glycerol‬ ‭d) A chain of amino acids with glucose side chains‬

‭ . Which of the following statements about enzymes is INCORRECT?‬

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‭a) They are biological catalysts.‬ ‭b) They are proteins.‬
‭c) They are consumed in the reactions they catalyze.‬ ‭d) They have specific active sites.‬

‭ . The "lock and key" model describes:‬

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‭a) DNA replication‬ ‭b) Enzyme action‬ ‭c) Protein synthesis‬ ‭d) Lipid digestion‬

‭ . Which of the following is a monomer of a carbohydrate?‬

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‭a) Amino acid‬ ‭b) Fatty acid‬ ‭c) Nucleotide‬ ‭d) Monosaccharide‬

‭ . Which type of bond links amino acids together in a protein?‬

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‭a) Hydrogen bond‬ ‭b) Ionic bond‬ ‭c) Peptide bond‬ ‭d) Glycosidic bond‬

‭ 0. A student tests a food sample with iodine solution and observes a blue-black color change. This indicates the‬
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‭presence of:‬
‭a) Glucose‬ ‭b) Starch‬ ‭c) Protein‬ ‭d) Lipid‬