S-B QUESTION ANSWER

Heritage
The Indian Constitution ensures the preservation of
cultural and natural heritage through various articles
and laws:
Articles in the Constitution:
 Article 49:
o The State is responsible for protecting

monuments, places of artistic or historic

interest from destruction or damage.
 Article 51A(f) (Fundamental Duties):
o Every citizen must value and preserve

India’s rich heritage.

o It is a moral responsibility of all citizens.

Acts for Heritage Protection:

 The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological
Sites and Remains Act, 1958
 The Antiquities and Art Treasures Act, 1972
 Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (for natural
heritage)
Organizations for Heritage Conservation:
 Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
 National Monuments Authority (NMA)
  INTACH (Indian National Trust for Art and
Cultural Heritage)

2. Nishad (Australoid) Species

 The Nishads were an ancient tribal community
believed to belong to the Australoid racial group.
 They were hunters, gatherers, and fishermen
living near rivers and forests.
 They are mentioned in Hindu scriptures like the
Ramayana.
 Nishadraj Guh, a chief of the Nishads, was a
devotee of Lord Rama.
 Their descendants are believed to be part of some
tribal communities in India today.

3. Arya Caste
 The Aryans were Indo-European people who
migrated to India around 1500 BCE.
 They introduced the Vedic culture and Sanskrit
language.
 The Aryan society was divided into four varnas:
1. Brahmins – Priests, scholars, teachers.
2. Kshatriyas – Warriors, rulers.
3. Vaishyas – Merchants, traders, farmers.
4. Shudras – Laborers, service providers.
 The Aryans settled in North India in the Indus
and Ganges river valleys.
4. Dravidian Caste
 The Dravidians are believed to be the original
inhabitants of India before the Aryan migration.
 They lived in South India and parts of Central
India.
 They speak Dravidian languages like Tamil,
Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam.
 Dravidian culture is known for:
o Temple architecture (e.g., Brihadeeswara

Temple).
o Classical dance (e.g., Bharatanatyam).

o Rich literature and philosophy.

 They are linked to the Indus Valley Civilization.

5. Famous Sculptures of the Mauryan Period

 Lion Capital of Ashoka (Sarnath) – India’s
national emblem.
 Didarganj Yakshi (Patna Museum) – A polished
sandstone statue of a woman with a fly whisk.
 Pillar Edicts of Ashoka – Stone pillars inscribed
with Ashoka’s teachings.
 Rampurva Bull Capital – A finely carved
sculpture of a bull from Bihar.
 Rock-cut Elephant at Dhauli – A symbol of
Ashoka’s embrace of Buddhism.
6. What is Culture? Explain.
Culture is the way of life of a group of people. It
includes:
 Language, traditions, and customs.
 Art, literature, and architecture.
 Food habits and dressing styles.
 Social and religious practices.
Culture is dynamic and evolves over time. It helps in
shaping the identity of a society.

7. What is Natural Heritage? What is Included in It?

Natural heritage refers to landscapes, ecosystems, and
biodiversity that have scientific, environmental, and
aesthetic value.
Examples of Natural Heritage in India:
1. National Parks – Kaziranga, Sundarbans, Jim
Corbett.
2. Wildlife Sanctuaries – Gir Forest, Ranthambore.
3. Biosphere Reserves – Nilgiri, Gulf of Mannar.
4. Mountains and Rivers – Himalayas, Ganges,
Brahmaputra.

8. India as a Country with Ancient Civilization –

Explanation
India is one of the world’s oldest civilizations, with:
1. Indus Valley Civilization (2500 BCE) – Cities
like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.
2. Vedic Age (1500 BCE - 600 BCE) – Development
of Vedic culture and Hinduism.
3. Maurya and Gupta Empires – Flourishing of art,
science, and literature.
4. Medieval India – Delhi Sultanate, Mughal Empire.
India has preserved its heritage while adapting to
modern times.

9. Famous Dances of Gujarat

 Garba – Performed during Navratri.
 Dandiya Raas – Performed with sticks.
 Tippani – A dance using wooden blocks.
 Padhar Nritya – A folk dance of the Padhar
community.
 Hudo Dance – A dance of the Bharwad
community.

10. Patolas of Gujarat

 Patola is a double-ikat silk textile from Patan,
Gujarat.
 It is handwoven with complex designs.
 It is considered highly valuable and expensive.
  Traditionally worn by royal families and
aristocrats.

11. Information About Meenakarigari (Meenakari)

 Meenakari is the art of enamel painting on
metal.
 It is practiced in Gujarat and Rajasthan.
 Used in gold and silver jewelry.
 Common designs include floral and animal
motifs.

12. Short Note on Music Genre

A music genre is a category of music based on its
style, instruments, and traditions.
Indian Music Genres:
 Classical Music – Hindustani (North India) and
Carnatic (South India).
 Folk Music – Bhajans, Lok Geet, Garba songs.
 Light Music – Ghazals, Sugam Sangeet,
Bollywood music.

13. Three Tribal Dances of Gujarat

1. Tippani Nritya – A dance performed by women
using wooden sticks.
 2. Padhar Nritya – A dance of the Padhar
community, depicting fishing activities.
3. Dangi Nritya – A fast-paced tribal dance
performed in a circular formation.

14. Art of Rangalo-Rangali

 Rangalo and Rangali are characters in folk art.
 Used in storytelling, murals, and paintings.
 Depict cultural and mythological themes.
15. Explain Kathakali Dance
 Kathakali is a classical dance-drama from Kerala.
 It features elaborate costumes, heavy makeup,
and facial expressions (mudras).
 Themes are based on Hindu epics like the
Ramayana and Mahabharata.
 Performers use hand gestures (mudras) and eye
movements to narrate stories.
 Accompanied by Carnatic music, drums (Chenda,
Maddalam), and vocals.
16. Drama is a Combination of All Arts – Explain
 Drama combines acting, dance, music, literature,
painting, and architecture.
 Acting conveys emotions and storytelling.
 Music and dance enhance the mood and
expression.
  Set design and costumes contribute to visual
appeal.
 Script and dialogues represent literature.
 Drama serves as a complete artistic experience.
17. India as a Pilgrimage Site / Famous Pilgrimage
Sites
 India has been a pilgrimage center since ancient
times.
 Major Hindu sites: Varanasi, Kedarnath,
Badrinath, Rameswaram.
 Buddhist sites: Bodh Gaya, Sarnath, Kushinagar.
 Jain sites: Palitana, Shikharji, Shravanabelagola.
 Sikh sites: Golden Temple (Amritsar), Hemkund
Sahib.
 Muslim sites: Ajmer Sharif, Haji Ali Dargah.
18. The Temples of Goa
 Influenced by Portuguese and Indian architecture.
 Famous temples:
o Shri Mangeshi Temple (Lord Shiva).

o Shri Shantadurga Temple (Goddess Durga).

o Shri Mahalasa Narayani Temple (Goddess

Mahalasa).
19. Sun Temple of Konark
 Located in Odisha, built by King Narasimhadeva I
in the 13th century.
  Designed as a chariot of the Sun God, with
intricate carvings.
 A UNESCO World Heritage Site.
20. Qutb Minar
 Located in Delhi, built by Qutb-ud-din Aibak in
1199 CE.
 Tallest brick minaret (73 m high).
 Features Persian and Arabic inscriptions.
21. Taj Mahal
 Built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory
of his wife Mumtaz Mahal.
 Made of white marble, located in Agra.
 A UNESCO World Heritage Site, famous for
Persian, Islamic, and Indian architecture.
22. Elephanta Caves
 Located on Elephanta Island (Mumbai,
Maharashtra).
 Carved in the 5th-8th century CE.
 Dedicated to Lord Shiva (famous sculpture:
Trimurti – three-faced Shiva).
23. Ajanta Caves
 Located in Maharashtra (2nd century BCE – 6th
century CE).
  Rock-cut Buddhist monasteries and chaityas
(prayer halls).
 Famous for paintings and murals depicting Jataka
tales.
24. Ellora Caves
 Located in Maharashtra, built between 600-1000
CE.
 Features Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain temples.
 Famous site: Kailasa Temple (dedicated to Lord
Shiva).
25. Red Fort
 Located in Delhi, built by Shah Jahan (1648 CE).
 Made of red sandstone, symbolizing Mughal
architecture.
 Used for Independence Day celebrations.
26. Brihadeshwar Temple
 Located in Tamil Nadu, built by Raja Raja Chola I
(1010 CE).
 Dedicated to Lord Shiva.
 One of the largest temples in India.
27. Mahabalipuram Temples
 Located in Tamil Nadu, built by Pallava rulers.
 Features rock-cut temples and sculptures like
Shore Temple and Five Rathas.
28. Important Museums of India
 National Museum (Delhi).
 Indian Museum (Kolkata).
 Salar Jung Museum (Hyderabad).
 Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya
(Mumbai).
29. Museums of Gujarat
 Gujarat Science City (Ahmedabad).
 Maharaja Fateh Singh Museum (Vadodara).
 Kutch Museum (Bhuj).
 Watson Museum (Rajkot).
30. Function of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
 Preservation, excavation, and protection of
monuments.
 Maintains heritage sites like Taj Mahal, Qutb
Minar.
 Conducts archaeological excavations.
31. Need for Conservation of Cultural Heritage
 Preserves India’s history and identity.
 Boosts tourism and economy.
 Protects ancient knowledge, arts, and
architecture.
32. Measures for Cleanliness & Preservation of
Tourist Places
 1. Strict waste disposal and recycling.
2. Awareness campaigns for visitors.
3. Regular maintenance of monuments.
4. Regulating commercial activities around sites.
33. Causes of Deforestation
1. Agriculture expansion.
2. Urbanization.
3. Timber logging.
4. Mining activities.
34. Methods of Wildlife Conservation
1. Establishing wildlife sanctuaries and national
parks.
2. Implementing anti-poaching laws.
3. Raising public awareness.
4. Afforestation programs.
35. Types of Forests (Administrative Terms)
1. Reserved Forests – Highly protected, no public
access.
2. Protected Forests – Partial access allowed.
3. Unclassified Forests – No specific restrictions.
36. Effects of Renewal
 Regrowth of forests.
 Restoration of wildlife habitats.
 Better air and water quality.
37. National Park
 A protected area for wildlife and nature
conservation.
 Example: Jim Corbett National Park.
38. Sanctuaries
 Areas reserved for wild animals and plants, but
human activities may be allowed.
 Example: Gir Wildlife Sanctuary.
39. Causes of Wildlife Destruction
1. Poaching.
2. Deforestation.
3. Pollution.
4. Climate change.
40. Forest Conservation Methods
1. Reforestation.
2. Strict forest laws.
3. Wildlife conservation programs.
4. Preventing illegal logging.
41. Difference Between Sanctuaries & National
Parks
Sanctuaries National Parks
Human activities allowed No human interference
 Sanctuaries National Parks
Specific species protected Entire ecosystem protected

42. Tiger Project

 Launched in 1973 to protect Bengal tigers.
 Project Tiger reserves created across India.
 Key reserves: Sundarbans, Kanha, Ranthambore.
43. Elephant Project
 Launched in 1992 for elephant conservation.
 Focuses on elephant corridors and protection
from poaching.
 Important reserves: Periyar, Kaziranga,
Mudumalai.
44. Snow Leopard Project
 Launched in 2009 to protect snow leopards in
Himalayas.
 Reserves in Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh,
Uttarakhand.
45. What is a Mineral? Name Non-Metallic Minerals
 Minerals: Naturally occurring substances found in
the earth’s crust.
 Non-metallic minerals: Limestone, mica, gypsum,
coal, salt.
46. Properties of Lead Metal
 Soft, heavy, malleable, and corrosion-resistant.
 Used in batteries, radiation shielding, and pipes.
47. Difference Between Conventional & Non-
Conventional Energy
Conventional Energy Non-Conventional Energy
Coal, petroleum, natural Solar, wind, geothermal,
gas tidal
Limited supply Renewable
Causes pollution Eco-friendly

48. Use & Types of Iron

 Uses: Construction, machinery, tools, vehicles.
 Types:
o Pig iron – Used in manufacturing.

o Wrought iron – Used in gates, railings.

o Steel – Used in construction, bridges.

49. Steps Toward Non-Conventional Energy Sources

 Countries investing in solar, wind, geothermal,
and hydro energy.
 Example: Germany’s Energiewende policy, India’s
Solar Mission.
50. Geo-Thermal Energy
  Heat energy from Earth's core.
 Used for electricity production and heating.
 Examples: Iceland, USA, and India (Puga Valley,
Ladakh).
51. Biogas
 Produced from organic waste like cow dung,
kitchen waste.
 Contains methane, used for cooking and
electricity.
52. Six Methods for Mineral Conservation
1. Recycling metals.
2. Reducing wastage in industries.
3. Using alternative materials.
4. Improving mining technology.
5. Reforestation after mining.
6. Using non-conventional energy sources.
53. Minerals: Backbone of Economic Development
 Industries depend on minerals (iron for steel, coal
for energy).
 Boosts employment and exports.
 Essential for infrastructure and technology.
54. Coal Rock & Types
 Coal is obtained from sedimentary rocks.
 Types: Anthracite, Bituminous, Lignite, Peat.
55. Concepts
1. Minerals – Natural substances found in rocks.
2. Sustainable Development – Using resources
responsibly for future generations.
56. Concepts
1. Igneous Rocks – Formed from cooled
lava/magma. Example: Granite.
2. Metamorphic Rocks – Formed under heat and
pressure. Example: Marble.
57. Measures to Prevent Environmental
Encroachment
1. Strict laws against deforestation.
2. Reducing pollution and industrial waste.
3. Proper land-use planning.
4. Wildlife protection programs.
58. Sugar Industry
 India is the second-largest producer of sugar.
 Major states: Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Karnataka.
59. Problem of Cotton Cloth in India
 High production costs.
 Competition from synthetic fibers.
 Outdated machinery in textile mills.
60. Types of Industrial Pollution
1. Air pollution – Smoke from factories.
2. Water pollution – Chemical waste in rivers.
3. Soil pollution – Dumping industrial waste.
4. Noise pollution – Machinery and transport.
61. Paper Industry
 Uses bamboo, wood, and waste paper.
 Major centers: West Bengal, Maharashtra,
Madhya Pradesh.
62. Cement Industry
 Used in construction.
 India is the second-largest producer.
 Major states: Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra
Pradesh.
63. Industry Based on Number of Workers
1. Large-scale – Steel, automobiles.
2. Small-scale – Handicrafts, pottery.
3. Cottage industry – Home-based weaving,
embroidery.
64. Industry Based on Ownership
1. Public sector – Government-owned (BHEL, SAIL).
2. Private sector – Privately owned (Tata, Reliance).
3. Joint sector – Public-private partnership.
 4. Cooperative sector – Owned by workers (Amul).
65. Plastic Industry
 Used in packaging, furniture, electronics.
 Causes pollution and environmental issues.
66. Five-Year Plan Provisions for SC/ST
 Reservation in education and jobs.
 Financial assistance and self-employment
schemes.
67. Difference Between Terrorism & Insurgency
Terrorism Insurgency
Uses violence for fear Aims for political/military control
Targets civilians Fights against the government

68. Social Impact of Terrorism

 Loss of lives.
 Fear and insecurity.
 Disrupts harmony and unity.
69. Economic Effects of Terrorism
1. Decline in tourism.
2. Foreign investment decreases.
3. Damage to infrastructure.
4. Increase in security costs.
70. General Provisions for SC/ST (Article 15)
 Prohibits discrimination based on caste.
 Special benefits in education and employment.
71. General Provisions for SC/ST (Article 29)
 Right to protect their language, script, and
culture.
72. Naxalite Movement
 Started in West Bengal (1967).
 Maoist-inspired armed rebellion.
 Demands land reforms and rights for tribals and
farmers.
73. Concepts
1. Minority Class – Groups with smaller populations
(Muslims, Sikhs, Jains).
2. Communalism – Hatred between religious groups.
74. Special Provisions for SC/ST
1. Reservation in government jobs.
2. Special scholarships.
3. Protection from discrimination.
4. Land rights and financial aid.
75. Nature’s Management by Dr. Subhash Palekar
 Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF).
76. Rain by Cyclone (Thunderstorm)
 Heavy rainfall due to strong winds and low
pressure.
 Can cause floods and damage.
77. Characteristics of Local Earthworms
 Improve soil fertility.
 Help in decomposition.
78. Contribution of Local Earthworms
 Make soil nutrient-rich.
 Improve water retention.
79. Humus (Living Matter)
 Organic material formed from decomposed
plants/animals.
80. Carbon, Water & Energy Cycles
 Carbon Cycle: Plants absorb CO₂, animals release
it.
 Water Cycle: Evaporation → Condensation →
Rainfall.
 Energy Cycle: Sun provides energy to all life
forms.
81. Importance of Helmet
 Protects from head injuries.
82. Importance of Seatbelt
 Prevents fatal injuries in accidents.
83. Points to Observe on Square & Circle (Traffic
Rules)
 Follow zebra crossing, signals, speed limits.
84. Age Limit for Driving License
 Two-wheelers (50cc): 16 years.
 Other vehicles: 18 years.
85. Six Duties of a Driver
1. Follow traffic rules.
2. Wear a seatbelt/helmet.
3. Avoid over-speeding.
4. Don’t use a phone while driving.
5. Drive responsibly.
6. Respect pedestrians.