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The document discusses chemical compounds, focusing on the stability of noble gases and the concept of valency, which is the number of electrons an atom can gain, lose, or share during chemical reactions. It provides tables detailing the valencies of various metallic and nonmetallic elements, as well as atomic groups, and explains the properties and classifications of acids, bases, oxides, and salts. Additionally, it includes examples of chemical formulas for specific compounds and their respective compositions.
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Prep.1
Second Term
Unit One - Lesson Two
Chemical Compounds
1 Mr.Ahmed ElBasha Mob.: 01003494547- The atoms of noble elements are the most stable Atoms due to the
completeness of their outermost energy level with electrons.
- The atoms of other elements tend to enter in chemical reactions to reach the stable state to
become their outermost energy levels completed with electrons by:
Losing the outermost electrons as in metals.
* Gaining or sharing with electrons as in nonmetals.
- This number of electrons is known as "Valency".
(1 |
It is the number of electrons that an atom gains, loses or even shares
(during a chemical reaction. |
ee eee eee eee cece eee seems eens eee ee eee come eee cee ee eee ee cee
> The valency of an element is determined according tothe number of
electrons in the outermost energy level of itsatonvas in the following
table:
Electronic configuration
Element Yalency
K L M yO
| 4 Monovalent (1) GR
2 8 DEL BRBayse it loses one electron during
Monovatent (1) GR
Zell AQT seca it gains oF shares wih one
~N
Divatent 2) GR
2*| © Because it gains or shares with wo
,
Divalent 2) GR
2) 8 2 Because it loses two electrons during
= the chemical reaction.
Trivatent (3) GR
2 8 S Because it loses three electrons during
wae the chemical reaction
zero GR.
Because it daesn’flose, gain of share with
2 8 | any electrons, due to the completeness
of their outermost energy levels with
2 Mr.Ahmed ElBasha Mob.: 01003494547> The following table shows the valencies of some metallic elements :
Metallic element Valency
(_ a aed =
Lithium @ Potassium iy
= Monovalent (1)
| Sodium, Silver
|
Lead i Mercury valent (2)
us 8
Aluminium = ol Trivalent (3)
> Some metallic more than one valency SUCh as :
ad Copper I Monovalent (1)
<—— > Copper IT_ Divalent (2)
Iron IL (Ferrous Fe*2) Divalent (2)
<> Iron III (Ferric Fe*3)Trivalent (3)
3 Mr.Ahmed ElBasha Mob.: 01003494547>The following table shows the valencies of some nonmetallic elements :
Nonmetallic element Valency
fi an >
Hydrogen Chlorine
Fluorine | a Bromine j Monovalent
Divalent (2) |
Oxygen
Tetravalent (4) |
2 Some nonmetallic eleme: re than one valency Such as :
Divalent (2)
Tetravalent (4)
Hexavalent (6)
Trivalent (3)
Hee Pentavalent (5) oe
Nitrogen Phosphorus
4 Mr.Ahmed ElBasha Mob.: 01003494547rm atomic group (Radical
| Icisa set of atoms of different elements joined together and behave like |
one atom during a chemical reaction, having its own valency and it isn't
The following table shows the valencies of some atomic groups.
Atomic group Formula Valency
Hydroxide (OH
Bicarbonate «co,
Nitrate «wo, fiondyaign tay
Nitrite (o,y
Ammonium (NH,)*
Carbonate
Divalent (2)
Sulphate 0,2
Phosphate (P08 Trivalent (3)
It is a formula that répresents the number and the type of the atoms ina |
(molecule.
—— — =, he
Comparison betweeniwater molecule and sodium chloride molecule:
PAC. Water molecule Sodium chloride molecule
4, Chenfeal formula: H,0 Nac
Na
IMustrating figure
Me H u a
No.of elements Two elements : ‘Two elements,
in molecule + Hydrogen (H)* Oxygen (0) Sodium (Na). » Chlorine (Ch)
Three at Two ator
No. of ato « Two atoms of hyd One atom of sodium
in molecu clement (H) clement (Na)
+ One atom of oxygen element (0) | + One atom of chlorine element (Cl)
5 Mr.Ahmed ElBasha Mob.: 01003494547> Write the chemical formula for each of the following molecules and mention the
number of forming elements and the number of atoms in each molecule.
1. Hydrogen chloride.
2. Sodium hydroxide.
3. Magnesium sulphate
4, Calcium carbonate.
5. Sodium carbonate.
ad Chemical No.of elements No. of atoms
formula forming the molecule in the molecule:
HCl
1. Hydrogen chloride 2 a
1) 2 J
HCI
Na OW QW
2. Sodium hydroxide Sr A 3
NaOH
Mg SO¢ =
3.Magnesum sulphate 3% 3 1414426
Mgs0,
= — |
t cay.co,
4. Calcium earbonal > | +
‘ali mW 3 | t4t43e5
\
5.Sodlfm carbonate | 4 3 | 2414326
,
f Na,CO, |
SSS
© Acids} ~~ @Bases (Alkalis)) © Oxides © Salts
G Mr.Ahmed ElBasha Mob.: 01003494547|
|
ps fexcept (OH gro [except oxygen
| They are substances
(materials) which dissociate in
| water producing positive
\ hydrogen ions H* = eS ee i
——————
1 They have a sour taste, 2 They change the colour of illic
litmus paper into cedp
Examples
Due to :th
| They are substances which | PEG OR comers: \ a
dissociate in water producing, | Potassium hydroxide (KOH).
Calcium hydroxide (limewater} (Ca(OH).
\ negative hydroxidegions (OH) J
Properties of bases (alkalis
| TheiPaqueous solutions have 2 They change the colour of rec!
abitter taste and feel slippery. litmus paper into blue.
Cantaloupe has a biter taste
Due (o + the presence of the negative hydro
7 Mr.Ahmed ElBasha Mob.: 01003494547| They are compounds resulted from the combination between oxygen and
@ element even though it is a metal or a nonmetal. |
Sea ee ee
Oxides are classified into
1 Metal oxides 2 Nonmetal oxides
They are formed from the combination
They are formed from the combination
of oxygen with a metal
of oxygen with a nonmetal.
(
Examples : Examples
~ Sodium oxide (Na,O). Carbon dioxide (CO, 1
Aluminium oxide (AI,0,). Sulphur tioxide (SO) y
fa 5 =
ne are compounds resulted from the combinationof a positive metal ion (or a |
positive atomic group) with a negative atomic gtottp (ora negative nonmetal ion |
except oxygen). J
ee
Salts are produced from tRe,combination of
© Positive meta ion © Positive atomic
A Negative © Nefie 8 Newat
nonmetal fo com Group 0 atom er
Exomploga, A ExaTples Examples : Examples
soln fon "Bodiam nitrate Ammonium Ammonium
rie NaNc chloride sonal
Nach NHC H,),CC
A Pass Unhydrous copper|_ - Ammonium Ammonium
Po sulphate bromide vita
usc Nii N
Properties of salts
Salts are variant
of their properties such as
Salts differ according to the solubility in water
[A Salts dissolve (soluble) in water
Ex:
Sodium chloride (NaC).
8 Salts do not dissolve insoluble) in water
Ex:
Silver ehloide (AgCI
Potassium sulphate (K,S0,) Lead iodide (Pb
Calcium nitrate (Ca(NO.), Lead sulphate (PbSO,
Soxium sulphide (Na,S)
Mr.Ahmed ElBasha
Mob.: 01003494547