CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

 Use burnt solid clay bricks, solid concrete  Use mortar in the ratio of 1:3:0.5 (cement:
blocks, hollow clay tiles or hollowconcrete sand: water) for 115 mm thick masonry
blocks. walls and 1:6:0.5 (cement: sand: water) for
Masonry  Masonry units should be watered for 230 mm thick masonry walls.
about4 hours before laying. Mortar  Adequate quantity of water should be
Units
 Masonry units should have a minimum of added such that sufficient workability in
35 kg/cm2 compressive strength, uniform mortar i s achieved during i ts
(For details refer IS 3495:1992) (For details refer IS 2250:1981)
shape, size and a maximum of 20% water application.
absorption.
 Use minimum M20 (1:1.5:3) grade of
 Use hard, clean and crushed aggregates concrete in foundation, plinth beam, bond
that should be free from any kind of beams, tiecolumns and slab.
material that could result in Concrete  Use super-plasticizer in concrete mix to
Aggregates deteriorationofconcrete. achieveadequateworkability.
 Use 20 mm down aggregate in footing,
plinth beam, bond beam, tie column (For details refer IS 1199:1959)
(For details refer IS 383:1970) andslab.
 Use Fe 415 or higher grade of steel as
 Do not use cement which is more than 3 reinforcement.
monthsold.  Do notuse corroded,old orbentbars.
 Store cement in a dry and moisture proof Reinforcement  Store reinforcement bars on a platform
building or shelter and it should be Bars toprevent corrosion.
Cement covered with plastic sheets to avoid  Apply cement slurry over rebar to
hardening. protectfromcorrosion.
(For details refer IS 1786:2008)
 Stack cement on a platform, 150-
(For details refer IS 1489:1991) 200mmabove the floorlevel.
 Do not open the cement bags until
requiredforusage.
 Use potable water for mixing and curing,
 Use river sand for construction. Do not use which should be free from organic matter,
sea/beach sand as it may contains salts oils, acids, salts or any other substance that
which could result in corrosion of steel. Water could result in deteriorationof concrete
Sand  Use well graded sand and it should be free orsteel.
from mud or any kind of dirt, silt or
organicmatter. (For details refer IS 3025:1987)
(For details refer IS 2116:1980)
 ON- SITE MATERIAL QUALITY TESTS
BRICKS
 Take 6 random samples of bricks and calculate its average dry weight. Immerse bricks in water for 24 hrs, then again calculate their
average weight. The difference in final average weight and initial average weight indicates the amount of water absorbed by the bricks. It
should not exceed 20% ofaverage weightofdry bricks.
 Closely observebricks for uniformityof their shapes, size and colour. Bricks should be rectangular in shape with sharpedges.
 Put a scratch on the bricksurface with finger nail. Forbrick to be hardenough, noimpression or mark should be visible on the surface.
 Gentlystruck twobricks with each other. A good qualitybrick willnotbreak and will generate ametallic sound.
 Break abrick and examine its structure. It should be homogeneous, compact and free from holes and lumps.
 Conduct compressive strength tests on randomly selected brick samples. (Refer IS 3495: (Part 1) – 1992)
CEMENT
i
 Open the bags to check the presence of lumps. Presence of lumps is the indication that setting has started, and thus that cement shall not
be suitable.
 Take a pinch of cement and rub it between fingers. It should give a smooth texture, otherwise if it is rough, it indicates that the cement is
adulteratedwith sand.
 Smell a pinch ofcement. If it gives anearthy smell, it indicatesthat cement is adulterated with clay and silt.
 Put a small quantityof cement in abucket ofwater. Cement should sink and mustnot float on water.
 Cementshould be uniform in colour. Colour ofcement is grey with a lightgreenish shade.
SAND
 Take a transparent glass, half filled with water. Add sand, 1/4th volume of glass in water and shake vigorously. After a minute, a distinct
layer of settledsilt and sand will be noticed. Measure its depth and calculate percentof silt content, which should be limited to 5%.
 Rub a pinch of sand between the fingers. If fingers get stained, it indicatesthat the sand is adulterated with the earthy matter.
 Add solution of caustic soda in sand to detect the presence of organic impurities. If the colour of solution changes into brown, it indicates
the presenceoforganicimpurities.
REINFORCEMENT
 The bend test should be carried out with bending devices as specified in IS 1599: 1985. Absence of cracks in rebar shall be considered as
the evidence that the test piece withstood the bend test.
 The tensile strength test and elongation of steel should be carried out with reference to IS 1608: 2005. Tensile strength obtained from the
test should be equal to the strength specified by the manufacturer.
 The pull-out test should be carried out to determine the bond stress in rebar. The rebar specimen should be placed in testing machine such
that the bar is pulled axially from the cube. The test procedure should be followed and bond stress should be calculated in accordance with
IS 2770 (Part1):1967.
 CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES
CONCRETE
 Mix cement, sand, coarse aggregate, water and super plasticizeras per the mix design.
 Concrete mix should be consumed within 30 minutes afterpreparation.
 During casting, concrete should be properly mixed and compacted bymechanical means.
 Exposed surfaces of casted concrete should be properly cured; either byponding or bycovering with wet hessian cloth for a minimum of 7 days.
(For details refer IS 456: 2000, IS 10262: 2009, IS 1199: 1959, IS 2386: 1963, IS 516: 1959)
MASONRY

 Provide10 mm thick mortar in joints ofmasonry courses.

 Maximum 1.2 m high brickworkshould be carried out in one day.
 Fill gapbetween masonry and beam soffits just before plaster.
 Provide8 mm reinforcement bar in 115 mm masonry walls afterevery fourth course.
 The joints and edges should be properly formed and excessive mortar from the joints should be neatlyremoved bya trowel.
 Restrictlength/thicknessratio ofwall to 20. Otherwise provide pilaster (brick column) to fulfill this requirement.
 Masonry walls should be cured for 7 days.
(For details refer IS 3495: 1992, 1077: 1992, IS 2212: 1991, IS 6042: 1969, IS 3012: 1971)
MORTAR

 Mortarshould be preparedusing measuring boxes and the mixing of mortar should be done in mortar pan in designed proportions.
 Mix cement and sand properly so that it gives uniform color and workable consistency.
 Fist prepare dry mix of mortar (cement and sand) in adequate quantity and add water in appropriate quantity when required, so that
wet mortarmix can beutilized within 30 –45 minutes.
 The mortar used in masonry should not contain excessive water.
refer 2250: 1981 IS, IS 3085: 1965)
 REINFORCEMENT DETAILING
135° Hook
STIRRUPS 6d(>65mm)long

 The reinforcement detailingof stirrups should be provided as shown in the figure.

 Ensurethat stirrupsare properly tied with binding wires.
BEAM Stirrup

Longitudinal
 The reinforcement detailingin beams should be provided as shown in the figure. Bars(dia=d)
 Lap splices should not be provided within a joint. The laps may be provided in L/3 to L/4 region of
beam.
Lap length should not be less than the development length. Not more than 50% of the cross-sectional
area ofbarsshould be spliced atanysection.
 Place longitudinal bars carefullywith adequateconcrete coverof 25 mm. Stirrup Detailing

L
No Lap Region RCColumn

Stirrup Stirrup Stirrup

Spacing Spacing Spacing
<D/2 < 150mm <D/2
bar diameter

D
Approx 60
times the

Lateral Longitudinal
Ties Bar
2D Lap(50d) at 2D
Stirrup Spacing RCBeam Stirrup Spacing No Lap 135° hook
L/3 toL/4 Cross-tie 6d(>65mm) long
minimum of minimum of Region
D/4, D/4,
8xdiameterof 8xdiameterof
longitudinal bar longitudinal bar
or 100mm or 100mm

Reinforcement Detailing in RC Beam

COLUMN
 The reinforcement detailingin columns shall be provided as shown in the figure.
 Place longitudinal bars carefullywith adequateconcrete coverof 40 mm.
RCColumn
 The laps in longitudinal reinforcement of column shall be spliced in mid-half length and confined with
ties at 150 mm spacing. Notmore than 50% cross-sectionalarea ofbarsshallbe lapped ata section.
d = Diameter of ties
 The detailingof reinforcement in beam-column joints at end span shallbe as shown in the figure.
 Providecross-ties if parallellegs of lateral ties arespaced atadistance ofmore than 300 mm c/c. Cross Tie and 135⁰
 Mechanicalsplicing shallbe adopted forbarsofdiameterlarger than 32 mm. Hook in Lateral Ties
 Approx 60 times the bar
diameter
Top
Reinforcement

the bar diameter

Approx 60 times
RCBeam
Spacing of ties not more
than D/4, 6 xdiameter of

h/6
longitudinal bar 100mm Bottom

h/4
Reinforcement
RC Column
Longitudinal
Reinforcement
Spacing of ties
not more than
D/2
Kink by 1 At Intermediate Floor End Span
Lapping of in 6(max)
longitudinal
bars inmiddle
h

half of Spacing of ties in lap

column & not length shall be smaller of Top
more than D/2or 150mm Reinforcement
50% of bars
shall be

the bar diameter

Approx 60 times
spliced at a
section
Spacing of ties
not more than
D/2 RCBeam

Bottom
h/4

Spacing of ties not more Bend Column Reinforcement

h/6

than D/4, 6 xdiameter of Reinforcement

longitudinal bar or 100mm into Beam

Longitudinal
Reinforcement

RC Column

At Roof Floor End Span

Reinforcement Detailing in RC Column At Beam-Column Joint

 SLAB
 The reinforcement detailingin slabs shallbe provided as shown in the figurebelow.
 Cranks in slabs arenot permittedue to poorperformancein seismic shaking.
 Minimum slab thickness shallbe 100mm.
 Generally, slab thickness shallbe calculatedasshorterspam/28 or 100 mm, whichever is higher.
 The minimum cover to reinforcement shallbe notless than 15 mm, norless than the diameterof bar.

One -way slab

When ratio of longer span to shorter span of slab is greater than 2)

Topnegative Topnegative
Top negative reinforcement reinforcement
inforcement oversupport RC Slab oversupport
Bottom over support
EdgeBeam Main Bars 0.3 L3 0.3 L1 0.1 L1

Bottom

Shorter Direction
Distribution 0.1 L1 Intermediate Edge
Bars Beam Bottom Bottom
Distribution MainBar Beam
Bars
L3 L1

SECTION A-A

(L1 )
0.3 L1 Edge
Beam RC Slab No negative
reinforcement
Intermediate
Beam

L3
0.3 L3 Edge
Intermediate Bottom Beam
Beam Distribution
Bottom Bar
MainBars
L4 Longer Direction (L2) L4 L2
(L2 >2L1) Top negative
reinforcement
over support
SECTION B-B
Two-Way Slab
(When of longer span to shorter span of slab is less than 2)
EdgeBeam nBars
Distribution Bars at Top
(Minimum 2 bars) Topnegative
RC Slab reinforcement

0.3L3 0.3L1 0.1 over support

Bottom L1
Distribution 0.1L1
Bars
Topnegative Edge Beam
reinforcement Intermediate
Beam Bottom
oversupport Bottom Main Bar
Distribution
0.3L2 0.1L2 L3 Bars L1

Shorter Direction
0.3L4

SECTION C-C

(L1 )
Topnegative
reinforcement 0.3L1 Top negative
oversupport reinforcement Distribution Bars at Top Top Negative
oversupport RC Slab (Minimum 2 bars) Reinforcement
0.3L4 0.3L2 0.1 L2 Over Support
0.3L3
Intermediate
Beam EdgeBeam
Edge

L3
Intermediate Bottom Beam
Beam Bottom Distribution Bar
Main Bars
L4 L2
SECTION D-D
L4 Longer Direction(L2) Rebar Top

PLAN(L2 <2L1 ) Chair Reinforcement

Distribution
Reinforcement
Top Reinforcement
Approx RC Slab t t-70mm
60 times Minimum
the bar L/7 75 mm 100mm
diameter
L/3 RC Cantilever
RCBeam Slab 10 mm  bar Bottom
L Reinforcement

Cantilever Slab from Beam Rebar Chair in Slab Reinforcement

QUALITY ASSURANCE CHECKS
MASONRY WORK
Description

Curingof masonry units.

Distribution of masonry courses as perthe height to be achieved
fornextlevel.
Mortar mix as specified (1:3 for 115 mm thick walls and 1:6 for
230 mmthickwalls).
Joints thickness (notmorethan12 mm).
rticalprofile and flatness of wall.
Reinforcement/Dowels in place, as per the specification (8 mm
th
reinforcementbar afterevery 4 course).
Jointseven andracked.
Door/windowopenings as perdrawing.
Lintelbeams providedas perdrawing.
Block work done in layersnotexceeding 1.2 m.
Unwantedparticles are removed.
Masonry datemarked after end of day’swork (for 7 days curing).
 PLASTER

Description

Double Scaffoldingforplasteringwall
Wettingmasonry surface beforeplastering
Mortar mix as specified (1:3 for 115 mm thick walls and 1:6 for
230 mmthickwalls)
All holes and gaps are properlyfilled
Under Coat : Plaster to be finished to a true and plumb surface
and the surface shall be left rough and furrowed 2 mm deep
Finishing Coat: Check final finish & groovesas perdrawing
Finished plaster has even surface and proper degree of
smoothness
Check work visually after completion for groove lines, joints,
andsharpness ofcorners
Mark the date after completion to have control over curing. The
plasterto bekeptwet fora period of 7 days
Cleanliness and unwantedparticles cleared away.
 ROOFING WORK

Description

Unwanted particles, dust, foreign material or any deposits of

contaminantsare removed.
Requiredslope maintained.
Diameterof rainwaterpipe is more than 80 mm.
Concrete is filled in thegapbetweenhole and pipe.
Anchor rods are placed to hold pipes in position.
Conformity of thermal insulation and water proofing materials
to relevant IS codes and contract specifications.
The sides of khurras and sides of outlet are rendered, rounded
and top structure of khurras as is lower than level of adjoining
roofsurface.
The exposed surface of the gola is plastered with cement mortar
orwater proofing treatmentas specified in contract.
Thefinished surface is cured at least for 7 days.
 FLOORING

Description

Type, size, colour, quality etc. of tile/marble as per the

specifications.
Freefrom damage, scratches, cracks, chips & bubbles.
Adhesive/ cement mix isproper
Bedding layer of average thickness 20 mm provided with
minimum thickness at anyplace not less than 12 mm.
Preparedsurface is clean and freefrom loose materials.
Layout/ alignment is properwith levels marked forproper slope.
Machine is used or cutting marble/ tiles for uniformity and
edges are even and at right angle.
Properfinishing around drains, switches & fittings is done.
Regular& continuous joints with neat appearance.
Tiles bedded& pointedin grout.
In tiling work, grey cement slurry of honey like consistency is
spreadat therateof 3.3 kg of cement /sqm.
In tiling work, variation of individual dimension from average
value of length/breadth not to exceed ± 0.5 mm and tolerance in
thickness ± 0.4 mm.
 WATER PROOFING

Description

Existing surface is free from foreign particles, dust, organic

matteretc.
Sprinkling of water to make the surface saturatedwet.
First coat of tapecrete slurry (1 P-151 :2 cement) as per
manufacturer’sspecification.
Additional coat of tapecrete paste (1 P-151:2 cement:5 Silica
sand) at corner junction, as per manufacturer’s specification.
Second coat of tapecrete slurry (1 P-151 :2 cement) as per
manufacturer’sspecification.
Third coat of tapecrete slurry (1 P-151 :2 cement) as per
manufacturer’sspecification.
The time gap between two subsequent coat be between 2-4
hrs. Thickness of all thethreecoats becomes 0.50mm.
Finally,after 48 hrs., 12mm thick 1:4 protection plaster is done.
Check, if all thepipe peripheryare sealed with mortar.
Check the result of hydro test and ensure that the record of
hydrotest are being maintained in proper format.
Ensure that the filling in sunken portion is carried out very
carefully.
 PAINTING WORK

Description

Scaffolding (if necessary) to be on double supports, but clear of

allthewalls.
Pieces of old gunny bags tied on the top of ladders (if used) &
legs ofscaffolding.
Surface to bepaintedis even and freefrom anykind of dirt.
Forpainting of ceiling, proper stage scaffolding is provided.
Paint is of approved colour, brand and company.
At a time, only required and sufficient quantity of paint is
prepared.
Thenumber of coats applied meet the specifications.
st
1 coat / Sealercoat.
2ndcoat / Mid coat.
3rdcoat / Finish coat.
After the final coat, the surface presents a uniform appearance
anddesiredfinish.
 WOOD WORK

Description

Panels are of approved quality, thickness and type.

Moisturecontentof timber is within specified limits.
Testfor moisture contenton each lot is carriedout.
Wood preservative paint is applied wherever woodwork is in
contactwith thebrick masonry orconcrete.
Flush door shutters from approved vendors and of correct
dimensions.
All wood work carried out as per the dimensions given in the
drawings.
Timber is always sawn in thedirectionof the grains.
Rebates, rounding or moulding is donebeforethemembers are
jointedinto frames
i