Week 1

Venue: Auditorium. Time: 12pm-1pm

Lecture on GST 122: Use of Library
CONCEPTS OF A LIBRARY

Introduction
Society is constantly in need of different kinds and levels of information. Documented
information is provided for those who need them by libraries and other information agencies.
Information on virtually every subject is abundantly available globally but may not be available
to the person or organization that badly needs it. Modern developments in science and
technology have significantly increased the world's capacity to generate and manage information.
Despite the enormous amount of information generated daily worldwide, many people still have
unsatisfied information needs. Libraries mediate between the world of information and the end-
users of information so that the right information gets to the right user at the right time.

Objectives
At the end of this lecture,you should be able to:
1. Define Library;
2. Identify types of library;
3. State the functions of each library;
4. State the roles of library.

CONTENT
Meaning of Library
The word library is derived from the Latin word, Liberi-liberi, which means book!
The earliest libraries were mere collections of books and records. However, over the centuries,
the library concept has undergone a metamorphosis. Libraries are no longer regarded as mere
collections of books but dynamic institutions providing societal information needs and
preserving societal records systematically and scientifically.
The library can also be described as a social institution for the exploitation of knowledge
contained in published matter.
Library also can be defined as a collection of information resources in diverse forms
systematically organized for easy retrieval and use.

Attributes of a Library
What a layman in our society calls a library is not library, but a mere collection of books often
acquired with no specific policy and administered in a manner in contradiction to the purpose of
the collection.The following, therefore, are the attributes of a library:
 i. There must be a convenient space or accommodation set aside for no other purpose but
library operations;
ii. There must be a dynamic collection of books and other ephemeral materials in the library
space;
iii. The materials must be systematically organized in a useful order, stored, and preserved for
posterity;
iv. Only a person who has undergone formal education and training in librarianship (librarian,
library officer, teacher-librarian) must be in charge of the Library.
v. People must be allowed to use the Library at specified time. In other words, there must be
library users.
Keeping a collection, no matter the quantity and quality, out of the reach of prospective users
negates the concept of Library. Libraries have a common objective of acquiring information
materials such as books, newspapers, journals, magazines, photographs,maps, films, microfilms,
CD-ROMS, and other forms of records: These are systematically organized, processed,
preserved, and disseminated to users to meet their educational research, information and
recreational needs.

Library Services
Library services are provided to satisfy the library users' information, educational, and
recreational needs. Services to users could be directly through contact with them or indirectly
through activities carried out "behind the scene." There are two major types of library services.
Technical services and readers' services.

Differences between Libraries and Bookshops

Finally, I want to clarify that a library, a bookshop, or a book collection of any type are two
different entities even though they may house a collection' of books and related materials
arranged by the personnel working there. Let us look at libraries and bookshops as examples.
a. The books in a library are arranged in a
predetermined order according to the classification scheme used in the Library. Materials
in book shops are arranged in broad subject areas without following any particular
scheme.
b. The books in a library are meant to be browsed
through, read, studied, and perhaps borrowed. But the books in the book shops are
browsed, and if necessary, bought.
c. Book shops generally do not provide seating and
reading spaces for those who go there. But libraries do. They provide chairs, tables and
sometimes carrels.
d. Libraries have catalogues. This is an index of the
holdings of the Library. The information in the catalogue directs the users to the
materials on the shelves. Catalogue and indexes may be available in bookshops but are
 not for public usage.
e. The library users are a specific group of readers
who might have registered before they can make use of the Library. On the other hand,
the bookshop is open to anyone who wants to enter it.
f. The library collection is based on user needs, such
as recommendations by users, library staff, etc. The collection of a bookshop is based on
sales.
g. Thus, while a library may possess only one or a few
copies of particular books, the book shops hold several copies for sale, especially if they
are in great demand.
h. Professionally qualified librarians man the libraries
with a personal commitment to bringing books, information, and readers together in a
fruitful way,
In this lecture, an attempt has been made to give a brief history of the development of libraries in
ancient times. Four different definitions of libraries were given, and a distinction was made
between libraries and other book collections like the book shops.

Historical Development of Libraries

Libraries, like most other institutions, have a history. The establishment of the library
institution is rooted in the need for man to store records of his activities for future use. Man,
since ancient times, engaged in various activities of commerce, trade, politics and administration
that led to the creation and generation of knowledge. This knowledge was recorded in a very
large human memory and transferred to future users via oral and aural means such as songs,
folklores, proverbs, incantations, mimes, poems and others. Much of this slipped away because
human memory is limited. Therefore, man invented better techniques and tools for documenting
his activities and keeping the records that emanated from them.

Through language, man-kind has been able to record history and transmit its culture from one
generation to another. Investigating past events to find solutions to current problems, keeping
abreast of recent happenings, and serving as a repository of heritage and civilization of the
people form the focal point of library development. These and several other library uses must
have necessitated establishing several types of libraries. This lecture, however, will focus
explicitly on the historical development of libraries.

The Origin of Libraries

In describing the origin of the Library, It will be categorized into three eras. These are the
Ancient Times, Medieval Times, and Modern Era/Renaissance Period

ANCIENT Times:
• The Sumerians
 • The Greece
• The Egyptians
• The Romans
Ideography was the first form of documentation invented by man. These are used to depict,
explain or represent a situation, idea, or action. Early civilizations from Egypt to Babylon used
different forms of ideographs. Egyptians' type was referred to as "hieroglyphics," while those of
Mesopotamians were called "cuneiforms".

Hieroglyphics are ideographs on papyrus, while cuneiforms are ideographs on clay tablets.
Accumulation of this writing by successive civilizations led to the establishment of libraries. The
need to store the various formats of knowledge containers led to the establishment of libraries. In
ancient civilizations, libraries were kept in sacred places such as temples and shrines under
heavy security and surveillance. Access to materials in these early libraries was exclusive to the
nobles of the society and this exclusivity made the institution vulnerable to destructive attacks
during war situations.

Greeks and Romans influenced the development of the library institution tremendously.
Monastries in the middle ages also contributed in no small way to knowledge preservation. But
the singular event that brought landmark development to scholarship and knowledge
preservation was the 15th centuy invention of the printing press by Johann Gutenberg. This
produced some significant end-results that transformed scholarship as well as human
development. Such effects include:

 production of authoritative versions of texts;

 the ability to produce more copies of the text;
 establishment of more libraries and private collections;
 ability to cover more subjects and disciplines in knowledge;
 development of new technologies for managing libraries;
 increased level of literacy due to establishment of public libraries;

establishment of universities

Generally, three forms of writing surfaces were most widely used in ancient times, and most of
the surviving records are on one of these three. The one that was commonly used in time and the
geographic area was papyrus. Papyrus grew along the lower Nile and throughout the
Mediterranean area. To prepare a writing surface from the papyrus read, the outer bark was
removed, and the inner, soft pith was sliced into thin, narrow strips. From these strips, a sheet of
rough paper-like materials was produced through the pounding. This sheet was then dried and
polished with stone to form a suitable writing surface that would readily absorb ink and
withstand ordinary handling. The writing was usually done in lines parallel to the length of the
strip, forming columns or pages perpendicular to the length. The end of a completed manuscript
was glued to a cylindrical stick of wood, metal, or ivory, and the strip wound around the central
core. The complete roll of papyrus manuscript might be encased in a cylinder of pottery or metal,
ivory or leather, and labeled appropriately.

Another writing surface, very similar in form (but not substance) to the papyrus was the
parchment roll. "Parchment" or vellum was the specially prepared hide of the young sheep or
goat. The completed parchment was trimmed to page size and also into long rolls. Parchment
was more durable than papyrus and had the advantage of being suitable for writing on both sides.
The clay tablet was another popular writing material in ancient times. It was widely used in the
Mesopotamia Valley and neighbouring areas. The earliest writing on clay tablets is in vertical
columns, begins at the top of the tablet's right-hand side, and ends at the bottom of the left-hand
side. Many centuries later, the method of writing changed; it was done in horizontal lines
beginning at the top left-hand side and ending at the bottom righthand side, as in the modem
style.

MEDIEVAL TIMES: the three libraries identified as crucial players in the historical
development of libraries in Europe were: 1. Monastic libraries, Cathedral libraries, and
University libraries. In the Medieval period, private libraries dominated the library scene.
Libraries were part of the necessary setup of religious institutions, especially monasteries. The
monasteries acquired their book collections. Monasteries were established as places of the
dedication of one's life to God for life. The Monks in monasteries devoted their lives to prayer
and spiritual meditation. To keep knowledge of the scriptures alive, they established a
Scriptorium where people sat down to copy existing documents or manuscripts by hand-writing.
Cassiodorus greatly inspired monastic life. He gave up his statesmanship for monasticism. He
ensured that everybody in his monastery was educated. He was the first man in the West to
aspire to a systematic collection of necessary religious and profane literary works. To
Cassidorus, we are indebted to the transmission of many literary monuments from antiquity to
the Middle Ages.

Monastic libraries: they preserved writings such as ancient manuscripts, writing of the early
church fathers, and philosophical writings. SCRIPTORIUM was where the monks did extensive
copying of Bibles and other religious works

Cathedral libraries: great cathedrals and educational institutions were established to train priests
and other government officials in subjects like Latin, Classics, Grammar, and Literature were
taught in that school.

University libraries: in the 13th century, many universities were established in Europe. The
Research, knowledge, and information needs of teachers and students served as a catalyst to the
development of
library.
MODERN ERA/RENAISSANCE PERIOD: As from the 14th century, men's ideologies about
civilization changed. Man became curious about what happened around him, developed a
questioning spirit, was eager to revive specific ideas in the ancient and medieval periods and
critically examined these ideologies. The predominantly illiterate world of the medieval period
gradually phased out and gave way to a mainly literate society. Thus, the periods between 14th
Century and 16th Century came to be known as the Renaissance. It was an age of the rebirth of
literary learning, a generation of physical and mental liberation, and an era of discovery. The
invention of the printing machine occasioned the significant development of libraries by
Johannes Gutenberg of Germany in the 15th century.

Writing Materials
Writing materials can be described as various mediums, formats or devices in which
knowledge or information is stored. With regards to this topic, writing materials are synonymous
to forms of books.

Mankind has made books in some form for almost as long as there has been the written
word. The books may look very different from today’s books, but they served the same purpose-
to record the everyday workings of civilization and to preserve its legacy. Forms of writing
materials (forms of books) therefore, include the following: clay tablet, papyrus scroll, animal
skins, parchment, wax tablet, palm leaves, paper, electronic devices/books.

Types and Functions of Libraries

Introduction
There are six types of libraries performing various functions in society. These are the National
library, Public library, Academic library, school library, Special library, and private Library.
Each type of library is unique and performs given roles. Some functions are common to all
libraries, while others are tailored to meet the owners' special requirements. This lecture will
identify and describe different types of libraries and their roles in society.

Objectives
At the end of this lecture,you should be able to:
1. describe types of libraries; and
2. outline the functions of different kinds of libraries.

CONTENT
Types of Libraries
Libraries could generally be grouped into six distinct categories:

National Library
This is the library owned by a sovereign nation or state. It caters to the information needs of the
country. It has a legal deposit right: the right to acquire all the publications made by individuals
and organizations within the country, no matter the subject, and all publications about Nigeria
made by individuals or organizations overseas, no matter their nationality. National libraries do
not lend books and other materials to individuals. However, they could lend materials to
organizations like universities or other profound bodies in the country long-term. Examples of
national libraries are the National Library of Nigeria, the National Library of Kenya, and the
Library of Congress of the United States.

Public Libraries
Public libraries are owned by state or local government to cater to the information, educational
and recreational needs of the inhabitants. As the name implies, everybody can use public library
resources subject to local regulations. Public libraries also serve the interest of nursery and
primary school children.

School Libraries
School libraries are set up in the nursery, primary and secondary schools to cater to the teaching
and learning interests of the pupils, students, and their teachers. The modern trend is to establish
school media resource centers. The media resource center integrates print and non-print materials
to facilitate individual and group learning by the school pupils. The furniture and materials in
school media resource centers are specially designed to suit children. The entire environment is
made attractive.

Academic Libraries
Academic libraries are libraries of tertiary institutions like universities, polytechnics, colleges of
education, major seminaries and comparable theological colleges, agriculture colleges, forestry
colleges, fisheries, etc. Academic libraries are primarily established to provide literature support
to the programs of their parent institutions. For example, suppose a tertiary institution offers
degree, diploma, and certificate courses. In that case, its library is expected to provide
educational research and information materials in the relevant subjects to suit each level of the
institution's academic programs.

Special Libraries
Special libraries are also referred to as research libraries. The special Library serves the interest
of research institutions and people working in an organization with a specified subject interest
which is usually narrow in scope. Other times, special libraries serve the public's interest in a
narrow discipline. Therefore, for there to be a special library, it is either the users are special, or
the materials are special. Examples of special libraries are the Nigeria Institute of International
Affairs' Library, Lagos, the Federal Institution of Industrial ResearchOshodi Library, Nigeria
Institute for Social and Economic Research Library, Ibadan, -the International Institute of
Tropical Agriculture Library, Ibadan, and the Mapsand Manuscripts Library, Lagos (an arm of
the National Library of Nigeria, Lagos).
Private Libraries
Individuals or organizations like churches own private libraries. The ones owned by individuals
arise from either the owner's educational, political or economic activities or from the desire to
offer services to the public commercially. Some private libraries belong to organizations to
support the work done in the organizations, including evangelization. Examples of private
libraries include ministry libraries and the Late Chief ObafemiAwolowo library at his Ikenne
residence. Subscription libraries are springing up in Lagos and other cities. Some private
libraries have the characteristics of special libraries, while some others are general.

Functions of Libraries
Libraries have the standard functions of acquisition, organization, storage, and dissemination of
information contained in books and non-book materials. The function of any library depends on
the objectives for which it has been established.

Functions of National Libraries

A national library is primarily established to preserve the intellectual output (in the form of
publications of the country for posterity.The National library performs the following specific
functions
i. acquiring all publications made in the country, no matter the subject, by citizens and
foreigners and all publications produced about the country overseas;
ii. receiving legal deposits;
iii. organizing and storing information materials that are important for the country's
development;
iv. publishing a comprehensive national bibliography;
v. stimulating library development in the country through its leadership role, bibliographic and
training activities;
vi. serving as the library of last resort to the nation;
vii. providing reference services to the public.

The task of a national library is to ensure that all engaged in political, economic, scientific,
educational, social, or cultural activities receive the necessary information to enable them to
render their fullest contribution to the whole community. The preservation role of the National
library is significant because it ensures that all achievement of today's society by way of
publications is made known to the future generation.
For a national library to effectively serve as 'the nation's memory, the government usually enacts
a law giving legal backing to its functions. An essential aspect of the enabling law is the clause
on legal deposits. For example, Section 4 of the National Library of Nigeria decree of 1970
provides that the publishers of everybook in Nigeria shall, within one month after the publication
delivers at their own expense to the National Library three copies of the book, two of which shall
be kept in the National Library for permanent preservation and one of which shall be sent by the
Director to the Ibadan University Library. The same law binds the state governments to deposit
ten copies of their publications at their own expense with the National Library of Nigeria and
twenty-five copies in the case of a publication made by the federal government or its agencies.

Functions of Public Libraries

Generally, a public library aims to contribute to the quality of life, promote the concept of a
democratic society, and add to the total of man's happiness and awareness of himself.
Greenwood describes public libraries as centers oflightthat feed and create a taste for reading and
aid materially in repressing and taming the rougher and baser parts of human nature.
Public libraries perform the following specific functions'
i. Education: The public Library acquires, organizes, stores, and makes all forms of materials
available that can promote or encourage the education/teaching of thecitizenry. Books,
serials, and audio-visual materials for secondary school, primary school, and adult literacy
programs are available in the Public library.Public libraries also organize adult literacy
programs for the public in the form of extra-mural classes. Apart from materials for formal
education, the library educates the citizens on their rights, responsibilities, and personal
development through its reader's services.
ii. Information: Through the type ofmaterials it acquires and stocks, the Public library provides
information to its user on virtually all matters through its reference services. It includes
information on government activities, tourism, commerce, health, etc. If citizens need
information on any subject, the first step they take is to go to the reference department of the
Public library. Public libraries should be well-financed, professionally well-staffed, and
must stock various materials in various formats and media to effectively inform the
citizenry. It should at least have general encyclopedias, dictionaries, trade guides,
biographies, government publications, serials (newspapers, journals, magazines), etc. In
addition to textbooks, there should be materials in the vernacular of the locality.
iii. Promotion of Culture: As organs for cultural promotion, public libraries acquire and
preserve for use a variety of materials on the local culture and tradition. The Public library
stocked materials on religion, culture, history, local crafts, poetry, and other literary forms.
In addition, the library records on tape and video local dances, folktales, idioms, and so on,
which are kept for storage and use. The ultimate purpose is to promote the culture of the
people and preserve them for generations yet unborn. Story hours are arranged for children
in public libraries to keep the local culture alive.
iv. Recreation: Public libraries are also centers for recreation and aesthetic enjoyment.
Materials in the Public library for mental recreation include newspapers, cartoons, general
magazines, novels, posters, pictures, films, videos, radio-cassette, and other audio-visuals.
Members of the public are provided with the resources for recreational reading necessary to
relax their nerves from the numerous worries of daily life. Above all, the Public library
provides a quiet and conducive atmosphere for people's relaxation while reading materials
of their choice or watching films, slides, and videos. The Public library is supported by tax
paid by the people and is made accessible to all public members.
Functions of School Libraries
The need for school libraries has become more important than before because of the scope of
what children have to learn, and the modern methods of teaching and learning that have evolved.
There is a move in education toward individualized learning. The function of school libraries
derives from the role of school libraries. Some of these objectives are as follows:
i. to provide background material that would supplement class teaching: the school library
acquire, organize, and preserve all reading materials relevant to the school curriculum.
Pupils or students can borrow books from the library or consult them within the library. The
school library, therefore, has lending and reference functions.
ii. toacquaint students with books so as to broaden their ideas and stimulate their appetite for
knowledge:The function of the library in bringing this about includes the acquisition ofa
variety of books and non-book materials and the provision of reading and listening
guidance.
iii. to prepare pupils and students to work independently: This is important so that when they
leave school, they can carry on with their education without depending solely on teachers;
the Library's function to bring this about is the provision of study carrels and other suitable
library furniture and resources, including audio-visuals that can permit independent study.
The school library is opened all through the school hours to enable pupils or students to visit
the library at their discretion.
iv. to aid the students in making reasonable use of their leisure time: This objective is achieved
by acquiring materials for education and leisure reading and placing them at students'
disposal.
v. to acquaint the pupils and students with local culture and tradition: The function of the
school library in bringing this about is the acquisition, organization, and display for use of
materials on local culture. Story-telling hours are scheduled for different classes so that the
wisdom of our forefathers transmitted through stories and recitations, and so on will be
known to the pupils and users;
vi. to inculcate reading habits in pupils and students' desire at an early stage of the child's
development:School libraries are intended to instill in the studentsand pupils the lifelong
habits of reading much and reading well. This is achieved through the exposure of pupils
and students to books and the provision of an attractive reading environment in the library.
The library draws up a schedule for students to visit the library in groups. Opportunity is
also created for privatevisits to the library and individualized learning. The 6-3-3-4 system
of education places much importance on the provision of libraries in schools because of the
vital role the library can play in realizing the set educational goals. Apart from direct
services to students and pupils, the school library participates in drawing up the school
curriculum. Teachers in schools also need the services of the library and school librarian to
prepare their lessons and assist in teaching.
Functions of Academic Libraries
The functions of academic libraries are derived from the objectives of the institution. An
academic library's role is primarily to provide literature support to its parent institution's
educational and research activities. The following are the functions of an Academic library:
i. Suggesting appropriate information resources to users,' i.e., Readers' advisory function.
ii. Facilitating and promoting reading culture through conducive reading environment/book fair
exhibition etc.
iii. Managing and providing access to electronic information resources.
iv. Building collections to respond to changing community needs or demands based on the
curriculum.
v. Digitizing library collections for online access, for example, digitizing manuscripts and
othercollections, considering copyright law.
vi. Answering income reference questions via telephone, postal, mail, email, fax chat, etc.
vii. Making materials available and accessible physically through open shelves or other efficient
means and bibliographically through the catalogue, bibliographies, indexes, etc.
viii. Educate users on the use of library.
ix. Charging and discharging of library materials
x. Referral functions
xi. Interlibrary loan function (no library is an island)

Functions of Special Libraries

The general objectives of special libraries are the provision of information support to the
activities of its parent organization. A Special library anticipates the need for particular
information and endeavors to file such information in advance. This is irrespective of the specific
request. The Special library is primarily engaged in creating or maintaining a selective collection
and applying it to the specialized needs of its users, who are usually in a specific area of human
endeavor. Specific functions of the Special library could be identified as:
i. Acquisition, processing, and organization of materials of its parent organization;
ii. Provision of a conducive atmosphere (accommodation and furniture) for in-house use of
library materials;
iii. Reference service to the clientele;
iv. Specialized services like abstracting, indexing, and compilation of bibliographies;
v. Literature searches on behalf of the management of research teams; and,
vi. Selective dissemination of information (SDI).
Most of the time, users of special libraries are in haste to obtain information, and a major
distinguishing characteristic of a Special library is retrieving and disseminating information with
the least possible delay.

Functions of Private Libraries

Private libraries have much in common with special libraries. The collection in private libraries
reflects the interests of its owner or proprietor.
Sections in the Library and their roles
Library is a system. It is made up of functional units/sections that identify, collect, organize,
process and distribute information product and services. Library is traditionally divided into
three units, namely: administrative, technical services, and readers’ services (or public services)
units. The roles or functions of these units complement one another, and that is why the library is
described as a system.
1. Administrative unit: This unit plans, organizes, leads and controls the activities of the
library. It is made up of the head who is professional with managerial experience; and
other support staff members. The head of a university library for example is called the
University Librarian. The unit provides the structure for the smooth running of the
library.
2. Technical services unit: This unit can be described as “behind the scene unit”. This is so
as the unit primarily sets up to work on the library collection by way of acquiring,
processing, organizing or repairing information resources. It is made up of other sub-
units namely: acquisitions unit, cataloguing and classification unit, bindery unit, serials
and document unit and system unit.
 Acquisition unit: This unit selects, orders and acquires library materials through
purchase, gifts, exchange, subscription, resource sharing, bequeath and legal deposit
depending on the policies of institution. The unit is headed by a professional
supported by other members of staff for efficiency.
 Cataloguing & Classification unit: Acquired materials are processed in cataloguing
and classification unit. Cataloguing is the process of describing bibliographic
features or characteristics (such as: title, author, place of publication, date of
publication, publisher etc) of a library material. Classification, on the other hand, is
the procedure for grouping book according to subject. These processes have standard
rules and regulations that guide them. Both professionals and other members of staff
work together for efficiency in this unit.
 Bindery unit: This unit conserves library materials that have gotten deteriorated. The
unit ensures that all worn-out or tore library materials get repaired by way of binding
them. It also binds students’ projects.
 Serials and Document unit: The unit selects, orders, receives, processes and shelves
periodicals and related publications. The unit also ensures proper arrangement and
display of new arrivals of periodicals; it also ensures regular and up-to-date supply of
periodicals; indexes newspaper and magazine articles in subject areas that are of
interest to the parent institution. This unit also compiles bibliographies and keeps
records of all serial’s publications. The unit is managed by professionals and other
support staff members.
 3. Reader services unit (Public services unit): This is the unit where patrons have direct
relationship or contact within the library. Therefore, it can be described as the image of
the library. The unit comprises of other sub-units: Circulation and Reference units.
 Circulation unit: This is the unit where books are charged and discharged to patrons.
Charging and discharging means books are lent out to (charging) and returned by
(discharging) patrons as at when due. It is usually the first port of call for every library
user because it registers new users and often serves as the inquiry desk for library
visitors. Other functions of the unit include: to:
i. keep records and statistics of patrons and library holding;
ii. alert library management on strength and weakness of library collections through
evaluation and use analysis;
iii. handle and curb delinquent practices and difficult patron behaviours
Circulation unit is managed by professionals and support staff members including library
assistants and porters.


Reference unit: This is another public area of the library. As the name suggests, the
materials in the unit are for reference only. Services rendered at the Reference unit
include:
i. current awareness service;
ii. selective dissemination of information (SDI);
iii. compilation of reading lists and subject guide and;
iv. information literacy.
v. The unit is managed by professionals and support staff members.
Summary
Early libraries undoubtedly started as collections of graphic materials but may not have had all
the characteristics of the modern library. The libraries were often associated with religious
edifices. The temple collections began with copies of the sacred laws, rituals, songs, creation
stories, biographies of the gods, and, later, the commentaries of religious authorities on all of
these. The temple library preserved the most important cultural heritage of the particular group.

Six major types of libraries have been identified. Each type of Library has the responsibility for
performing given functions. Generally, libraries have a common function of providing
information and promoting education, culture, and recreation. The extents to which these
functions are performed vary from one type of library.

References
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Adeleke, A.A. (2014). Use of the library and virtual resources. In F. Akere, A. Adebileje & F.
Unuabonah (Eds.), Use of English I and II: A course book for GST 101 & 102 (pp. 15-37). Redeemer’s
University, Ede: The Directorate of General Studies Programme (GSP).
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Ukpebor, C.O. (2012). Use of library: Transition from traditional to modernity (2nd ed.). Benin
City: Avalanche.