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Anybody in science, if there are enough anybodies, can find the answer—
it’s an Easter-egg hunt. That isn’t the idea. The idea is: Can you ask the
question in such a way as to facilitate the answer?
—GERALD EDELMAN

Even if, ultimately, everything turns out to be connected to everything

else, a research program rooted in that realization might well collapse of
its own weight.
—HOWARD GARDNER

The first step is to measure whatever can be easily measured. That’s OK

as far as it goes. The second step is to pretend that whatever cannot be
easily measured isn’t very important. That’s dangerous. The third step
is to pretend that whatever cannot easily be measured doesn’t exist.
That’s suicide.
—DANIEL YANKELOVICH

There once was an entomologist who found a bug he couldn’t classify—so

he stepped on it.
—ERNEST R. HILGARD

Interpretation is the revenge of the intellect upon art.

—SUSAN SONTAG
CONTENTS IN BRIEF
Chapter 1 The Study of the Person 2

PART I The Science of Personality: Methods and Assessment 18

Chapter 2 Personality Research Methods 20
Chapter 3 Assessment, Effect Size, and Ethics 66

PART II How People Differ: The Trait Approach 110

Chapter 4 Personality Traits, Situations, and Behavior 112
Chapter 5 Personality Judgment 150
Chapter 6 Using Personality Traits to Understand Behavior 178
Chapter 7 Personality Stability, Development, and Change 220

PART III The Mind and the Body: Biological Approaches to Personality 256
Chapter 8 The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality 258
Chapter 9 The Inheritance of Personality: Behavioral Genetics and Evolutionary
Psychology 300

PART IV The Hidden World of the Mind: The Psychoanalytic Approach 348
Chapter 10 Basics of Psychoanalysis 350
Chapter 11 Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, Object Relations, and Current
Research 390

PART V Experience and Awareness: Humanistic and Cross-Cultural Psychology 420

Chapter 12 Experience, Existence, and the Meaning of Life: Humanistic and Positive
Psychology 422
Chapter 13 Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior, and Personality 456

PART VI What Personality Does: Learning, Thinking, Feeling, and Knowing 502
Chapter 14 Learning to Be a Person: Behaviorism and Social Learning Theories 504
Chapter 15 Personality Processes: Perception, Thought, Motivation, and Emotion 540
Chapter 16 The Self: What You Know About You 584
Chapter 17 Personality, Mental Health, and Physical Health 614
EPILOGUE 652

ix
CONTENTS
Preface xxiii

Chapter 1 The Study of the Person 2

The Goals of Personality Psychology 5
Mission: Impossible 5
Competitors or Complements? 7
Distinct Approaches Versus the One Big Theory 9
Advantages as Disadvantages and Vice Versa 10
The Plan of This Book 12
Pigeonholing Versus Appreciation of Individual Differences 14
Wrapping It Up 16
Summary 16
Think About It 16

PART I The Science of Personality: Methods and

Assessment 18
Chapter 2 Personality Research Methods 20
Psychology’s Emphasis on Method 21
Scientific Education and Technical Training 22
Personality Data 23
Four Kinds of Clues 24
Quality of Data 45
Research Design 54
Case Method 54
An Experimental and a Correlational Study 56
Comparing the Experimental and Correlational Methods 58
Conclusion 61
Wrapping It Up 62
Summary 62
Think About It 64
Suggested Reading 64

xi
xii Contents

Chapter 3 Assessment, Effect Size, and Ethics 66

The Nature of Personality Assessment 67
The Business of Testing 68
Personality Tests 69
S-Data versus B-Data Personality Tests 70
Projective Tests 71
Objective Tests 77
Methods of Objective Test Construction 80
Evaluating Assessment and Research 91
Significance Testing 91
Effect Size 94
Ethical Issues 98
Purposes of Personality Testing 98
The Uses of Psychological Research 101
Truthfulness 102
Deception 103
Conclusion 105
Wrapping It Up 106
Summary 106
Think About It 107
Suggested Reading 108

PART II How People Differ: The Trait Approach 110

Chapter 4 Personality Traits, Situations, and Behavior 112
The Trait Approach 113
People Are Inconsistent 115
The Person-Situation Debate 117
Predictability 118
The Power of the Situation 125
Absolute Versus Relative Consistency 130
Are Person Perceptions Erroneous? 134
Personality and Life 137
Persons and Situations 140
Relationships, Jobs, and Business 140
Interactionism 141
Persons, Situations, and Values 142
People Are Different 145
Wrapping It Up 146
Summary 146
Think About It 148
Suggested Reading 149
 Contents xiii

Chapter 5 Personality Judgment 150

Consequences of Everyday Judgments of Personality 152
Opportunities 152
Expectancies 153
The Accuracy of Personality Judgment 156
Criteria for Accuracy 157
First Impressions 158
Moderators of Accuracy 163
The Realistic Accuracy Model 173
Accuracy Matters 175
Wrapping It Up 176
Summary 176
Think About It 177
Suggested Reading 177

Chapter 6 Using Personality Traits to Understand

Behavior 178
The Single-Trait Approach 181
Self-Monitoring 182
Narcissism 186
The Many-Trait Approach 191
The California Q-Set 191
Word Use 193
Depression 195
Political Orientation 196
The Essential-Trait Approach 199
Reducing the Many to a Few: Theoretical and Factor Analytic
Approaches 199
The Big Five and Beyond 200
Typological Approaches to Personality 215
From Assessment to Understanding 217
Wrapping It Up 217
Summary 217
Think About It 218
Suggested Reading 219

Chapter 7 Personality Stability, Development, and Change 220

Personality Stability 222
Evidence for Stability 222
Causes of Stability 223
Personality Development 228
Cross-Sectional Studies 228
Cohort Effects 230
xiv Chapter  
Contents

Longitudinal Studies 230

Causes of Personality Development 232
The Social Clock 233
The Development of Narrative Identity 234
Goals Across the Life Span 236
Personality Change 236
The Desire for Change 237
Psychotherapy 238
General Interventions 240
Targeted Interventions 240
Behaviors and Life Experiences 244
Overcoming Obstacles to Change 247
Principles of Personality Continuity and Change 250
Is Personality Change Good or Bad? 251
Wrapping It Up 252
Summary 252
Think About It 254
Suggested Reading 255

PART III The Mind and the Body: Biological Approaches to

Personality 256
Chapter 8 The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality 258
The Anatomy of Personality 261
Research Methods for Studying the Brain 263
The Amygdala 268
The Frontal Lobes and the Neocortex 272
The Anterior Cingulate 276
The Lessons of Psychosurgery 276
Brain Systems 279
The Biochemistry of Personality 280
Neurotransmitters 282
Hormones 287
The Big Five and the Brain 294
Biology: Cause and Effect 296
Wrapping It Up 297
Summary 297
Think About It 299
Suggested Reading 299
 Contents xv

Chapter 9 The Inheritance of Personality: Behavioral Genetics

and Evolutionary Psychology 300
Behavioral Genetics 302
Controversy 303
Calculating Heritability 303
What Heritability Tells You 306
What Heritability Can’t Tell You 309
Molecular Genetics 310
Gene-Environment Interactions 313
Epigenetics 318
The Future of Behavioral Genetics 319
Evolutionary Personality Psychology 320
Evolution and Behavior 320
Individual Differences 331
Five Stress Tests for Evolutionary Psychology 333
The Contribution of Evolutionary Theory 339
Inheritance Is the Beginning, Not the End 339
Will Biology Replace Psychology? 340
Wrapping It Up 342
Summary 342
Think About It 345
Suggested Reading 346

PART IV The Hidden World of the Mind: The Psychoanalytic

Approach 348
Chapter 10 Basics of Psychoanalysis 350
Freud Himself 351
The Key Ideas of Psychoanalysis 354
Psychic Determinism 354
Internal Structure 355
Psychic Conflict and Compromise 356
Mental Energy 356
Controversy 357
Psychoanalysis, Life, and Death 359
Psychological Development: “Follow the Money” 361
Oral Stage 362
Anal Stage 365
Phallic Stage 368
Genital Stage 370
Moving Through Stages 371
Thinking and Consciousness 372
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xvi Chapter  
Contents

Parapraxes 374
Forgetting 375
Slips 376
Anxiety and Defense 377
Psychoanalysis as a Therapy and as a Route Toward
Understanding 379
Psychoanalytic Theory: A Critique 381
Excessive Complexity 381
Case Study Method 381
Vague Definitions 382
Untestability 382
Sexism 383
Why Study Freud? 383
Wrapping It Up 386
Summary 386
Think About It 388
Suggested Reading 389

Chapter 11 Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, Object

Relations, and Current Research 390
Interpreting Freud 393
Latter-Day Issues and Theorists 394
Common Themes of Neo-Freudian Thought 394
Inferiority and Compensation: Adler 395
The Collective Unconscious, Persona, and Personality: Jung 397
Feminine Psychology and Basic Anxiety: Horney 398
Psychosocial Development: Erikson 399
Object Relations Theory: Klein and Winnicott 402
Where Have All the Neo-Freudian Theorists
Gone? 406
Current Psychoanalytic Research 406
Testing Psychoanalytic Hypotheses 408
Attachment Theory 409
Psychoanalysis in Perspective 415
Wrapping It Up 416
Summary 416
Think About It 418
Suggested Reading 418
 Contents xvii

PART V Experience and Awareness: Humanistic

and Cross-Cultural Psychology 420
Chapter 12 Experience, Existence, and the Meaning of Life:
Humanistic and Positive Psychology 422
Phenomenology: Awareness Is Everything 424
Existentialism 426
The Three Parts of Experience 427
“Thrown-ness” and Angst 427
Bad Faith 429
Authentic Existence 430
The Eastern Alternative 431
Optimistic Humanism: Rogers and Maslow 433
Self-Actualization: Rogers 433
The Hierarchy of Needs: Maslow 434
The Fully Functioning Person 437
Psychotherapy 437
Personal Constructs: Kelly 439
Sources of Constructs 439
Constructs and Reality 441
Flow: Csikszentmihalyi 443
Self-Determination Theory: Deci and Ryan 444
Positive Psychology 446
The Implications of Phenomenology 449
The Mystery of Experience 450
Understanding Others 450
Wrapping It Up 452
Summary 452
Think About It 454
Suggested Reading 455

Chapter 13 Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior, and

Personality 456
Culture and Psychology 458
Cross-Cultural Universals Versus Specificity 458
What Is Culture? 459
The Importance of Cross-Cultural Differences 459
Cross-Cultural Understanding 460
Generalizability of Theory and Research 462
Varieties of Human Experience 462
Characteristics of Cultures 463
Etics and Emics 464
Tough and Easy 465
xviii Chapter  
Contents

Achievement and Affiliation 465

Complexity 466
Tightness and Looseness 466
Head Versus Heart 467
Collectivism and Individualism 469
Honor, Face, and Dignity 476
Cultural Assessment and Personality Assessment 477
Comparing the Same Traits Across Cultures 478
Different Traits for Different Cultures? 481
Thinking 483
Values 484
The Origins of Cultural Differences 487
Avoiding the Issue 487
The Ecological Approach 488
Cultural Differences From Genetics? 490
Challenges and New Directions for Cross-Cultural Research 491
Ethnocentrism 492
The Exaggeration of Cultural Differences 492
Cultures and Values 493
Subcultures and Multiculturalism 494
The Universal Human Condition 496
Wrapping It Up 498
Summary 498
Think About It 500
Suggested Reading 501

PART VI What Personality Does: Learning, Thinking, Feeling,

and Knowing 502
Chapter 14 Learning to Be a Person: Behaviorism and the Social
Learning Theories 504
Behaviorism 506
The Philosophical Roots of Behaviorism 507
Three Kinds of Learning 510
Punishment 517
Social Learning Theory 522
Rotter’s Social Learning Theory 524
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory 526
The Cognitive-Affective Personality System 531
Interactions Among Systems 532
Cognitive Person Variables 532
If and Then 534
 Contents xix

Contributions and Limitations of Learning Approaches to

Personality 535
Behaviorism and Personality 536
Wrapping It Up 538
Summary 538
Think About It 539
Suggested Reading 539

Chapter 15 Personality Processes: Perception, Thought,

Motivation, and Emotion 540
The Historical Roots of Research Into Personality Processes 541
Perception 545
Priming and Chronic Accessibility 545
Rejection Sensitivity 548
Aggression 549
Perceptual Defense 550
Vigilance and Defense 552
Thought 552
Consciousness 552
Two Ways of Thinking 555
Motivation 558
Goals 559
Strategies 566
Emotion 569
Emotional Experience 570
Varieties of Emotions 571
Individual Differences in Emotional Life 573
Happiness 576
Personality as a Verb 579
Wrapping It Up 580
Summary 580
Think About It 582
Suggested Reading 583

Chapter 16 The Self: What You Know About You 584

The I and the Me 585
The Contents and Purposes of the Self 586
The Declarative Self 588
Self-Esteem 588
The Self-Schema 590
Self-Reference and Memory 593
Self-Efficacy 594
xx Chapter  
Contents

Possible Selves 595

Self-Discrepancy Theory 596
Accurate Self-Knowledge 597
Self-Knowledge Versus Knowledge of Others 598
Improving Self-Knowledge 601
The Procedural Self 602
Relational Selves 604
Implicit Selves 604
Acquiring and Changing Procedural Knowledge 606
How Many Selves? 607
The Really Real Self 609
Wrapping It Up 610
Summary 610
Think About It 612
Suggested Reading 613

Chapter 17 Personality, Mental Health, and Physical Health 614

Personality and Mental Health: Personality Disorders 616
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 616
Defining Personality Disorders 618
The Major Personality Disorders 620
Organizing and Diagnosing Disorders with
the DSM-5 630
Personality and Disorder 633
Personality and Physical Health 636
Research on Personality and Health 636
The Type A Personality 638
Emotionality 640
Conscientiousness 642
Prospects for Improving Health 643
The Healthy Personality 644
Wrapping It Up 646
Summary 646
Think About It 649
Suggested Reading 650

Epilogue 652
Which Approach Is Right? 653
What Have We Learned? 655
Research Methods Are Useful 656
Cross-Situational Consistency and Aggregation 657
The Biological Roots of Personality 658
The Unconscious Mind 659
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Geologic
Story of Canyonlands National Park
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: The Geologic Story of Canyonlands National Park

Author: Stanley William Lohman

Illustrator: John R. Stacy

Release date: January 27, 2016 [eBook #51048]

Most recently updated: October 22, 2024

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the

Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GEOLOGIC

STORY OF CANYONLANDS NATIONAL PARK ***
LOOKING NORTH FROM EAST WALL OF DEVILS LANE, just south of the
Silver Stairs. Needles are Cedar Mesa Sandstone. Junction Butte and
Grand View Point lie across Colorado River in background.
 The Geologic Story of
Canyonlands
NATIONAL PARK
By S. W. Lohman
Graphics
by John R. Stacy

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1327

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
V. E. McKelvey, Director

Library of Congress catalog-card No. 74-600043

 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1974

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government

Printing Office
Washington, D.C. 20402—Price $2.65 (paper covers)
Stock Number 2401-02498

VII
 Contents
Page
A new park is born 1
Major Powell’s river expeditions 4
Early history 9
Prehistoric people 9
Late arrivals 14
Geographic setting 17
Rocks and landforms 20
How to see the park 26
The high mesas 27
Island in the Sky 27
Dead Horse Point State Park 30
North entrance 34
Shafer and White Rim Trails 34
Grand View Point 36
Green River Overlook 43
Upheaval Dome 43
Hatch Point 46
Needles Overlook 47
Canyonlands Overlook 48
U-3 Loop 49
Anticline Overlook 50
Orange Cliffs 54
The Benchlands 58
The Maze and Land of Standing Rocks 58
The Needles district 60
Salt, Davis, and Lavender Canyons 64
The Needles and The Grabens 73
Canyons of the Green and Colorado Rivers 85
Entrenched and cutoff meanders 86
 Green River 87
Colorado River 96
Summary of geologic history 112
Additional reading 117
Acknowledgments 118
Selected references 118
Index 123

VIII
 Illustrations

Page
Frontispiece. Looking north from Devils Lane near Silver Stairs.
Figure
1. Map of Canyonlands National Park 6
2. Pictographs on wall of Horseshoe Canyon 10
3. The All American Man 10
4. Tower Ruin 11
5. Newspaper Rock 13
6. Cave Spring Line Camp 15
7. Canyonlands National Park and vicinity 19
8. Shallow inland sea 21
9. Rock column of Canyonlands National Park 22
10. Section across Canyonlands National Park 24
11. Aerial view of The Neck and Shafer Trail 28
12. Merrimac and Monitor Buttes 29
13. Cane Creek anticline (viewed from Dead Horse Point) 30
14. Cutaway view of anticline 31
15. Looking southwest from Dead Horse Point 32
16. Shafer Trail 35
17. Natural tanks 37
18. Canyon Viewpoint Arch 37
19. Index map showing photograph localities 38
20. The White Rim 40
21. Monument Basin from Grand View Point 41
22. Monument Basin from the air 42
23. Stillwater Canyon and Green River 44
24. Turks Head 45
25. Upheaval Dome 45
26. Cutaway view of syncline 46
27. Junction Butte and Grand View Point 48
28. Syncline in core of Lockhart Basin 49
29. View westward from U-3 loop 50
30. Looking north from Anticline Overlook 51
31. Cane Creek anticline (viewed from Anticline Overlook) 52
32. View southeastward from The Spur 55
33. Looking north down Millard Canyon 56
34. Elaterite seeping from White Rim Sandstone 59
35. White Rim Sandstone 59
36. The Doll House 60
37. Church Rock 61
38. North and south Six-Shooter Peaks 62
39. Squaw Flat Campground 64
40. Aerial view eastward across Salt Canyon 65
41. Wooden Shoe 66
42. Paul Bunyans Potty 67
43. Angel Arch 69
44. Fisheye Arch 70
45. Wedding Ring Arch 71
46. Hand Holt Arch 71
47. Cleft Arch 72
48. Arch 72
49. The Needles 73
50. Chesler Park in The Needles 73
51. The Needles and The Grabens 74
52. Trail to Druid Arch 77
53. Upper Elephant Canyon 77
54. Druid Arch 78
55. A simple graben 80
56. Cutaway view of normal fault 80
57. West wall of Cyclone Canyon Graben 81
58. Lower Elephant Canyon 81
59. The confluence from the air 82
60. The confluence from Confluence Overlook 83
61. Cataract Canyon 84
62. Bowknot Bend 89
63. Inscription by Julien 91
64. Buttes of the Cross 92
65. Anderson Bottom Rincon 94
66. Drainage changes at Anderson Bottom Rincon 94
67. Stillwater Canyon 95
68. The Portal 97
69. The Canyon King 98
70. Potash mine of Texas Gulf, Inc 99
71. Evaporation ponds 99
72. Petrified log 102
73. Relatively recent rincons along Indian Creek 103
74. The Loop 104
75. Reverse fault 105
76. Cutaway view of reverse fault 105
77. Salt Creek Canyon 107
78. The Slide 107
79. Gypsum plug 109
80. Geologic time spiral 110
81. Late Cretaceous sea 114

1
 A New Park is Born

On September 12, 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed an act

of Congress establishing Canyonlands as our thirty-second national
park, the first addition to the park system since 1956.

The birth of Canyonlands National Park was not without labor pains.
In the 1930’s virtually all the vast canyon country between Moab,
Utah, and Grand Canyon, Ariz., was studied for a projected Escalante
National Park. But Escalante failed to get off the ground, even when
a second attempt was made in the 1950’s. Not until another proposal
had been made and legislative compromises had been worked out did
the park materialize, this time under a new name—Canyonlands.
Among the many dignitaries who witnessed the signature on
September 12 was one of the men most responsible for the park’s
creation, park superintendent Bates E. Wilson, who did the pioneer
spade work in the field.
[1]
The newborn park covered 400 square miles at the junction of the
Green and Colorado Rivers in Utah. It included such magnificent
features as Island in the Sky, The Needles, Upheaval Dome, and the
two great stone formations, Angel Arch and Druid Arch. On
November 16, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon signed an act of
Congress enlarging the park by 125 square miles in four separate
parcels of land, so the area now totals 525 square miles, all in
southeastern Utah, as shown on the map (fig. 1). The northern
boundary was extended to include parts of Taylor and Shafer
Canyons. The addition at the southeast corner takes in the
headwaters of Salt and Lavender Canyons and part of Davis’ Canyon.
The largest addition, at the southwest corner, includes grotesquely
carved areas bearing such colorful names as The Maze, Land of
Standing Rocks, The Fins, The Doll House (fig. 36), and Ernies
Country (named after Ernie Larson, an early-day sheepman). The
fourth parcel lies about 8 miles west of the northwest corner and
encompasses much of Horseshoe Canyon, whose walls are adorned
by striking pictographs (fig. 2).

At this writing (1973) the park is still in its infancy, with most of 2
the planned developments and improvements awaiting time and
money, but a good start has been made. In 1960 my family and I
first traversed Island in the Sky to Grand View Point over a rough
jeep trail; now it is reached with ease over a good graded road which
eventually will be paved. A temporary trailer-housed entrance station
near The Neck will be replaced by permanent headquarters for the
Island in the Sky district after water is piped up from wells drilled
near the mouth of Taylor Canyon.

In August 1965, when the Park was but 11 months old, we drove the
family car over a two-track dirt “road” from Dugout Ranch to Cave
Spring—temporary headquarters for the Needles district of the park,
whose personnel were housed partly in trailers and partly in the cave.
Now a modern paved highway, built by the State (Utah Highway 11)
for 19 miles to Dugout Ranch and by San Juan County, the State of
Utah, and the National Park Service for the next 18 miles, extends a
total of 38 miles from U.S. Highway 163 to a new modern
campground at Squaw Flat (fig. 39). The entrance station and
housing for park personnel are now in trailers about 2 miles west of
Cave Spring, but the trailers will be replaced by permanent
structures. A shallow well near temporary headquarters supplies the
only water available to the campground 1.5 miles to the west, but a
new supply is to be developed for the campground and permanent
headquarters. Groceries, gasoline, trailer hookups, and charter flights
are available at Canyonlands Resort, just outside the eastern park
boundary. The old cowboy line camp at Cave Spring has been
restored so that visitors can see this phase of colorful Canyonlands
history (fig. 6). Except for 2½ miles of partly graded road west from
Squaw Flat, all travel to the west and south is by four-wheel-drive
vehicle or on foot. In order to reach the confluence of the Green and
Colorado Rivers, The Grabens, and Chesler and Virginia Parks, drivers
must conquer formidable Elephant Hill, with its 40 percent grades
and backup switchbacks. SOB Hill and the Silver Stairs also tax the
skill and patience of jeepsters. Parts of this area will eventually be
reached by graded roads, possibly by about 1977, but many hope
that much of it will be kept accessible only by jeep or foot trails.

Bates Wilson, recently retired superintendent not only of Canyonlands

National Park but also of nearby Arches National Park and of Natural
Bridges National Monument about 80 miles to the south, is one of the
few men in the park service who has guided a national park through
all phases—location, promotion, establishment, and initial
development. He retired in June 1972 to a ranch along the Colorado
River north of Moab.

Unless credited to others, for which grateful acknowledgment is 3

made, the color photographs were taken by me. Most of these
were taken on 4- by 5-inch film in a tripod-mounted press camera
using lenses of several focal lengths, but a few were taken on 35-
millimeter film. Unless credited to others, the black and white
photographs were kindly loaned from the Moab and Arches files of
the National Park Service. The points from which most of the
photographs were taken are shown in figure 19.
4
 Major Powell’s River Expeditions

Although Major John Wesley Powell was not the first geologist to
view the canyon lands, his two daring boat trips down the Green and
Colorado Rivers in 1869 and 1871 made history by bringing to light
the first descriptions of the geography and geology of what was then
the largest remaining uncharted wilderness in the United States.
Many landmarks along the canyons in the park were named by Powell
and his men during those explorations. J. S. Newberry is thought to
have been the first geologist to view the canyon lands—at least he
seems to have been the first one whose observations were recorded
(1861), but the more comprehensive findings of Powell (1875) were
the ones that made history.

The 100th anniversary of Major Powell’s pioneer exploration of the

Green and Colorado Rivers was commemorated in 1969 by a national
centennial sponsored jointly by the U.S. Department of the Interior,
the Smithsonian Institution, the National Geographic Society, and
many other organizations. This touched off many magazine and
newspaper articles, several commemorative programs and
dedications, and several publications of lasting interest. Noteworthy
among the latter is U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 669
entitled “The Colorado River Region and John Wesley Powell.” Of its
four separate parts, two are of special interest to our Canyonlands
story: part A, “John Wesley Powell: Pioneer Statesman of Federal
Science,” by Rabbitt (1969) and part C, “Geologic History of the
Colorado River,” by Hunt (1969). An interesting history of the National
Park Service by Everhart (1972) was published as part of the national
park centennial effort. The Powell Society, Ltd., of Denver, Colo., was
founded mainly to publish four “River Runners’ Guides to the Canyons
of the Green and Colorado Rivers, with Emphasis on Geologic
Features,” covering five reaches of the two rivers from Flaming Gorge
Dam, Utah, to Grand Canyon, Ariz. One of these by Mutschler 5
(1969) covers Labyrinth, Stillwater, and Cataract Canyons, all in
Canyonlands National Park. Another guidebook by Baars and
Molenaar (1971) covers the Colorado River from about Potash, Utah,
to the confluence with the Green, and Cataract Canyon. It is difficult
to realize that thousands of people annually now boat down the
canyons Powell dared to explore without knowledge of the dangers
that lay ahead.

During the summer of 1968 a U.S. Geological Survey expedition led

by Eugene M. Shoemaker retraced the historic 1869 and 1871 river
voyages of Major Powell, in order to reoccupy the camera stations of
the 1871 voyage and rephotograph the same scenes nearly 100 years
later. Remarkably enough, about 150 camera stations were
recovered, many requiring considerable search, and official
photographer Hal G. Stephens rephotographed the scenes taken with
cumbersome wet-plate cameras nearly 100 years earlier by E. O.
Beaman (above the site of Lees Ferry) and by J. K. Hillers (below the
site). A report containing these remarkable sets of before and after
photographs hopefully will be published eventually as a delayed part
of the Powell centennial. A few pairs have been published by others
(Baars and Molenaar, 1971, p. 90-99), and two pairs are shown
herein as figures 62 and 67. As these photographs show, in most
places the rocks and even the vegetation remain virtually unchanged
after nearly a century, but a few other pairs not included herein show
catastrophic changes resulting from local floods or rockfalls.

6
CANYONLANDS NATIONAL PARK, showing location in Utah, Lake Powell,
Dead Horse Point State Park, boundaries, streams, roads, trails,
landforms, and principal named features. There was insufficient room to
show all named features; some not shown are related in text by distance
and direction to named ones, and some additional names are given in
figures 7, 51, and 59. Hans Flat Ranger Station near left border is in Glen
Canyon National Recreation Area. The reader is referred to road maps
issued by the State or by oil companies for the location of U.S. Highway
163 (shown as 160 on old maps) and other nearby roads and for the
locations of the towns of Green River, Crescent Junction, Moab, La Sal
Junction, and Monticello. Visitors also can obtain pamphlets at the
entrance stations to the Needles and Island in the Sky districts of the
park or at the National Park Service office in Moab; these contain up-to-
date maps of the park and the latest available information on roads,
trails, campsites, and picnic sites. (Fig. 1)
High-resolution Map

On June 26, 1969, state and local officials met along the Green 8
River at the mouth of Split Mountain Canyon, in Dinosaur
National Monument, to dedicate a monument to Major Powell,
commemorating the 100th anniversary of his first river trip, and to
dedicate the Powell Centennial Scenic Drive, also known as the
Powell Memorial Highway. In the absence of any roads closely
paralleling the Green and Colorado Rivers except for short distances,
this route is virtually the only means of approach to the rivers and
comprises parts of several state and federal highways connecting
Green River, Wyo., and Grand Canyon, Ariz. A segment of it, U.S.
Highway 163, connects Crescent Junction, Moab, Monticello, and
Blanding, all in Utah, and provides the principal access routes to
Canyonlands and Arches National Parks and Natural Bridges National
Monument.

The ceremonies at the mouth of Split Mountain Canyon began with

the landing of the official party flotilla of four boats similar to the
ones used 100 years earlier by Powell, who was impersonated by a
bearded man dressed to resemble the one-armed major. After the
dedication, the four boats resumed the voyage down the Green River
for another ceremony.
On June 29 a second monument was dedicated at the head of
Desolation Canyon, some 50 miles southwest of Vernal, Utah, where
the 1869 Powell expedition first ventured into the then unknown
wilderness. The bronze plaque identifies Desolation Canyon, named
by Powell, as a national historic landmark that comprises 58,000
acres in an area 1 mile wide on each side of a 95-mile reach of the
Green River.

9
 Early History

Prehistoric people
There is abundant evidence that the canyon lands were inhabited by
cliff dwellers centuries before the explorations of Powell or the earlier
visits of the Spanish explorers and the fur trappers. Projectile points
and other artifacts found in the nearby La Sal and Abajo Mountains
indicate occupation by aborigines from about 3,000-2,000 B.C. to
about 1 A.D. (Hunt, 1956).

Archeologists have found evidence of two occupations by prehistoric

peoples in and near Canyonlands National Park—the Fremont people
around 850 or 900 A.D. and the Pueblo or Anasazi people from about
1075 to their departure in the late 12th century (Jennings, 1970).
Within the park, the most densely populated area was along Salt
Canyon and its tributaries in the Needles district, but many prehistoric
dwellings and granaries are also found just south of the park in Beef
Basin and Ruin Park.
The Fremont people, who were mainly hunters, seemingly left no
artifacts, but they did leave beautiful pictographs, or rock paintings,
such as the group of ghostly human figures on the sandstone wall of
Horseshoe Canyon (fig. 2), in the detached unit northwest of the park
proper (fig. 1). The All American Man (fig. 3), a most unusual
“Humpty Dumpty” figure painted in red, white, and blue on the wall
of a cave about 3⅓ miles above the cable across the east fork of Salt
Canyon, is believed to have been done in the Fremont style, but as
shown in the photograph, it is next to one of three dwellings in the
same cave that were built later by the Anasazi people. Tower Ruin
(fig. 4) is one of many well-preserved granaries built by the Anasazi,
who farmed the flood plains of creeks such as Salt and Horse
Canyons. According to Jennings (1970),

There is some evidence that these early Utah people practiced a

form of irrigation, using shallow ditches to carry water to their
crops. There is also evidence that a change in climate sometime
around the late 12th century brought about summer flash flooding
and induced the cliff dwellers to abandon their Canyonlands homes
and farms.

10
PICTOGRAPHS ON WALL OF HORSESHOE CANYON, believed to have been
made by Fremont people about 1,000 years ago. Numbered chalkmarks 1
foot apart along bottom were made by some previous photographer.
Photograph by Walter Meayers Edwards, © 1971 National Geographic
Society. (Fig. 2)
THE ALL AMERICAN MAN, on wall of cave in Cedar Mesa Sandstone
Member of Cutler Formation along upper Salt Canyon, believed to have
been painted by Fremont people. Granary on right was built by Anasazi
people. Chalk outline was added by some previous photographer.
Photograph by National Park Service. (Fig. 3)

11
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