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Magnetism

Magnetism is a fundamental force resulting from the motion of electric charges, with two main types of magnets: permanent and electromagnets. The document details magnetic materials, magnetic fields, field lines, magnetic flux, and the motion of charged particles in magnetic fields, including the Lorentz force and circular motion. Key formulas for calculating magnetic fields and forces are also provided.

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Camille Jhoyce Llares
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2 views

Magnetism

Magnetism is a fundamental force resulting from the motion of electric charges, with two main types of magnets: permanent and electromagnets. The document details magnetic materials, magnetic fields, field lines, magnetic flux, and the motion of charged particles in magnetic fields, including the Lorentz force and circular motion. Key formulas for calculating magnetic fields and forces are also provided.

Uploaded by

Camille Jhoyce Llares
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MAGNETISM

A. Magnetism is a force exerted by magnets when they attract or repel each


other. It is a fundamental interaction caused by the motion of electric
charges.
Types of Magnets:
1. Permanent Magnets are objects that produce their own persistent magnetic
field (e.g., bar magnets).
2. Electromagnets are magnets created by electric current flowing through
coils of wire (e.g., solenoids).
Magnetic Materials:
1. Ferromagnetic: Strongly attracted by magnets (e.g., iron, cobalt, nickel).
2. Paramagnetic: Weakly attracted by magnets. (e.g., manganese, iron,
copper).
3. Diamagnetic: Weakly repelled by magnets. (e.g., non magnetic, water,
wood)

B. Magnetic Field (B) is a vector field around a magnetic material or a


moving electric charge. Given by the direction a north pole of a compass
needle points. Measured in Tesla (T) or Gauss (1 T = 10,000 Gauss).
a. Current-Carrying Wire:

μl
B=
2 πr

b. Circular Loop:

μl
B=¿
2R

c. Solenoid:

B=μ n l
Where:
I = current, amp
R = shortest distance to the wire, m

μ0 = is the permeability of free space = 4π × 10-7, T ⋅ m/s


n = is the number of turns per unit length
C. Magnetic Field Lines and Magnetic Flux
a. Magnetic Field Lines: Show the direction and strength of the magnetic
field. Denser lines indicate stronger fields. Lines never intersect.

b. Magnetic Flux (φ ) represents the quantity of magnetism, considering


the strength and extent of the magnetic field φ=BA cosθ is the area
vector perpendicular to the surface (θ ) is the angle between the
magnetic field and the normal to the surface

Where:

φ=¿magnetic flux, Wb
wb
B = magnetic field, tesla or 2
m
A = area, m2

θ= angle between a perpendicular vector to the area and the magnetic field

D. Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field

F=q ¿ )

a. Lorentz Force: The force on a charged particle in a magnetic field.

Formula: F=q ¿ )

Where:
F = force, N
q = electric charge, C

N
E = external electric field,
C
m
v = velocity,
s
wb
B = magnetic field, 2
m

The force is perpendicular to both the velocity of the particle and the
magnetic field.
b. Motion:

1. Circular Motion:When ( \mathbf{v} \perp \mathbf{B} ), the particle


moves in a circle.Radius: ( r = \frac{mv}{qB} )Frequency (Cyclotron
Frequency): ( f = \frac{qB}{2\pi m} )Helical Motion:When ( \mathbf{v}
) has components parallel and perpendicular to ( \mathbf{B} ).The
particle moves in a helix along the direction of the magnetic field.

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