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Chapter – 1  R is not transitive  R is not equivalence relation

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Types of Relations
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 2. Consider f : R  R given by f (x) = 5x + 2
i) Show that f is one-one
Justify your answer.
ii) Is f invertible

Types of Functions Ans i) f (x ) = 5x + 2 ; f (x 1 ) = f (x 2 )

Composition of Functions and invertible function  5x 1 + 2 = 5x 2 + 2  5x 1 = 5x 2  x1 = x2
1. Types of Relations  f is one – one
CDE G
Empty relation – is the relation in A given by R =   A  A ii) y = 5x + 2 5x = = (y  2)  R
F F
Universal Relation – is the relation in A given by R = A  A  f is one – one and onto Hence f is invertible.
Reflexive Relation – is the relation R in A with (a, a)  R for every a  A 3. If f (x) = 8x 3 and g (x) = J G/L . Find g f (x) and f g (x)
Symmetric Relation – is the relation R in A with (a, b)  R implies (b, a)  R for all Ans f (x) = 8x 3 g (x) = J G/L
a,b A
g f (x) = g [f (x)] = g [8x 3 ] = [8x 3 ]1/3 = [23. x 3 ]1/3 = 2x
Transitive Relation – is the relation R in A with (a, b)  R and (b, c)  R, then
(a, c)  R for all a, b, c  A f g (x) = f [g (x)] = f [x 1/3 ] = [8x 3 ] 3 = 8x

2. Types of Functions 4. Consider f : R  R given by f (x) = 4x + 3 . Show that f is invertible. Find the
inverse of f .
One-one Functions – If f (x 1) = f (x 2), then x 1 = x 2 or x 1  x 2  f (x 1)  f (x 2), for
all x 1, x 2  X Ans f (x) = 4x + 3 , x  R
Onto Functions – If f : X  Y is onto if given any y  Y there exists x  X such that Domain of f = R and Range of f = R
f (x ) = y Let x 1 , x 2  R f (x 1 ) = f (x 2 )
One-One and Onto function (Bijective function) – If f : X  Y is bijective function if  4x 1 + 3 = 4x 2 + 3  4x 1 = 4x 2 ; x1 =x2
f (x) is one-one and onto.  f is one-one
Composition of two functions – If f : X  Y and g : X  Z is the function Let y  range of f
g f : X  Z given by y = f (x)  y = 4x + 3 x =
CDL
 R .......... (1)
g f (x ): g [f (x)]
M

f (x ) = f N O =4 N O+3=y3+3=y
CDL CDL
Invertible function – A function f : X  Y is invertible if and only if f is bijective. M M
If x = f 1 (y) then y = g (x)
f N O=y  f is onto
CDL
To find the inverse of a Bijective Function M

Let f : X  Y be a bijective function Hence f is a bijection and f 1 exists.

P
i) Take y = f (x) 5. Show that f : [1, 1]  R given by f (x) = is one – one.
MATHE PQE
ii) Solve the equation y = f (x) and express x as a function in y say x = g(x)
, f (x 2) =
PR PS
Ans f (x 1) =
MATICS iii) Then replace x by f 1 (x) and y by x or put x = f 1 (y) PR QE PS QE
f (x 1) = f (x 2)
Questions and Answers
PR PS
1. Let R be a relation on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as R = { (x, y), y = 2x 1}. Write R =
PR Q E PS Q E

in the roster form and find its domain and range. Check whether R in equivalence.
 x 1 (x 2 + 2) = x 2 (x 1 + 2)
Ans R = { (1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 5)}
 x 1 x 2 + 2x 1 = x 1 x 2 + 2x 2
Domain = (1, 2, 3} Range = { 1, 3, 5}
2x 1 = 2x 2
Since (3, 3)  R, R is not reflexive.
x1 x2

=
(3, 5)  R but (5, 3)  R  R is not symmetric
 f is one – one


(2, 3)  R , (3, 5)  R but (2, 5)  R ***

1 2

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Chapter – 2 3. Prove that 3 sin1 x = sin1 (3x  4x 3), x  N− E ,

G G
O Chapter – 3 1 0 6 0 3
Q = (A  A) = ‡ ˆ= ‡ ˆ  skew symmetric
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS MATRICES
E
2 −6 0 −3 0
1

Ans Let x = sin  ,  = sin1 (x)

P+Q=A
2

sin1 (3x  4x 3) = sin1 (3 sin   4 sin3 ) 1. Construct a 32 matrix whose elements are given by aij = i + j
3 0
Properties of Inverse = sin1 (sin 3  ) = 3  5. Express A = ‡ ˆ as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
−1 2
Solu: A = [aij] 32 = a21 a22 
 a11 a12 
Trigonometric Functions = 3 sin1 x 3 0 3 −1
 sin (sin 1 x ) = x , x  [ 1, 1] Solu: Given A = ‡ ˆ  A = ‡ ˆ
 sin 1 (sin x ) = x , x  N , O
DY Y
4. Write the following functions in the simplest form −1 2 0 2
a31 a32 32
E E
 cos (cos 1 x ) = x , x  [ 1, 1] a11 = 1 + 1 = 2 a22 = 2 + 2 =4 3 0 3 −1 6 −1
 cos 1 (cos x ) = x , x  [0, ] i) tan1 cd h, 0<x < A + A = ‡ ˆ + ‡ ˆ = ‡ ˆ
GDefg P
 tan (tan 1 x ) = x , x  R GQefg P a12 = 1 + 2 = 3 a31 = 3 + 1 =4 2 3
−1 2 0 2 −1 4
 tan 1 (tan x ) = x , x  N , O a21 = 2 + 1 = 3 a32 = 3 + 2
DY Y
=5 −1•
1 6 −1 3
 4
E E ii) tan1 ^
efg P – gjk P
_ , 0<x < 2
A = 3
P = (A + A) = ‡ ˆ= Ž •  symmetric
 sin 1 ( x) =  sin 1 x, 2. Find x and y, if 2  −1•
 sin 1 [ = cosec 1x, x  1 or x  1  1 2 = 1
+ 2
efg PQ gjk P
2 −1 4
1
G
2
1 3  y 0 5 6 4 532

x [ 1, 1] 3 0 3 −1 0 −1
2
q 8
E nopS ^S _
 cos1 = sec 1x, x  1 or x  1 = tan1 lm t = tan1 cduvwE ^E_h 2 6 ‰ 0 5 6 2+‰ 6+0 5 6 A A =‡ ˆ  ‡ ˆ = ‡ ˆ
G
Ans i) tan1 cd h
 0 x    
GDefg P P

 cos 1
( x) =  cos 1 x,
[ GQefg P E rsn S ^S _
q
Solu: ‡ ˆ + ‡ ˆ =‡ ˆ ‡ ˆ =‡ ˆ −1 2 0 2 −1 0
 tan 1 G
= cot 1x, x > 0 0 2J 1 2 1 8 0 + 1 2J + 2 1 8 −1•
x  [ 1, 1] 1 0 1 0 2•  skew symmetric
 2+y=5 2x + 2 = 8
[
= tan1 xuvw ^ _y =
P Q = (A  A) = ‡ ˆ= Ž
−1•
P
 tan 1 ( x) =  tan 1 x, x  R y=52 2x = 8  2 = 6 2 −1 0 0
1
E E 2
 sec 1 ( x) =  sec 1 x, P+Q=A
2
z{| q |}~ q
–
_ = tan1 cz{| h = tan1 ^ _
G – •€k P
 sin 1 x + cos 1 x =
Y
, x  [ 1, 1] ii) tan1 ^
efg P – gjk P z{| q z{| q =3 x= = 3 Exercise
x R (1, 1)
6
E efg PQ gjk P q
Q
|}~ q
G Q •€k P
 tan 1 x + cot 1 x = ,x R
z{| q z{| q
0 2 4 1 3
 cosec 1 ( x) =  cosec 1 x,
Y
2
1. Let A = ‡ ˆ and B = ‡ ˆ. Find A+B and AB.
= tan1 x tan ^ M − J_y = M - x
E Y Y

x R ( 1, 1) 3. If A = Š1‹, B = [1 5 7] then verify that (AB) = BA −3 2 −2 5

 cosec 1 x + sec 1 x = , |x |  1
Y
1 5
5. Find the values of
E
 cot 1 ( x) =  cot 1 x, x R 2 2. Express A = ‡ ˆ as the sum of a symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix.
0 0×1 0×5 0×7 6 7
 cot 1 ( x) =  cot 1 x, x R i) sin1 ^•‚w _ ii) tan1 ^uvw _ iii) cos1 ^ƒ„• _
EY LY …Y
3. Construct a 32 matrix A = [aij] whose elements are given by aij = 3ij
Solu: AB = Š1‹ [1 5 7] = Š1 × 1 1 × 5 1 × 7‹
L M `
EP GDP S ***
(x) = (x) = Ans i) sin1 ^•‚w _ = sin ^sin ^† − __
EY Y
 2 tan sin1  2 tan cos1
1 1 1

GQP S GQP S L L
2 2×1 2×5 2×7
EP = sin 1^sin _ =
Y Y
0 0 0 0 1 2 1
 2 tan (x) = tan1 Chapter – 4
1 L L
GDP S AB =Š1 5 7 ‹  (AB)  = Š0 5 10‹ B = Š5‹ , A = [ 0 1 2 ]
[ Not : sin 1 (sin x ) = x , x  [− E , ]
Y Y
E DETERMINANTS
2 10 14 0 7 14 7
ii) tan1 ^uvw _ = tan 1 ^tan ^† − __ 2 4
LY Y
1 1×0 1×1 1×2 0 1 2 1. Find ‘ ‘
Questions and Answers M M

B A = Š5‹ [ 0 1 2 ] = Š5 × 0 5 × 1 5 × 2‹ = Š0 5 10‹ −5 −1
= tan 1^− tanG ^ __ =− tanG xuvw ^ _y = −
Y Y Y
1. Find the principal values of M M M 2 4
7 7×0 7×1 7×2 0 1 14 Solu: = ‘ ‘ = (21)  (5  4) =  2   20 = 2 + 20 = 18
i) sin ^ _ ii) cos ^ _ iii) tan (1) [ Not : tan (tan x ) = x , x  [− , ]
G G Y Y
−5 −1
1 1 1 1
E E E E  (AB) = BA
1 5 3 −1 −2
Ans i) sin 1 ^E_ = ii) cos 1 ^E_ = iii) cos1 ^ƒ„• _ = cos 1 ^cos ^† + __ = cos 1^−cos ^ __
G Ỳ G Y …Y Ỳ Ỳ
L ` 4. Express A = ‡ ˆ as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix. 2. Find ’0 0 −1’
iii) tan 1 (1) =
Y
=  cos 1^cos _ = 
Ỳ Ỳ
=
FY −1 2
M ` 1 5 1 −1 3 −5 0
2. Find the principal values of [ Not : cos 1 (x ) =  cos 1x , cos 1 (cos x) = x ; x  [0, ] Solu: Given A = ‡ ˆ A = ‡ ˆ
−1 2 5 2 0 −1  0 −1 0 0
i) sin 1 ^− _ ii) cos 1 ^− _ iii) tan 1 (−1) 1 −1
Solu: 3 ‘ ‘  1‘ ‘ + 2 ‘ ‘
*** 1 5 1 + 1 5 + −1 2 4
G G
E E A + A = ‡ ˆ + ‡ ˆ = ‡ ˆ= ‡ ˆ −5 0 3 0 3 −5
Ans i) sin 1 ^− E_ = −
G Ỳ
ii) cos 1 ^− E_ = π −
G Y
=
EY −1 2 5 2 −1 + 5 2 + 2 4 4 = 3 (00  5  1 ) + 1 (00 31 ) 2 ( 05 30)
L L
1 2 4 1 2
= 3(0  5) + 1(0 + 3)  2(0 + 0)
iii) tan 1 (−1) = −
Y P = (A + A) = ‡ ˆ= ‡ ˆ  symmetric
2 4 4 2 2
1
M
= 3  5 + 1 3 20 = 15 + 3 = 12
1 5 1 −1 1 − 1 5 − −1 0 6
2

A A = ‡ ˆ  ‡ ˆ = ‡ ˆ= ‡ ˆ
−1 2 5 2 −1 − 5 2 − 2 −6 0
3 4 5 6
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3. Find the area of a triangle with vertices (1, 0), (6, 0), (4, 3) 1 2 × 3 −2 × 5 3. Find the value of ‘k’ so that the function Derivative of Implicit functions
X = ‡ ˆ
Solu: Let (x1, y1) = (1, 0) 4 −3 × 3 5 × 5 œ(J) = ¡
¢J E , J≤0 Ÿ
is continuous at x =2 If a function is defined in the form f (x, y) = 0, then to find
•C
differentiate both sides
(x2, y2) = (6, 0) J 3 , J>0 •P
1 6 −10 1 −4 −1 with respect to ‘x’
‡ ˆ = ‡ ˆ= ‡ ˆ=‡ ˆ  x = 1 , y = 4 Ans Since f is continuous at x = 2
(x3, y3) = (4, 3) ‰ 4 −9 +25 4 16 4 Questions
JG ‰G 1 lim œ(J) = œ(2)  lim¤ œ(J) = lim¥ œ(J)
Hint : P→E P→E P→E 1. Find
•C
if x 2 + y 2 = a 2, a is a constant
vGG vGE vEE −vGE lim (¢J E ) = lim¥ 3
•P
Area of the triangle = ’JE ‰E 1’
x 2 + y 2 = a 2 ....... (1)
sign change
A=‡ ˆ  adj A = = ‡ ˆ P→E¤ P→E Ans
1

JL ‰L 1 vEG vEE −vEG vGG

4k=3 k= Differentiate both sides with respect to ‘x’
2

0 1 6 1 6 0
3

= ‡1 ‘ ‘−0‘ ‘+ 1 ‘ ‘ˆ then, 2x + 2y =0  2y =  2x, = C

•C •C •C P
Exercise Differentiability
4
3 1 4 1 4 3
1
•P •P •P
inter change

2. Find is y + sin y = cos x

•C
1. Solve by matrix method Results
2

= [1(0 − 3) − (6 − 4) + 1(18 − 0)] •P

5x + 2y = 4
1
1) = n x n1 8) =  cosec2x Ans y + sin y = cos x then, + cos y =  sin x
•P ¦ • ef• P •C •C

7x + 3y = 5
•P
2
•P •P •P
= [−3 + 0 + 18] = 15 = 9)
• g«e P
= sec x tan x
•C
(1 + cos y ) = sin x
•C
=
gjk P
a) =
•√P G
1 1 15
2. Solve by matrix method •P E√P •P •P •P G Q efg C
3 1 10) =  cosec x . cot x if x 2+ xy + y 2 = 100
2 2 2
•rsn¨r P
2x  3y + 5z = 11 3. Find
•C
4. If A = ‡ ˆ, then show that A2  5A + 7I = 0
R
• ¦
b) =
Dp •P
q •P
−1 2 3x + 2y  4z = 5
•P P ¦¥R
11) = , 1 < x < 1 Ans x 2+ xy + y 2 = 100 then, 2x + x + y 1 + 2y =0
• nop ¤RP G •C •C
3 1 3 1 2)
•¨ q
=ex
x + y  2z = 3
•P √GDP S
Solu: A2 = A  A = ‡
•P •P
ˆ ‡ ˆ •P
12) = , 1 < x < 1 (x+2y) =  2x  y =
•C •C D(EPQC)
−1 2 −1 2
• rsn ¤RP DG
*** 3) = a x log a
•” q •P •P PQEC
•P √GDP S
3 × 3 + 1 × −1
3×1+1×2 •P
Logarithmic differentiation
= ‡ ˆ Chapter – 5 13) =
• ¬”p ¤R P G
4) =
• ©fª P G
−1 × 3 + 2 × −1 −1 × 1 + 2 × 2 •P GQP S
If a function is defined in the form y = [f(x)] g(x) , to find •P take logarithm on both
•C
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERNTIABILITY
•P P
9−1 3+2 8 5 14) =
• rs¬ ¤R P DG
5) = cos x
• gjk P
A2 = ‡ ˆ= ‡ ˆ •P
•P GQP S sides and then differentiate both sides with respect to x.
−3 − 2 −1 + 4 −5 3 Continuity 15) = , |x| > 1
=  sin x
• n¨r ¤R P G
6) Useful results
• rsnP
3 1 15 5 1 0 7 0 •P P√P SDG
Let y = f (x) be a real valued function and let ‘a’ be any real number in the domain of
•P
5A = 5‡ ˆ = ‡ ˆ and 7I = 7 ‡ ˆ = ‡ ˆ 1. log (xy) = log x + log y 2) log ^C_ = log x log y
, |x| > 1
P
7) =  sec2 x 16) =
• •€k P • rsn¨r ¤RP DG
−1 2 −5 10 0 1 0 7 f. f is continuous at x = a if lim œ(J) = œ(v) •P •P P√P SDG
8 5 15 5 7 0 0 0 p→”
Derivative of composite functions 3. log (xn) = n log x 4) log 1 = 0 5) log e = 1
 A2  5A + 7I = ‡ ˆ‡ ˆ+‡ ˆ =‡ ˆ =0 Questions
−5 3 −5 10 0 7 0 0 If y = f (g (x)) then
•C
= f  (g (x)) g (x) Questions
1. Examine the continuity of the function
5. Solve the system of equations by matrix method. •P
1. Differentiate x x with respect to x
P S DM
, J≠2 Ÿ Questions
5x + 2y = 3 œ(J) = • PDE at x = 2 Ans y = x x , take logarithm on both sides.
4 , J=2 1. Differentiate the following functions.
3x + 2y = 5 then, log y = log (x x) i.e. log y = x log x
lim œ(J) = lim ^ PDE _ = lim = lim (J + 2) = 2+2 = 4 i) (7x 2+1)10 ii) sin(x3) iii) log sin x
Solu: Matrix equation AX = B
P SDM (PQE)(PDE)
Differentiate both sides with respect to x.
v) sin 1(x2)
PDE
iv) - vi) tan 1 (√J)
P→E P→E P→E P→E
5 2 J
P®
3
Ans
f (2)= 4, lim œ(J) = œ(2)  f is continuous at x = 2 G •C
=x 
G
+ log x 1
i.e; ‡ ˆ ‡ ˆ =‡ ˆ
3 2 ‰ Ans i) = 10 (7x 2+1)9 7 2x = 140 x (7x2+1)9
P→E •(…P S QG)R¯
5
C •P P
2. Examine the continuity of the function •P •C
= y ( 1 + log x ) = x x ( 1 + log x )
5 2 5 2
A=‡ ˆ |A| = ‘ ‘ = 5 2  3  2 = 10  6 = 4 ii) = cos (x 3)  3x 2 = 3x 2 cos (x3)
• gjk (P ®)
So
•P
, J≠0 Ÿ
gjk (LP)
3 2 3 2 œ(J) = • P at x = 0 •P
2. Differentiate x sin x with respect to x.
2 −2 3 , J=0 iii)
• ©fª gjk P
=
G
 cos x = cot x Ans y = x sin x
adj A = ‡ ˆ
•P nop P
lim œ(J) = lim =3 lim =a
gjk( LP) gjk ”P
−3 5  3x 2 = 3x 2 - then, log y = log (x sin x) i.e. log y = sin x log x
®
iv) =-
Ans
P→ P→ P P→ P •¨ q P® P®

1 2 −2 = f ( 0) Differentiate both sides with respect to x.

•P
A 1 = = ‡ ˆ
”•– —
v) =  2x =
• nop ¤R (P S) G EP
|—| 4 −3 5  f is continuous at x = 0 •P °GD(P S) S √GDP ± G •C
= sin x  P + log x  cos x
G

1 2 −2 3
C •P
vi) = =
• ¬”p ¤R (√P) G G G
 X 1 = A 1 B = ‡ ˆ‡ ˆ •P S
E√P E√P (GQP)
•C
= y(
gjk P
+ cos x log x ) = x sin (
gjk P
+ cos x log x )
4 −3 5 5
GQ²√P³

•P P P

7 8 9 10

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Derivatives of functions in parametric forms Chapter – 6 b) f is strictly decreasing in [a, b] if f (x) < 0 for each x (a, b) Question
If a function is defined in the form x = f (t) and y = g (t) APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES Questions 1. Find the local maximum and local minimum value of the function f (x) = x 3  3x + 3
´µ
´¶ 1. Show that the function f (x) = 3x+17 is strictly increasing on R. Ans: f (x) = x 3  3x + 3
then =
•C
•P ´q Rate of change of quantities Ans: f (x) = 3x+17 f (x) = 3x 2  3 = 3 (x2  1) = 3 (x + 1) (x  1)
´¶
•C
Questions Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function then f (a) = at x = a is the rate of f  (x) = 3 > 0 f (x) = 0, then x = 1, 1
•P
1. Find if x = at 2 and y = 2at change of y with respect to x at x = a  f(x) is strictly increasing on R. f (x) = 6x , f (1) = 6  1 = 6 < 0
•C
•P

Ans x = at 2
•P
= a  2 t = 2 at Questions f ( 1) = 6  1 = 6 > 0
Note : x  a = 0 at x = a, then  x = 1 is a point of local maxima
•¬
1. The radius of a circle is increasing uniformly at the rate of 3 cm/s. Find the rate at

y = 2 at , = 2a  1 = 2 a
•C
•¬ which the area of the circle is increasing when the radius is 10cm. x  a < 0 in (, a ) Local maximum value f (1) = (1)3  3 1 + 3 = 1 + 3+6 = 5
´q
´¶ Ans: Let ‘r’ be the radius and A be the area of the circle at any time ‘t’. and x  a > 0 in (a, ) x = 1 is a point of local minima
= = =¬
•C E” G
´q
then, Given that = 3 cm/s, r = 10cm Local minimum value of f (1) = (1)3  3 1 + 3 = 1  3+3 = 1
•P E”¬ •¸
´¶ •¬ 2. Find the intervals in which the function f given by f(x) = x2 4x + 6 is
2. If x = a cos  , y = a sin  , then find ? 2. Find the point of local maxima and local minima of the function
•C
•P Area, A = r2 a) Strictly increasing b) Strictly decreasing
f (x) = x 3  6x 2+ 9x + 15
Ans x = a cos  , = ax  sin  =  a sin  Rate of change of area, =  2r f (x) = x2  4x + 6 f (x) = 2 (x 2)
•C •— •¸
Ans:
• •¬ •¬
Ans: f (x) = x 3  6x 2+ 9x + 15
y = a sin  ,
•C
= a cos  =  2  10  3 = 60 cm2/s f (x) = 2 x  4 = 2 (x  2)
• f (x) = 3x 2  12x + 9 = 3 (x 2  4x + 3) = 3(x 1) (x 3)
´µ 2. An edge of a variable cube is increasing at the rate of 2 cm/s. How fast is the volume f (x) = 0, then x = 2
f (x) = 0 then x = 1, x = 3
•C
=
´
=
” efg 
=  cot  and surface area of the cube increasing when the edge is 10cm long? a) f (x) is strictly increasing on (, 2)
•P ´q D” gjk  f (x) = 6x  12
Ans:

´ Let ‘a’ be the edge of the cube, b) f (x) is strictly decreasing on (2, )
Second order derivatives f (3) = 6 3  12 = 18  12 = 6 > 0
then, = 2 cm/s, a = 10cm Volume V = a3 Find the intervals in which the function f given by
•”
3. x=1 is a point of local maxima
If y = f (x) then is also a function of ‘x’
•C •¬
•P
Rate of increase of volume,
•¹
= 3a2
•”
= 3 ×102 × 2 = 600 cm3/sec f (x) = 2x 3  3x 2  36x + 7 is x=3 is a point of local minima
´µ •¬ •¬
is called the second order derivative of y with respect to ‘x’.
•( )
then =
•S C
Surface area, s = 6a2 a) Strictly increasing b) Strictly decreasing
´q
•P S • 3. Find the local maximum value and local minimum value of the function
Questions Rate of increase of surface area,
•n
= 12a •¬ = 12 ×10 × 2 = 240
•”
cm2/sec Ans: f  (x) = 6x 2  6x  36 f (x) = 6 (x + 2) (x  3) f (x ) = sin x + cos x , 0 < x <
Y

If y = 3x2 + 7x + 1 = 6 (x 2  x  6)
•¬ E
1. then find
•S C
•P S 3. The length ‘x’ of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 5 cm/minute and the width y Ans : f (x ) = sin x + cos x
is increasing at the rate of 4cm/minute. When x = 8cm, y = 6cm. Find the rate of = 6 (x + 2) (x  3)
Ans y = 3x2 + 7x + 1 = 6x + 7, = =61= 6 f (x ) = cos x  sin x
•C •S C •(`PQ…)

change of (a) the perimeter, and (b) the area of the rectangle. f (x) = 0 then x = 2, 3
•P •P S •P

2. Find
•S C
if y = log x f (x ) = 0, then cos x  sin x = 0
Ans:
•P
=  5cm/ minute (since x is decreasing
•P
is negative) a) f is strictly increasing on ( , 2)  (3, )
cos x = sin x ,  x =
•P S Y
Ans y = log x •¬ •¬
b) f is strictly decreasing on (2 , 3) M
= 4 cm/minute, x = 8cm, y = 6cm
•C
f (x ) =  sin x  cos x
R
•( )
= , = = Maxima and Minima
•C G •S C q G •¬
•P P •P S •P PS
a) Perimeter, P = 2x + 2y f ( M ) =  sin M  cos
Y Y Y
=
G G
=
E
= √2 < 0
3. If y = 5 cos x  3 sin x , prove that
•S C
+y = 0 Local Maxima and Local Minima M √E √E √E

=2 +2 = 2x  5 + 2 × 4 =  2 cm/ minute
•º •P •C
 x = M is a point of local maxima and local maximum value
Y
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function
•P S
Ans y = 5 cos x  3 sin x
•¬ •¬ •¬

b) Area, A = xy defined on a open interval I. = f ^ _ = sin + cos = + = = √2

Y Y Y G G E
= 5x (  sin x )  3 x cos x
•C

= x •¬ + y •¬ = 8 × 4 + 6 ×  5 = 32  30 = 2 cm/ minute If f (a) = 0 and f  (a) < 0

•— •C •P M M M √E √E √E
•P
=  5 sin x  3 cos x •¬ ***
then x = a is a point of local maxima and
=  5 cos x  3 x  cos x =  5 cos x + 3 sin x
Increasing and decreasing functions Chapter – 7
local maxima value of f is f (a).
•S C
•P S
Let f be continuous on [a, b ] and differentiable on the open interval (a, b) INTEGRALS
•S C
= y  •P S + y = 0
•S C
If f  (a) = 0 and f  (a) > 0 then x = a is a
Then, • »(P)
point of local minima and local minimum If = f (x) then ¼ œ(J)½J = F(x) + c, where c is real number and is called
•P S
*** a) f is strictly increasing in [a, b] if f (x) > 0 for each x (a, b) •P
value of f is f (a) constant of integration.
11 12 13 14
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¼ sin L J ½J = ¼
Standard Results L gjk PDgjk LP G
+ log |x | + c
cos 3x P ”S
Ans ¼^ _ ½J = ¼ ^J E − 2J + _ ½J = Ans ½J = ^−3 ƒ„• J + _+c log | x + √J E + vE | + c
P ®D EP S QG G P® EP S
M M 3 8. ¼ √J E + vE ½J = √J E + vE +
E E
¼ cot J ½J = log |sin x | + c
À À L E
1. 8.

P ¦¥R
¼ J p ½J = + c , n  1 P®
 x 2 + log | x | + c 4. Find ¼ sin 3J. cos 2J ½J P ”S
pQG L 9. ¼ √J E − vE ½J = √J E − vE  log | x + √J E − vE | + c
E E
¼ sec J ½J = log |sec x + tan x | + c
=
+c 9. Ans ¼ sin 3J. cos 2J ½J = ¼ E (•‚w5J + •‚wJ)½J
G
a) ¼ √J ½J = L J
E L• 2 sin A cos B = sin(A+B) + sin (AB)
3. Find ¼ ½J
E E – L gjk P
rsn SÀ Questions
cos 3x
10. ¼ cosec J ½J = log |cosec x  cot x | + c = E N− − cos JO + ƒ
G
b) ¼ = 2√J+ c
•P
½J = ¼ ^rsnESÀ – 3 1. Find i) ¼ ii) ¼ S
¼
E – L gjk P 5
•P •P
Ans _ ½J = ¼ (2 sec E J − 3 sec J tan J) ½J
gjk P
√P MD PS P QË
rsn S À
11. ¼ sec E J ½J = tan x + c Integration by substitution
rsn SÀ
c) ¼ PS = +c iv) ¼ √25 − J E dx
•P DG
iii) ¼
•P
= 2 tan J − 3 sec J + c
Integrals of the form ¼ œ²¾(J)³ ¾(J)½J
P √ED P S
d) ¼ P¦
•P
=
DG
+ c, 12. ¼ cosec E J ½J = cot x + c Integrals of the form ¼ Á (ÂÃ + Ä) ÅÃ Ans i) ¼ MD
•P
=¼
•P
=
G
Ì„¾ Ê
2+ J
Ê +c (Using result 1)
(pDG)P ¦¤R
Let g (x) = u, then g (x) dx = du PS √ES D P S E×E EDP
n1 If ax + b = u, then ¼ f (vJ + Æ) ½J = € ¼ f (Ç) ½Ç
G
= Ì„¾ Ê Ê +c
G
Then the integral becomes
2+ J

2. ¼ - P ½J = - P + c 13. ¼ sec J tan J ½J = sec x + c

M EDP
¼ œ(¾(J)) ¾(J)½J = ¼ œ(Ç)½Ç, which may be integrated. ii) ¼ P SQË = ¼ P SQ
•P •P
=
G
tan 1 ^ _ + c
P
(Using result 3)
3. ¼ v P ½J = ©fª ” + c
”q 14. ¼ cosec J . cot J ½J = cosec x + c Examples LS L L
Questions
= sin 1 ^ _+c
P
G G iii) ¼ √ED =¼ (Using result 4)
•P •P
4. = log |x | + c 15. = sin1 x + c or 1. ¼(3J + 1)F ½J =  +c = ( 3x + 1)6 + c 1. Find ¼ cos (J L ) . 3J E ½J
(LPQG)¿
¼ ¼ √GDP S
•P •P
L ` GÈ
PS d²√E³SD P S √E
P

 cos1 x + c G E G Ans ¼ cos (J L ) . 3J E ½J = ¼ cos u du = sin u + c

2. ¼ √2J + 1 ½J = (2J + 1) +c = (2J + 1) •2 + c
L• 3
E iv) ¼ √25 − J E ½J = ¼ √5E − J E ½J
5. ¼ sin J ½J =  cos x + c 16. = tan1 x + c or
E L L
= sin (x 3) + c

¼ GQP S
•P
G
log |5x +1| + c = √5E − J E + sin 1^ _ + c (Using result 7)
P FS P
3. ¼ FPQG ½J =
•P
2. Find ¼ ½J
efg ( √P)
 cot1 x + c
F E E F

= E √25 − J E + sin 1^ F_ + c

√P
G DG P EF P
6. ¼ cos J ½J = sin x + c 17. 4. ¼ sin(2J + 3) ½J =   cos (2x + 3) + c = cos (2x + 3) + c Ans Let √J = u , then ½J = du ; ½J = 2 du
= sec1 x + c or
G G
¼ P√P SDG
•P E
E E
2. Find the following integrals
E√P √P
G
 cosec1 x + c 5. ¼ cos(5J) ½J =  sin (5x ) + c ¼ cos u (2 du) = 2 sin u + c = 2 sin (√J) + c
F
i) ¼ EFP SD ii) ¼ iii) ¼ S
•P •P •P
7. ¼ tan J ½J = log |sec x | + c 6.
G
- EP + c 3. Find ¼
(©fª P) ®
½J
¼ - EP ½J =
G` √MD ËP S √ËP QG
E Ans i) ¼ EFP SD = ¼ (FP)SD = F  E×M log ÊFP D MÊ + c = log Ê Ê+c
P •P •P G G 5J + 4 G 5J + 4
Theorems
Ans Let log x = u, ½J = du
G
G G` MS M FP D M
7. ¼ sec E (3J) ½J = tan (3x ) + c
¼°
1. ¼ ¢ œ(J)½J = k ¼ œ(J)½J, where k is a constant.
P ½J
¼ √MD
•P G
= sin 1^ _ + c
L
ii) =
LP
¼ ½J = ¼ ÇL ½Ç = +c = + ƒ
(©fª P)® ɱ (©fª P)±
2. ¼(œ(J) + ¾(J))½J = ¼ œ(J)½J + ¼ ¾(J)½J Integration using trigonometric identities ËP S 2 − (3J) L
2 2 E
P M M

¼ √ ËP S QG = ¼
•P G
Examples 1. cos2 x =
GQefg EP
2. sin2x =
GD efg EP 4. Find ¼ - gjk P cos J ½J iii)
½J
= log Í3J + °(3J)E + 1E Í + ƒ
E E L
…P ¿ Ans Let sin x = u , cos x dx = du d(3J)2 +12
1. ¼ 7J F ½J = 7 ¼ J F ½J = +c L gjk P –gjk LP L efg PQefg LP
` 3. sin2 x = 4. cos3 x = ¼ - gjk P cos J ½J = ¼ - É ½Ç = - É + c = - gjk P + c G
P±
M M = log Í3J + °(9J)E + 1Í + ƒ
L
2. ¼(J L + cos J)½J = ¼ J L ½J + ¼ cos J ½J = + sin x+ c 5. 2 sin A cos B = sin (A+B) + sin (A  B) 5. Find ¼
¬”p ¤R P
½J
M GQP S Integrals of the form
E PS 6. 2 cos A sin B = sin (A+B)  sin (A  B)
3. ¼(2√J + 3 J + 1)½J = 2 J +3 +x+c +c = +c ¼ ”P S QÎPQr , ¼ √”P S QÎPQr and ¼ √vJ E + ÆJ + ƒ ½J
•P •P
L•
Ans ¼ ½J = ¼ Ç ½Ç =
E ¬”p ¤RP ÉS ²¬”p ¤R P S³
L E 7. 2 cos A cos B = cos (A+B) + cos (A  B) GQP S E E

=
M 3•
J 2+3
PS
+x+c Integration using following results To find above integrals complete the square of vJ E + ÆJ + ƒ using the identities.
L E
8. 2 sin A sin B = cos (A  B)  cos (A + B)
G G
1. ¼ ”S D = log Ê Ê+c 2. ¼ PS D = log Ê Ê+c (x + a)2 = x 2 + 2ax + a 2 and (x  a)2 = x 2  2ax + a 2
•P ”QP •P PD ”
4. ¼(2 sin J + 3 cos J − 2 •-ƒ E J)½J =  2 cos x + 3 sin x 2 tan x + c Questions PS E” ”DP ”S E” PQ ”
1. Find ¼ cos E J ½J Questions
tan1 ^ _ + c = sin1 ^ _ + c
E 3• G P P
5. ¼(√J + + 2)½J = J 2 + 2 √J + 2x + c 3. ¼ PS Q = 4. ¼ √”SD
G •P •P

Find ¼
L ” ” ” •P
¼ cos E J ½J = ¼
GQefg EP G sin 2J ”S PS
_+c 1.
√P
Ans ½J = ^J +
Questions 5. ¼ √P SQ = log | x + √J E + vE | + c P S QMPQGL
•P
E E 2
Ans x 2 + 4x + 13 = x 2 + 4x + 22 + 13  22 = (x + 2)2 + 9 = (x + 2)2 + 32
”S
1. Find ¼ tanE J ½J 2. Find ¼ sin E J ½J
6. ¼ √P SD = log | x + √J E − vE |+c
•P

¼ P S QMPQGL = ¼ (PQE)S Q LS = tan  1 ^ _+ ƒ

•P •P G PQE
¼ sin E J ½J = ¼
GDefg EP G
¼ tanE J ½J = ¼ (sec E J − 1) ½J = tan x  x + c
sin 2J
Ans Ans ½J = ^J − _+c
”S

sin 1^ _ + ƒ
E E 2 P ”S P L L
7. ¼ √vE − J E ½J = √J E − vE +
2. Find ¼^ _ ½J 3. Find ¼ sin L J ½J
P ®D EP SQG
E E ”
À

15 16 17 18

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= +
P — Ñ
Find ¼
•P
2. Ans Let ¼ J - P ½J = J × ¼ - P ½J  ¼ Ï
•P
× ¼ - P ½JÐ ½J DEFINITE INTEGRALS
√P S D EPQE (PQG)(PQE) PQG PQE •P

= J - P  ¼ 1 × - P ½J = J - P - P + ƒ = - P (J − 1) + ƒ Let ¼ œ(J) ½J = Ö(J) + c then the definite integral of y = œ(J) in a closed

Ans x 2  2x + 2 = x 2  2x + 12 + 2  12 (using x 2 2a x +a 2 =(x  a)2 ) Then x = A (J + 2) + B (J + 1)
= (x  1)2 Put x = 1, 1 = A  1 + B  0  A = 1 2. Find ¼ J cos J ½J
integral [ a, b]
¼” œ(J)½J = [Ö(J)]”Î = Ö(Æ)  Ö(v)
Î

Ans ¼ J cos J ½J = J ¼ cos J ½J  ¼ Ï × ¼ cos J ½JÐ ½J

+1
¼ √P SD EPQE =¼ Put x = 2,
•P •P •P
= log ÍJ − 1 + °(J − 1)E + 1E Í + ƒ 2 = A  0 + B  1 B= 2
Questions
•P
°(PDG)S Q GS
+
P DG E
= J sin J  ¼ 1 × sin J ½J
= log ÍJ − 1 + √J E − 2J + 2Í + ƒ (PQG)(PQE) PQG PQE 1. Evaluate the following integrals
= J sin J ( cos J) + ƒ
 = x = Algebraic function

¼ (PQG)(PQE) = ¼ + 2¼
P •P •P •P
Integration by method of Partial Fraction Y• G
i) ¼ J E ½J ii) ¼ cos J ½J iii) ×
G •P
sin x = Trigonometric function

= J sin J + cos J + ƒ
E
PQG PQE
Type -1 Integration using the result
GQP S
Choose ‘x’ as Ist function

=  log |J + 1| + 2 log |J + 2| + c 3. Find ¼ J L log J ½J L

= Ï − Ð
G G G G
×
•P Y•
(LPDG) •P Ans ¼ J L log J ½J = ¼ log J × J L ½J iv) v) ¼E E cos E J ½J
(PQ”)(PQÎ) ÎD” PQ” PQÎ 2. Find ¼ E
(PQG)(PQE)
(PDG)(PDE)(PDL)
Questions = log J × ¼ J L ½J − ¼ Ï × ¼ J L ½JÐ ½J
• ©fª P
P® G
= + +
LPDG — Ñ Ò
¼ J E ½J = N O =  0 =
G G
Ans Let Ans i)
•P G
1. Find ¼ (PQG)(PQE)
G
(PDG)(PDE)(PDL) PDG PDE PDL L L L
= log J × − ¼ × ½J
P± G P±

Then 3J − 1 = A (J − 2) (J − 3) + B (J − 1) (J − 3) + C (J − 1) (J − 2) Y
cos J ½J = [sin J] = sin  sin 0 = 1 0 = 1
M P M Y• †⁄
¼ (PQG)(PQE) =¼ − ½J ii)
G G G
Ans ¼ E 2
= log J − ¼ J L ½J
P± G
PQG PQE Put x = 1, 2 = A  1  2 + B  0 + C  0 A=1 M M
x 3 = Algebraic function E
G
Y Y
= log |(J + 1)|  log |(J + 2)| + c = log Ê Ê+c
PQG
x = 2, × = [tanDG J]1 = tan 1 tan 1 0 =
•P
5 = A  0 + B  1  1 + C  0 B = 5 = log J − × + ƒ
P± G P±
iii) 1 =
log x = Logarithemic function
1
PQE M M M GQP S
M M
Choose ‘log x’ as Ist function

x = 3, 8 = A0+ B0+ C21 C= 4

Find ¼
•P
= log J − JM + ƒ
P± G
2. L L
+ + _ ½J = [log|J + 1| − log |J + 2|]LE
LPDG G DF M
× =× ^ −
(PQE)(PQF) M G` •P G G
(PDG)(PDE)(PDL) We can choose 1 as second function to integrate log x, sin 1x, cos 1 x etc. iv)
PDG PDE PDL
^ − _ ½J
(PQG)(PQE) PQG PQE
¼ (PQE)(PQF) = ¼
•P G G G
Ans

E E
=
L PQE PQF (LPDG) •P
¼ (PDG)(PDE)(PDL) = ¼ PDG  5 ¼ PDE + 4 ¼ PDL
•P •P •P 1. Find ¼ log J ½J
= log Ù4•5Ú – logc3•4h
PQG L
log Ê Ê+ ƒ = Nlog Ê ÊO
PQE
{log|J + 2| − log |J + 5|} + c
G G
= = Ans ¼ log J ½J = ¼ log J × 1 ½J = log J ¼ 1 ½J -¼ ^ × ¼ 1 ½J_ ½J
• ©fª P
L L PQF = log |J − 1|  5 log |J − 2| + 4 log |J − 3| + c •P PQE E

= log J × J  ¼ × J ½J = J log J  ¼ 1. ½J = J log J  J + ƒ

G
Find ¼
efg P •P M•
3. Integration by parts (Product rule for integration)
= log xL y = log ^ _
P
F G`
(EDgjk P) (GDgjk P)
= œ(J) ¼ ¾(J)½J  ¼ Ï ¼ ¾(J)½JÐ ½J Important Result
• Ó(P) •M GF
Ans Let sin J = u, then cos J dJ = du ¼ œ(J)¾(J)½J
•P)
¼ - P (œ(J) + œ (J))½J = - P œ(J) + ƒ Y• Y•
or
E GQefg EÀ
¼ (EDgjk P) (GDgjk P) = ¼ (EDÉ)(GDÉ) = ¼ (ÉDE)(ÉDG) = ¼ ^ ÉDE − ÉDG _ ½Ç
efg P •P •É •É
cosE J ½J = × ½J = Nx + O
G G Y• G gjk EÀ E
Question v) ¼E E
E E E
¼ Ô × ÔÔ ½J = Ô × ¼ ÔÔ ½J ¼ Ï × ¼ ÔÔ ½JÐ ½J
•Õ E
= log |Ç − 2|  log |Ç − 1| + c 1. Find the following integrals
= N + − ^0 + _O
•P G Y nop Y nop
= log | | + c = log | |+ ƒ Rules to choose the first function i) ¼ - P (sin J + cos J) ½J ii) ¼ - P ^log J + P_ ½J E E E E
ÉDE gjk PDE G

×
ÉDG gjk PDG
G Y Y
= × N + 0 − 0O = =
G Y
First function should be chosen in the following order of preference.
Find ¼
•P
4. iii) ¼- ^ P − _ ½J iv) ¼ - sec J (1 + tan J) ½J
G G
E E M
P P
E E
¨ q QG
I - Inverse trigonometric functions
PS

Ans ¼ - P (sin J + cos J) ½J = - P sin J + ƒ (Here œ(J) = sin J, then œ  (J) =cos J) DEFINITE INTEGRAL BY SUBSTITUTION
¼ ¨ q QG =¼ - =Ç ,
•P ¨ q •P
Ans P
- ½J = ½Ç
P
L - Logarithmic function
¨ q (¨ q QG) Questions
= ¼
•É
= ¼
G
−
G
= log |u |  log |u +1 | + c A - Algebraic function
Evaluate ¼ (2J L + 1) J E ½J
Remember
1.
G
ii) ¼ - P ^log J + P_ ½J = - P log J + ƒ œ(J) = log J, œ  (J) =
G G
É(ÉQG) É ÉQG
T - Trigonometric functions
ILATE
P
½Ç
= log Ê Ê + c = log Ê Ê+c Ans Let 2J L + 1 = Ç , then 6J E ½J = ½Ç, J E ½J = 6
É ¨q
iii) ¼ -P ^ P − _ ½J , = - P × ½J = + ƒ œ(J) = P œ  (J) = P S
G G G ¨q G DG
ÉQG ¨ q QG E - Exponential function PS P P
when x = 0, u = 0+1, when x = 1, u = 2+1 = 3 U:13
Type 2 Questions iv) ¼ - P sec J (1 + tan J) ½J ( œ(J) = sec J, then œ  (J) =sec J tan J)
3
Questions 1. Find ¼ J - P ½J = ¼ - P (sec J + sec J tan J) ½J ½Ç 1 [Ç3 ]1
 ¼ (2J L + 1) J E ½J = ¼G ÇE =
G L
6 6 3
Find ¼
P •P Ans Using ¼ Ô. ÔÔ ½J = Ô ¼ ÔÔ ½J  ¼ Ï•P × ¼ ÔÔ ½JÐ ½J = ¼ - P sec J + ƒ
•Õ
1.
x = Algebraic function
G E` GL
(PQG)(PQE) = [27  1] = =
ex = Exponential

GÈ GÈ Ë
Choose x as Ist

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2. Evaluate ¼
G ¬”p¤R P
½J NJ 2 O
2 à
ÜP S ÝS ¼
Y•
E efg ® P •P
.......... (2) Chapter – 8
 2 Ü J2 Ý 0 ß +  2 [J]FE
2  I =
= Þ 0
APPLICATION OF INTEGRAL
GQP S efg® PQ gjk® P
2 E
Ans Let uvwDG J = u , dx= du (1) + (2) gives
G
GQP S
EFDM Y• gjk® P Q efg® P
+ 2I = ¼ ½J = ¼ •E 1. ½J = [J] 2
†⁄
When x = 0, u = uvwDG0 = 0
Y
E
= N − 2 × (2 − 0)O  2 (5 2) Area bounded by the curve y = f (x) , the X- axis and the lines x = a and x = b
(MD )

Y Y
E E gjk® P Q efg® P
x = 1, u = uvw 1 = DG EG EG GL Y
2I=
Y
 I= Let y = f(x) be a continuous function on [a, b].
M M =  (2 4) + 6= 4=
 u=0
E M
E E E I If f(x)  0 in [a, b] then the area bounded by
NŸ − 0Ð Ÿ =
†⁄ Y•
Evaluate ¼
=
[ÉS ]¯ •P
†• G YS YS 3. E
the curve y = f(x), x – axis and the lines x = a
½J = ¼
4
¼
G ¬”p¤R P
4 Ç ½J = Problems using the property 3 GQ√•€k P
GQP S E E G` LE and x = b is given by
Remember  J E , J M , J ` , J È , cos x etc are even functions. Y• Y•
¼ ¼
Y•
E •P E √efg P •P
¼
•P
PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL Ans E = =
While x, J L , J F , sin x, tan x etc are odd functions Area = ¼” œ(J) ½J = ¼” ‰ ½J
Î Î
GQ√•€k P
GQ
√|}~ q √efg PQ√gjk P
1. ¼” œ(J) ½J =  ¼Î œ(J) ½J
Î ”
√z{| q
1. Evaluate the following integrals Y• II If f (x)  0 in [a, b]
I= ¼
√efg P •P
2. ¼” œ(J) ½J = ¼” œ(J) ½J + ¼r œ(J) ½J
Î r Î E
i) ¼DE J L ½J
E
ii) ¼DG(3J F + 2J L − J) ½J
G Let ..... (1) Area = ʼ” œ(J) ½JÊ
Î
√efg PQ√gjk P
2 ¼ œ(J) ½J, If œ(J) is even, i. e œ(−J) = œ(J) Ÿ
”
†• †•
Using ¼ œ(J) ½J = ¼ œ(v − J) ½J
” ”
3. ¼D” œ(J) ½J = •
”
iii) ¼D†2 sin J ½J iv) ¼D†2 sin… J ½J
0 , If œ(J) is odd, i. e œ(−J) = −œ(J) •2 •2
defg² †⁄2 D P³ •P III If f (x)  0 in [a, c ] and f (x)  0 in [c, b]
4. ¼” œ(J) ½J = ¼” œ(v + Æ − J) ½J Ans i) œ(J) = J L is an odd function Y•
I=¼ E
Î Î

then the Area = ͼ” œ(J) ½JÍ + ʼr œ(J) ½JÊ

r Î

Therefore using the property ¼D” œ(J) = 0 when œ(J) odd, ¼DE J L dJ = 0
” E
5. ¼ œ(J) ½J = ¼ œ(v − J) ½J
” ”
defg² †⁄2 D P³Qdgjk² †⁄2 D P³
Questions
ii) œ(J) = 3J F + 2J L − J is an odd function Y•
I=¼ E
√gjk P •P 1. The area bounded by y = x , the x-axis and the lines x = 0 and x = 2 is.....
Problems using property 2  ¼DG
G
(3J F + 2J L − J) ½J = 0 ....... (2)
√gjk PQ√efg P
2

E
Ans Area = ¼ ‰ ½J = ¼ J E ½J = ^ _ = L
E E P® È
J E , If 0 ≤ J < 1 Ÿ †• Y• √efg PQ√gjk P
1. If f (x) = ¡ , find ¼ œ(J) ½J =¼ E ½J
” Y•
iii) sin J is an odd function  ¼D†2 sin J ½J = 0 (1) + (2) gives 2I =¼ 1. ½J
E L
J , If 1 ≤ J ≤ 3 √efg PQ √gjk P
2. Find the area enclosed by the circle x 2+y 2 = a 2
•2

= [J] =
Ans †⁄
¼ œ(J) ½J = ¼ œ(J) ½J + ¼G œ(J) ½J †• Y Y
L G L
using ¼” œ(J) ½J iv) ¼D†•2 sin… J ½J = 0 since sin… J is an off function 2I 2
 I= x 2+y 2 = a 2 , y = √vE − J E
Î
Ans
2 E M
= ¼ J E ½J + ¼G J ½J
G L
= ¼” œ(J) ½J + ¼r œ(J) ½J
r Î
Problems using property – 5 Since the circle is symmetrical about both the axes.
Problems using the property - 6
+
[P ® ]R̄ [P S ]®R
= 2 3 Area = 4 × area in the first quadrant
Evaluate ¼E
√P
Evaluate ¼ ½J
√P
L E 1. 1. ”
√PQ√FDP
√PQ√EDP = 4 ¼ ‰ ½J = 4 ¼ √vE − J E ½J = 4 NE √vE − J E + •‚wDG ^ _O
E E P ”S P
GD ËDG G GL
= + = +4 = 2 3
Let I = ¼E .....(1)
E ”
√P
I =¼ .... (1)
L E L L √P
Ans Let Ans
√PQ√FDP = 4 N0 + × E − (0 + 0)O = a sq units
”S â
2. Evaluate ¼DE |J| ½J
L √PQ√EDP
E
Using the property ¼ œ(J) ½J = ¼ œ(v − J) ½J Using ¼” œ(J) ½J = ¼” œ(v + Æ − J) ½J
” ” Î Î
J , If J ≥ 0 Ÿ 3. Find the area enclosed by the ellipse
Ans |J| = ¡
−J , If J < 0 2
I = ¼E ½J
L √EQLD P
I =¼
√EDP
.... (2) PS
+ ÎS = 1
CS

¼DE |J| ½J = ¼DE |J| ½J + ¼ |J| ½J = ¼DE −J ½J + ¼ J ½J

L L L √EDPQ√P √EQLD PQ°FD(EQLDP) ”S

½J = ¼ 1. ½J = [J]E
2 √PQ √EDP 2 Ans + =1 ; =1
2I = ¼ ½J
PS CS CS PS
I = ¼E
L √FD P
¯ ® (1) + (2) .... (2)
ÜP S ݤS ÜP S ݯ ( DM) (ËD ) √PQ√EDP √FD PQ°P)
”S ÎS ÎS ”S

=  + = + y2=
ÎS
(a 2  x 2) , y = √vE − J E
Î
E E E E 2I=2  I=2
= ¼E ½J
L √P Q √FDP
(1) + (2) gives 2I = ¼E 1. ½J
L ”S ”

=
M Ë GL Y•
Since the ellipse is symmetrical about both the axes
Evaluate ¼
gjk® P •P √P Q√FDP
= + 2. E

= [J]3E = 3  2 = 1
E E E G
 I=
gjk® PQ efg® P
Y 2I Area = 4 × Area in the first Quadrant
Evaluate ¼ |J − 2| ½J
F
Let I = ¼ E .......... (1) E
• gjk® P •P
2. Ans ”
= 4 ¼ ‰ ½J = 4 ¼ √vE − J E ½J = N √vE − J E + •‚wDG ^ _O
” ” MÎ P ”S P
gjk® PQ efg® P ***
Ans J − 2 < 0 when J < 2 and J − 2 > 0 when J > 2
” E E ”
Using ¼ œ(J) ½J = ¼ œ(v − J) ½J ,
” ”

= N0 + × − (0 + 0)O = ab sq units
MÎ ”S â
 ¼ |J − 2| ½J = ¼ |J − 2| ½J +
F
¼E |J − 2| ½J sin (†•2 – J) = cos J
E F
Y
á
gjk® ^S – P_ ” E E
I=¼ E ½J
•
cos (†•2 – J) = sin J
= ¼ − (J − 2) ½J + ¼E (J − 2) ½J
á á
E F gjk® ^S – P_Q efg®^S – P_

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4. Evaluate the area bounded by the parabola y 2 = 4 ax •C

− ‰ = A -J  A -J = 0 Let y = Vx , then
•C
=å+J
•¹
Equal vectors : Vectors having equal magnitude and same directions.
•P •P •P
and its latus rectum Like vectors : Vectors having same directions.
å+J
 y = A - J is the general solution •¹ PQ •¹
Ans y 2 = 4 ax , focus (a, 0) Substitute in (a) then =
•P P Unit vectors : Vectors whose magnitude is unity, unit vector in the direction of v = |”|
”
Solution of first order first degree differential equation
å+J J =1; dV =
Required Area = 2 × Area in the first Quadrant •¹ •¹ •P
= 1+ V
•P •P P Zero vector : Vectors with magnitude zero
= 2 ¼ ‰ ½J = 2 ¼ 2√v √J ½J
” ”

 ¼ ½å = ¼
•P
 V = log | x | + c Negative vector : Vectors with same magnitude but opposite direction.
A) Variable separable form

= 4√v × ÜJ L/E Ý P
E ”

y = log|J| + ƒ Collinear vectors : Vectors with same line of action

Differential equation which can be written in the form f (x) dx + g (y) dy = 0 can be

= log|J| + ƒ ;
L C
i.e
ÜvL/E − 0Ý = √v × vL/E = a 2 sq. Units The solution is ¼ œ (J) ½J + ¾ (‰) ½‰ = c
solved by direct integration.
= P êêêêê⃗ = x ‚ + y î+ z ¢ and its magnitude
È√” È È
Position vector of a point P (x, y, z) is ìí
C Linear differential equations
L L L

5. Find the area bounded by the curve y = x3 , the x-axis and the lines x = 2 and x = 3 r = °J E + ‰ E + ï E
Differential equations of the form
The magnitude r, direction ratios a , b, c and direction cosines (l, m, n) of any vector
Questions

= ʼDE ‰½J Ê + ¼ ‰½J

L

+ P (x) y = Q (x) , where P (x) and Q (x) are functions of x

•C
are l = ¸ , m = , n =
” Î̧ ŗ
1. Find the general solution of the differential equation
•C PS
Ans Required area
•P
= ʼDE J L ½J Ê + ¼ J L ½J
L
•P CS
y 0
To solve the equation, first find the integrating factor (I. F) = - ¼ æ(P)•P Addition of vectors
= ,
® •C PS
=Ê − 2Ê + Then the solution is Sum of two or more vectors is called resultant of
ÜÀ± Ý ÜÀ± ݯ
•P CS
Ans = , then y 2 dy = x2 dx
the vectors. The sum can be obtained by the
M M
CS PS I.F × y = ¼ Ô. Ö × ç(J) ½J + ƒ
=Ê Ê+ = + Solution is ¼ ‰ E d y = ¼ J‰ Ed x + c
DG` ÈGD G` ÈG
L L triangle law of vector addition or the
Questions
M M M M
; = +c
=
Ë…
Sq. units •C GQC S parallelogram law of vector addition.
+ 2 y = e3x
•C
1. Solve
M
•P GQPS êêêêê⃗ = èé
èð êêêêê⃗ + éð
êêêêê⃗
*** •P
2. Solve =
•C GQC S •C •P
+ 2 y = e3x ; P(x) = 2, Q(x) = e3x Multiplication of a vector by a scalar
•C
Chapter – 9 •P GQP S GQC S GQPS Ans

•P
=
Let v = x ‚ + y î+ z ¢ and  = (x) ‚ + (y) î+ (z )¢ and |v =  |v|
Ans =

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ¼ GQCS = ¼ GQPS I.F = - ¼ æ(P)•P = - ¼ E•P = e2x

•C •P

Product of two vectors

ie, tan 1 y = tan 1 x + c
Solution I.F × y = ¼ Ô. Ö × ç(J) ½J + ƒ
Solution if

Order and Degree of a Differential Equations The scalar product of two vectors v and Æ having angle  between them is defined as
sec2x tan y dx + sec 2 y tan x dy = 0 ¼ - EP ‰ = ¼ - EP . - LP ½J + ƒ - EP ‰ = ¼ - FP ½J + ƒ
3. Find the general solution of the differential equation
v . Æ = |v| |Æ | cos 
The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest order derivative


sec2x tan y dx + sec 2 y tan x dy = 0 - EP ‰ = +c

¨ àq
appearing in the equations. Ans F The cross product vector product of two vectors v and Æ having angle  between
If all the derivatives involved in a differential equation are in the polynomial form, This equation is not in the variable separable form divide both sides by tan y tan x 2. Solve J
½‰
½J
+2y=x2 ( x  0) them is v  Æ = |v| |Æ | sin  . w , where ‘n’ is the unit vector perpendicular to the
degree of the differential equation is the degree of the highest order derivative g«eS À g«eS ã vectors v and Æ .
then dx + dy Ans J
½‰
+2y=x2
appearing in it. •€k À •€k ã ½J If v = a1 ‚ + a2 î+ a3 ¢
=0

y=x then P(x) = , Q(x) = J

•C E E
Solution is ¼ dx + ¼ dy = c + Æ = b1 ‚ + b2 î+ b3 ¢
g«eS À g«eS ã
Questions •€k À •€k ã •P P P

1. Find the order and degree, if defined, of each of the following differential equations. log | tan x | + log |tan y | = c then, v . Æ = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3
I.F. = - ¼ æ(P)•P = - = - E ©fª P = - ©fª(P =x2
S
¼q•P S)
L •C F ‚ î ¢
^
•S C
_ + xy ^ _ + y 2 = 0  cos x = 0 B Homogeneous differential equations
i) ii) Solution I.F × y = ¼ Ô. Ö × ç(J) ½J + ƒ
•C
and v  Æ = ñvG vE vL ñ projection of v and Æ =
”. Î
•P S •P •P
Differential equation which can be written in the form = ÆG ÆE Æ
•C Ó(P, C) | Î|

x 2 y = ¼ × J ½J + ƒ  x 2 y = ¼ J L ½J + ƒ x 2y = +c
PS
•S C E
^ _ + cos ^ _ = 0 + + y 2 + - ½J = 0
•C •® C ½‰ •P ä (P, C)
iii) iv) M If v . Æ are perpendicular . Then v . Æ = 0
where œ(J, ‰) and ¾(J, ‰) are homogeneous functions of same degree.

•P S •P •P ®
*** Questions & Answers
Ans i) Order = 2, degree = 3 ii) order = 1, degree = 1 To solve the equations , put y = Vx , then
iii) Order = 2, degree not defined iv) Order = 3, degree not defined
Chapter – 10 1. v = ‚ + î+ ¢ , Æ = 2 ‚ + 3 î , ƒ = 3 ‚ + 5 î  2 ¢, ½ =  î+ ¢
= å+J
•C •C

Solution of a differential equation

•P •P VECTORS a) Find Æ  v
Questions
A Vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
− ‰=0 b) Unit vector along Æ  v
•C
Verify that y = A - J is the general solution of the differential equation
=
•C PQC
•P 1. Find the general solution of
•P P c) Prove Æ  v and ½ ƒ are parallel vectors.
1.
•C AB is a directed line segment, with initial point A and terminal point
y = A -J = A -J
= ............ (1)
•C PQC
•P Ans êêêêê⃗ or v.
B. This line segment is a vector denoted by èé
•P P
Ans then

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Ans a) Æ  v = (2 ‚ + 3 î)  ( ‚ + î+ ¢) = ‚ + 2 î  ¢ G G L√E Where õ̅ = x ‚ +y î + z ¢ and v÷ = x1 ‚ +y1 î + z 1 ¢ Chapter – 12

Area triangle ABC = = |AB  AC| = √3E + 3E = sq. unit
Î  ” E E E Æ÷ = a ‚ +b î + c ¢ LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEM
b) | v | = °vGE + vEE + vLE = =
‚+2î ¢ ‚+2î ¢
|Î  ”| °12+ 22+ (−1)2 √6 5. Let A (2, 3, 4), B (4, 3, 2) and C(5, 2, 1) be three points.
Shortest distance between the lines
êêêêê⃗ êêêêê⃗ 1. Solve the LPP , Maximise Z = 4x + 6y
c) ½ ƒ = ( î+ ¢)  (3 ‚ + 5 î  2 ¢) a) Find èé and èð (Æø1 × Æø) .(vøD vø)
b) êêêêê⃗ on èé
Find the projection of éð êêêêê⃗ vG +  ÆøG and
õ̅ = ÷÷÷ õ̅ = v ÷÷÷E is z =
÷÷÷E +  Æ
2 1 2
subject to the constraints x + 3y  15
=  3 ‚  6 î + 3 ¢ =  3( ‚ + 2 î  ¢ ) =  3( Æ  v)
|Æø1 × Æø| 2x + 3 y  10 x  0, y  0
 ½ ƒ and Æ  v are parallel c) Find the area of the  ABC
2

Cartesian form : The shortest distance between the lines Solu  x + 3y  15

2. Consider v = 2 ‚ + î 2 ¢ , Æ = 6 ‚  3 î +2 ¢ . Find v . Æ and v  Æ Ans a) êêêêê⃗
èé = P. V. of B  P. V. of A PDPR CDCR ôDôR PDPS CDCS ôDôS x + 3y = 15
= = and = = is Let x + 3y = 15 x 0 15
Ans v. Æ = (2 ‚ + î 2 ¢ ). (6 ‚  3 î +2 ¢) = (4 ‚ +3 î+2 ¢ )  (2 ‚ +1 î+4 ¢ ) = 2 ‚  2 ¢ ”R ÎR rR ”S ÎS rS
y 5 0
êêêêê⃗ PS DPR CS DCR ôS DôR Put x =0  x + 3y = 15 ; y = 5
= 2.6 + 1 (3) + (2) .2 = 12 3 4 = 5 èð = P. V. of C  P. V. of A ñ ”R ÎR rR ñ
‚ î ¢ Put y = 0  x = 15
= (5 ‚ +3 î ¢ )  (2 ‚ +3 î+4 ¢ ) = 3 ‚  î5 ¢ d=
”S ÎS rS
v  Æ = ñ2 1 −2ñ = ‚ (26)  î (12) + ¢ (66) °(ÎR rS DÎS rR )S Q(”R rS D”S rR )S Q(”R ÎS D”S ÎR )S  2x + 3 y  10 2x + y = 10
b) Projection of éð êêêêê⃗
êêêêê⃗ on èé
6 −3 2 x 0 5
êêêêê⃗.êêêêêêê⃗
Equation of a plane perpendicular to a given vector and passing through a given Let 2x + y = 10
= 4 ‚  16 î 12 ¢ —Ñ ÑÒ ED Q` È y 10 0
= √8
²EoD E ó³ . ( ‚ − î−3 ¢ )
= = = = point is (õ̅  v÷ ). w÷ = 0, where w÷ is a vector normal to the plane. Put x =0  y = 10
êêêêê⃗Í
Í—Ñ √ES QES √MQM √È
3. v = 2 ‚  î+2 ¢ and Æ = 6 ‚  2 î +3 ¢ . Questions and Answers
G Put y = 0  2x = 10, x = 5
a) Find a unit vector in the direction of v + Æ c) Area of ABC = | AB AC| 1. A line passes through (3, 2 , 5) and parallel to the vector 2 ‚ + î  2 ¢
E
b) Find the angle between v and Æ ‚ î ¢ i) Find the vector equations of the line x + 3y = 15
Ans a) v+Æ = (2 ‚  î+2 ¢ ) + (6 ‚  2 î +3 ¢ ) = 8 ‚  3 î+5 ¢ AB AC = ñ2 0 −2ñ = 2 ‚ +4 î 2 ¢
ii) Find the Cartesian equation of the line. 2x + 3 y = 10
3 −1 −5
Unit vector is the direction of v + Æ =
²” Q γ
 = √2E + 4E + 2E = √4 + 16 + 4 = i) v÷ = 3 ‚ 2 î + 5 ¢ 2x + 6 y = 30  x + 3  4 = 15
√24
G G G
Í” Q ÎÍ
Æ÷ = 2 ‚ + î  2 ¢
E E E

ÈoD L –QF ó ÈoD L –QF ó ÈoD L –QF ó *** 2x + y = 10 x = 15  12 = 3

= = = õ̅ = v÷ +  Æ÷ = (3 ‚ 2 î + 5 ¢) + (2 ‚ + î  2 ¢ ) 5 y = 20
°ÈS Q(DL)S QFS √`MQËQEF √ËÈ Chapter – 11
Cartesian y=4
b) Angle  between v and Æ is THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
= =
PDPR CDCR ôDôR
= =
PDL CQE ôDF
”QÎ E.`Q(D`).(DE)Q E.L Directions cosines
Cos  = = ” Î r E ” DE

|”||Î| °ES Q(DG)S QES °`S Q(DE)S QLS
2. Find the shortest distance between the lines Point Z = 4x + 6y
Directions cosines of a line are the cosines of the angle made by the line with the
GEQEQ` E E A (0, 0) 0
= =
L×…
=
EG
+ve directions of the co-ordinate axes. If l, m, u are the directions cosines, then PQG
=
CQG
=
ôQG
and
PDL
=
CDF
=
ôD…
√Ë√MË
… D` G G DE G B (5, 0) 20
l2 + m2 + n 2 = 1 Maximum
  = cos 1 ^ _
E
Ans v
÷÷÷G =  ‚  î  ¢ ÆøG = 7 ‚ 6 î + ¢ C (3, 4) 36
EG Directions cosines of a line joining A (x1, y1, z1) and B (x2, y2, z2) are
4. Consider the triangle ABC with vertices A (1, 2, 3), B (1, 0, 4), C (0, 1,2) v
÷÷÷E = 3 ‚ +5 î +7 ¢ ÷÷÷E = ‚ 2 î + ¢
Æ
,
PS D PR CS D CR ôS D ôR S (0, 5) 30
, ÷÷÷E ÷÷÷
v vG = (3 ‚ +5 î +7 ¢ )  ( ‚  î  ¢ ) = 4 ‚ +6 î +8 ¢
a) êêêêê⃗ and èð
Find èé êêêêê⃗ b) Find  A c) Find the area of triangle ABC —Ñ —Ñ —Ñ
2. Solve the LPP , graphically
êêêêê⃗ = 2 ‚  2 î+ ¢ Where AB = d(J2 − J1 ) + (‰2 − ‰1 ) + (ï2 − ï1 )
‚ î ¢
Ans a) èé
ÆøG ÷÷÷ Max. Z = 3x + 2y sub to
E E E

ÆE = ñ7 −6 1ñ = ‚ (6 2)  î (71) + ¢ (146)

êêêêê⃗ =  ‚  î  ¢
èð If l, m, n are direction cosines and a, b, c are directions ratios then 1 −2 1 x + 2y  10
êêêêê⃗
—Ñ .—Ò êêêêê⃗ EQEDG L L ” ” r = 4‚  6î  8 ¢ 3x + y  15
b) cos A = = = = l = m= n=
êêêêê⃗Í.|—Ò
Í—Ñ êêêêê⃗ | √MQMQG √GQGQG √Ë L√L √L °v2 +Æ2 +ƒ2 °v2 +Æ2 +ƒ2 °v2 +Æ2 +ƒ2 (v vG . (ÆøG × Æ
÷÷÷E ÷÷÷) ÷÷÷E ) = (4 ‚ +6 î +8 ¢) .( 4‚  6î  8 ¢)
x  0, y  0
G Equation of line through a given point and parallel to a given vector is = 16  36  64 =  116
 A = cos 1 Solu
√L
õ̅ = v÷ +  Æ÷ x + 2y  10
|ÆøG × Æ
÷÷÷E | = √16 + 36 + 64 = 116
‚ î ¢ x + 2y  10 x 0 10
c) èé êêêêê⃗ = ñ−2
êêêêê⃗  èð −2 1 ñ =3‚3 î Cartesian form (vø2 vø1 ) .(Æø1 ×Æø2 ) −116 y 5 0


PDPR Shortest distance = = x + 2y = 10

−1 −1 −1 CDCR ôDôR |Æø1 ×Æø2 | √GG`
= =
v Æ ƒ ***
31 32 33 34

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Put x =0  2y = 10 ; y = 5


Put y = 0  x = 10
3x + y  15 x
y
3x + y  15
0
15
5
0
2.
P( ) =
Ñ
—

If P(A) =
æ(—∩Ñ)
æ(—)
`
GG
=
(
±
R®
û
( )
R®

, P(B) =
)
=
M
…
F
GG
and P(AB) =
GG
…
, then find P(AB), P(è|é) and P( )
Ñ
—
stay tuned for more [email protected]
3x + y = 15 Solu: P(AB) = P(A) + P(B)  P(AB)
Put x =0  y = 15 = +  GG = GG
` F … M
GG GG
Put y = 0  3x = 15 ; x = 5 (
±
)
P(è|é) = = =
æ(—∩Ñ) RR M

x + 2y = 10
à
æ(Ñ) ( ) F
RR

3x + y = 15
±
( )
P( ) = = =
Ñ æ(—∩Ñ) RR M̀

3x + 6 y = 30  x + 2  3 = 10
¿
— æ(—) ( )
RR

3x + y = 15 x = 10  6 = 4 Independent Events
P(AB) = P(A) .P(B)
5 y = 15
3. If P(A) = , P(B) = , find P(AB), given that A & B are independent
L G
y=3 F F
events.
Solu: Since A & B are independent events
P(AB) = P(A) . P(B) =  F = EF
L G L
Point Z = 3x + 2y F
A (0, 0) 0 4. Let A and B are independent events with P(A) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.4. Find P(AB),
B (5, 0) 15 P(AB), P(è|é) and P( )
Ñ
Maximum —
C (4, 3) 18 Solu: P(AB) = P(A) . P(B) = 0.3  0.4 = 0.12
S (0, 5) 10 P(AB) = P(A) + P(B)  P(AB)
= 0.3 + 0.4  0.12 = 0.7  0.12 = 0.58
Exercise
P(è|é)= = = 0.3 P( ) = = = 0.4
æ(—∩Ñ) .GE Ñ æ(—∩Ñ) .GE

1. Solve the following LPP

æ(Ñ) .M — æ(—) .L

Baye’s Theorem
Maximise Z = 4x +y
P(ü‚|è) = ∑¦
æ(ýþ )æ(—/ýþ )
Sub to x +y  50 R æ(ýþ )æ(—/ýþ )

3x +y  90 ; x  0, y  0, 5. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls while another Bag II contains 5 red and 6 black
2. Solve the following LPP balls. One ball is drawn at random from one of the bags and it is found to be red.
Find the probability that it was drawn from Bag II.
Maximise Z = 200x +500y
Solu: Let E1 – Event of Choosing bag I
Sub to x +2y  10
E2 – Event of choosing bag II
3x + 4y  24 ; x , y  0
A – Event of drawing red ball
***
 P(E1) = P(E2) =
G
Chapter – 13 E

PROBABILITY P(ý ) = … P(ý ) = GG

— L — F
R S

 By Baye’s theorem
1. If P(A) = GL, P(B) = GL and P(AB) = GL then find P(è|é) and P(é|è)
… Ë M
æ(ýS ). æ^ _ R
×
à

P( S ) = =R =
ý S S RR LF
® R à
± — æ(ýR ). æ^ _Qæ(ýS ). æ^ _ × Q × `È
Solu: P(è|é) =
( )
= =
æ(—∩Ñ) R® M RS S S RR S RR

***
ú
æ(Ñ) ( ) Ë
R®

35 36