The Math Class

• The Math class is part of the java.lang package

• The Math class contains methods that perform various mathematical functions
• The Math class contains static constants:
• PI, The constant can be used through the class name
Areaofcircle=radius*radius*Math.PI;

• These include:
• int abs ( int num ); absolute value
• double sqrt (double num ); square root
• double sin (double angle); trigonometric functions
• double ceil ( double num); the smallest number greater than num or equal.
• double floor ( double num); the largest number less than num or equal.
• double pow ( double num, double power);
• double random(); 0.0 – 1.0

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The Math Class
• The methods of the Math class are static methods (also called class
methods)
• Static methods can be invoked through the class name – no object of
the Math class is needed
value = Math.cos(90) + Math.sqrt(delta);
• You can pass an integer value to method that accept a double.

• See Quadratic.java (page 129)

• See Math class. (page 128)

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Quadratic.java
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Quadratic -b ± b2 -4ac
{
2a
// Determines the roots of a quadratic equation.
public static void main (String[] args)
{
int a, b, c;
double discriminant, root1, root2;
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.print ("Enter the coefficient of x squared: ");
a = scan.nextInt();
System.out.print ("Enter the coefficient of x: ");
b = scan.nextInt();
System.out.print ("Enter the constant: ");
c = scan.nextInt();
// Use the quadratic formula to compute the roots.
discriminant = Math.pow(b, 2) - (4 * a * c);
root1 = ((-1 * b) + Math.sqrt(discriminant)) / (2 * a);
root2 = ((-1 * b) - Math.sqrt(discriminant)) / (2 * a);

System.out.println ("Root #1: " + root1);

System.out.println ("Root #2: " + root2);
} 3-32
}
Quadratic.java
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Quadratic -b ± b2 -4ac
{
2a
// Determines the roots of a quadratic equation.
public static void main (String[] args)
{
int a, b, c;
double discriminant, root1, root2;
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.print ("Enter the coefficient of x squared: ");
a = scan.nextInt();
System.out.print ("Enter the coefficient of x: ");
b = scan.nextInt();
System.out.print ("Enter the constant: ");
c = scan.nextInt();
// Use the quadratic formula to compute the roots.
discriminant = Math.pow(b, 2) - (4 * a * c);
root1 = ((-1 * b) + Math.sqrt(discriminant)) / (2 * a);
root2 = ((-1 * b) - Math.sqrt(discriminant)) / (2 * a);

System.out.println ("Root #1: " + root1);

System.out.println ("Root #2: " + root2);
} 3-33
}
Outline
Creating Objects
The String Class
Packages
Formatting Output
Enumerated Types
Wrapper Classes

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Formatting Output
• It is often necessary to format values in certain ways so that they can be
presented properly
• The Java standard class library contains classes that provide formatting
capabilities
• The NumberFormat class allows you to format values as currency or
percentages
• The DecimalFormat class allows you to format values based on a
pattern
• Both are part of the java.text package

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 Formatting Output- Number Format
• The NumberFormat class has static methods that return a
formatter object ( no need to use new )
Static NumberFormat getCurrencyInstance()
Static NumberFormat getPercentInstance()
• Each formatter object has a method called format that returns a
string with the specified information in the appropriate format
• String format ( double number )
import java.text.NumberFormat;
NumberFormat fmt = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance();
• See Purchase.java (page 131) String formattedAmount = fmt.format(amount);

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Purchase.java Enter the quantity: 5
Enter the unit price: 3.87
import java.util.Scanner; Subtotal: $19.35
import java.text.NumberFormat; Tax: $1.16 at 6%
public class Purchase Total: $20.51
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
final double TAX_RATE = 0.06; // 6% sales tax
int quantity;
double subtotal, tax, totalCost, unitPrice;
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);
NumberFormat fmt1 = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance();
NumberFormat fmt2 = NumberFormat.getPercentInstance();
System.out.print ("Enter the quantity: "); quantity = scan.nextInt();
System.out.print ("Enter the unit price: "); unitPrice = scan.nextDouble();
subtotal = quantity * unitPrice;
tax = subtotal * TAX_RATE;
totalCost = subtotal + tax;
// Print output with appropriate formatting
System.out.println ("Subtotal: " + fmt1.format(subtotal));
System.out.println ("Tax: " + fmt1.format(tax) + " at " + fmt2.format(TAX_RATE));
System.out.println ("Total: " + fmt1.format(totalCost));
} 3-37
}
Formatting Output- Decimal Format
• The DecimalFormat class can be used to format a floating point value in various ways
• The DecimalFormat class unlike NumberFormat (must use new)
• For example, you can specify that the number should be truncated to three decimal places
• The constructor of the DecimalFormat class takes a string that represents a pattern for the
formatted number
See CircleStats.java (page 134)

import java.text.DecimalFormat;
DecimalFormat fmt = new DecimalFormat ("0.###");
fmt.format(circumference); // circumference is double

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CircleStats.java
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
public class CircleStats
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int radius;
double area, circumference;
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter the circle's radius: ");
radius = scan.nextInt();
area = Math.PI * Math.pow(radius, 2);
circumference = 2 * Math.PI * radius;
// Round the output to three decimal places
DecimalFormat fmt = new DecimalFormat("0.###");
System.out.println("The circle's area: " + fmt.format(area));
System.out.println("The circle's circumference: "+ fmt.format(circumference));
}
}
Formatting Output
• The printf method allows the use to print a formatted string containing data value.

System.out.printf( “ ID : %5d\t Name: %10s”, id, name)

The format of the output

The values

%d: Integer (decimal).

• %5d: the id value should print in 5 characters %s: String.
%f: Floating-point number.
• %10s: the name string should print in 10 characters %x: Hexadecimal.
• if %s means match the string length. %o: Octal.
%b: Boolean.
%c: Character.
%e: Scientific notation.
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 Formatting Output- Example
double price = 19.99;
System.out.printf("%f", price); // Output: 19.990000 (default to 6 decimal places)
System.out.printf("%.2f", price); // Output: 19.99
int num = 255;
System.out.printf("%x", num); // Output: ff
boolean isActive = true;
System.out.printf("%b", isActive); // Output: true
double value = 12345.6789;
System.out.printf("%e", value); // Output: 1.234568e+04