Chapter 2

Data and Expressions

Outline
• We first need to explore the fundamentals of computer processing

• Chapter 2 focuses on:

o character strings
o primitive data
o the declaration and use of variables
o expressions and operator precedence
o data conversions
o accepting input from the user

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Character strings
• A string of characters
• is an object in JAVA, defined by the class String

• Can be represented as a string literal

• by putting double quotes around the text

• Examples:
"This is a string
literal."
"123 Main Street"
"X"
The println Method
• In the Lincoln program from Chapter 1, we invoked
the println method to print a character string
• The System.out object represents a destination (the
monitor screen) to which we can send output
System.out.println ("Whatever you are, be a good one.");

object method
information provided to the method
name
(parameters)

4
The print Method
• The System.out object provides another service as
well

• The print method is similar to the println method,

except that it does not advance to the next line

• Therefore anything printed after a print statement

will appear on the same line

• See Countdown.java

5
 //********************************************************************
// Countdown.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the difference between print and println.
//********************************************************************

public class Countdown

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints two lines of output representing a rocket countdown.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
System.out.print ("Three... ");
System.out.print ("Two... ");
System.out.print ("One... ");
System.out.print ("Zero... ");
System.out.println ("Liftoff!"); // appears on first output line
System.out.println ("Houston, we have a problem.");
}
}

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 Output
//********************************************************************
// Countdown.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
// Three... Two... One... Zero... Liftoff!
Houston,
// Demonstrates the we have between
difference a problem.
print and println.
//********************************************************************

public class Countdown

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints two lines of output representing a rocket countdown.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
System.out.print ("Three... ");
System.out.print ("Two... ");
System.out.print ("One... ");
System.out.print ("Zero... ");
System.out.println ("Liftoff!"); // appears on first output line
System.out.println ("Houston, we have a problem.");
}
}

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String Concatenation
• The string concatenation operator (+) is used to append one string to
the end of another
"Peanut butter " + "and jelly"
• It can also be used to append a number to a string
• A string literal cannot be broken across two lines in a program
• See Facts.java

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 //********************************************************************
// Facts.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of the string concatenation operator and the
// automatic conversion of an integer to a string.
//********************************************************************

public class Facts

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints various facts.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
// Strings can be concatenated into one long string
System.out.println ("We present the following facts for your "
+ "extracurricular edification:");

System.out.println ();

// A string can contain numeric digits

System.out.println ("Letters in the Hawaiian alphabet: 12");

continue

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 continue

// A numeric value can be concatenated to a string

System.out.println ("Dialing code for Antarctica: " + 672);

System.out.println ("Year in which Leonardo da Vinci invented "

+ "the parachute: " + 1515);

System.out.println ("Speed of ketchup: " + 40 + " km per year");

}
}

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 Output
We present the following facts for your extracurricular edification:

Letters in the Hawaiian alphabet: 12

Dialing code for Antarctica: 672
Year in which Leonardo da Vinci invented the parachute: 1515
continue
Speed of ketchup: 40 km per year

// A numeric value can be concatenated to a string

System.out.println ("Dialing code for Antarctica: " + 672);

System.out.println ("Year in which Leonardo da Vinci invented "

+ "the parachute: " + 1515);

System.out.println ("Speed of ketchup: " + 40 + " km per year");

}
}

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String Concatenation
• The + operator is also used for arithmetic addition
• The function that it performs depends on the type of the
information on which it operates
• If both operands are strings, or if one is a string and one is a
number, it performs string concatenation
• If both operands are numeric, it adds them
• The + operator is evaluated left to right, but parentheses can be
used to force the order
• See Addition.java

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 //********************************************************************
// Addition.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the difference between the addition and string
// concatenation operators.
//********************************************************************

public class Addition

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Concatenates and adds two numbers and prints the results.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
System.out.println ("24 and 45 concatenated: " + 24 + 45);

System.out.println ("24 and 45 added: " + (24 + 45));

}
}

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 Output
//********************************************************************
// Addition.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
// 24 and 45 concatenated: 2445
24the
// Demonstrates and 45 added:
difference between69
the addition and string
// concatenation operators.
//********************************************************************

public class Addition

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Concatenates and adds two numbers and prints the results.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
System.out.println ("24 and 45 concatenated: " + 24 + 45);

System.out.println ("24 and 45 added: " + (24 + 45));

}
}

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Quick Check
What output is produced by the following?
System.out.println ("X: " + 25);
System.out.println ("Y: " + (15 + 50));
System.out.println ("Z: " + 300 + 50);

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Quick Check
What output is produced by the following?
System.out.println ("X: " + 25);
System.out.println ("Y: " + (15 + 50));
System.out.println ("Z: " + 300 + 50);

X: 25
Y: 65
Z: 30050

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Escape Sequences
• What if we wanted to print the quote character?
• The following line would confuse the compiler because it would
interpret the second quote as the end of the string

System.out.println ("I said "Hello" to you.");

• An escape sequence is a series of characters that represents a

special character
• An escape sequence begins with a backslash character (\)

System.out.println ("I said \"Hello\" to you.");

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Escape Sequences
• Some Java escape sequences:
Escape Sequence Meaning
\b backspace
\t tab
\n newline
\r carriage return
\" double quote
\' single quote
\\ backslash

• See Roses.java

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 //********************************************************************
// Roses.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of escape sequences.
//********************************************************************

public class Roses

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints a poem (of sorts) on multiple lines.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
System.out.println ("Roses are red,\n\tViolets are blue,\n" +
"Sugar is sweet,\n\tBut I have \"commitment issues\",\n\t" +
"So I'd rather just be friends\n\tAt this point in our " +
"relationship.");
}
}

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 Output
//********************************************************************
Roses are Author:
// Roses.java red, Lewis/Loftus
//
Violets are blue,
// Demonstrates the use of escape sequences.
Sugar is sweet,
//********************************************************************
But I have "commitment issues",
public class Roses
{ So I'd rather just be friends
At this point in our relationship.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints a poem (of sorts) on multiple lines.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
System.out.println ("Roses are red,\n\tViolets are blue,\n" +
"Sugar is sweet,\n\tBut I have \"commitment issues\",\n\t" +
"So I'd rather just be friends\n\tAt this point in our " +
"relationship.");
}
}

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Quick Check
Write a single println statement that produces the
following output:
"Thank you all for coming to my home
tonight," he said mysteriously.

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Quick Check
Write a single println statement that produces the
following output:
"Thank you all for coming to my home
tonight," he said mysteriously.

System.out.println ("\"Thank you all for " +

"coming to my home\ntonight,\" he said " +
"mysteriously.");

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Outline
Character Strings
Variables and Assignment
Primitive Data Types
Expressions
Data Conversion
Interactive Programs
Graphics
Applets
Drawing Shapes

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Variables
• A variable is a name for a location in memory that holds a value
• A variable declaration specifies the variable's name and the type of
information that it will hold

data type variable name

int total;
int count, temp, result;

Multiple variables can be created in one declaration

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Variable Initialization
• A variable can be given an initial value in the
declaration
int sum = 0;
int base = 32, max = 149;

• When a variable is referenced in a program, its

current value is used
• See PianoKeys.java

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 //********************************************************************
// PianoKeys.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the declaration, initialization, and use of an
// integer variable.
//********************************************************************

public class PianoKeys

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints the number of keys on a piano.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
int keys = 88;
System.out.println ("A piano has " + keys + " keys.");
}
}

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 Output
//********************************************************************
// PianoKeys.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
A piano has 88 keys.
// Demonstrates the declaration, initialization, and use of an
// integer variable.
//********************************************************************

public class PianoKeys

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints the number of keys on a piano.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
int keys = 88;
System.out.println ("A piano has " + keys + " keys.");
}
}

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 int total;

double num1, num2=4.356, num3;

char letter =‘A’, digit=‘7’;

final int MAX=45;

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Assignment
• An assignment statement changes the value of a variable
• The assignment operator is the = sign

total = 55;

• The value that was in total is overwritten

• You can only assign a value to a variable that is
consistent with the variable's declared type
• See Geometry.java
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 //********************************************************************
// Geometry.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of an assignment statement to change the
// value stored in a variable.
//********************************************************************

public class Geometry

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints the number of sides of several geometric shapes.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
int sides = 7; // declaration with initialization
System.out.println ("A heptagon has " + sides + " sides.");

sides = 10; // assignment statement

System.out.println ("A decagon has " + sides + " sides.");

sides = 12;
System.out.println ("A dodecagon has " + sides + " sides.");
}
}

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 Output
//********************************************************************
// Geometry.javaA heptagon has 7 sides.
Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
A decagon has 10 sides.
// Demonstrates the use of an assignment statement to change the
// value stored ain dodecagon
a variable. has 12 sides.
//********************************************************************

public class Geometry

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints the number of sides of several geometric shapes.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
int sides = 7; // declaration with initialization
System.out.println ("A heptagon has " + sides + " sides.");

sides = 10; // assignment statement

System.out.println ("A decagon has " + sides + " sides.");

sides = 12;
System.out.println ("A dodecagon has " + sides + " sides.");
}
}

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Constants
• A constant is an identifier that is similar to a variable except that it
holds the same value during its entire existence
• As the name implies, it is constant, not variable
• The compiler will issue an error if you try to change the value of a
constant
• In Java, we use the final modifier to declare a constant
final int MIN_HEIGHT = 69;
• They facilitate program maintenance
• If a constant is used in multiple places, its value need only be updated in one
place
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 final int MAX_LOAD = 100,
MAX_LOAD = 120;

This is not allowed because it is a constant

variable

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