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Strictly Based on the Latest Pattern & Syllabus issued on 22nd Mar 2024, Circular No. Acad-29/2024.
  No part of this book may be reproduced or copied in any
form or by any means without the written permission of

All Rights the publishers.

 The publishers have taken all possible precautions in
publishing this book, yet if any mistake has crept in, the

Reserved publishers shall not be responsible for the same.

 All disputes shall be subject to the jurisdiction of court at
Delhi only.

Published by:

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SHIVDAS & SONS D
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C-8, Sector 6, Noida, Uttar Pradesh-201 301
+91-9910055604, 0120-4197490, 0120-4305480
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[email protected], www.shivdas.in
7840040400, [email protected]
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 Publishers

Printed at:
First Impression
Corporate Serives Pvt. Ltd., E-114, Sector-63
Noida, Uttar Pradesh-201301
CONTENTS

Latest Syllabus (2025 EXAMINATION) ... (iv)

Latest CBSE Question Paper Design (Issued by CBSE for 2025) ... (viii)

INCLUDES 2024 BOARD EXAM QUESTIONS

UNIT I. ELECTROSTATICS
Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields ... 1
Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance ... 29

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UNIT II. CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Chapter 3: Current Electricity ... 65

UNIT III. MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM

Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism
D ... 100
Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter ... 137

UNIT IV. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS

Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction ... 149
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Chapter 7: Alternating Current ... 175

UNIT V. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

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Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves ... 206

UNIT VI. OPTICS

Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments ... 225
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Chapter 10: Wave Optics ... 273

UNIT VII. DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter ... 301

UNIT VIII. ATOMS AND NUCLEI

Chapter 12: Atoms ... 329
Chapter 13: Nuclei ... 350

UNIT IX. ELECTRONIC DEVICES

Chapter 14: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits ... 365

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LATEST SYLLABUS
PHYSICS (THEORY) (042)
COURSE STRUCTURE (2024-25)
CLASS XII
Time: 3 hrs. Max. Marks : 70
Units No. of Periods Marks
Unit I Electrostatics
Chapter-1: Electric Charges and Fields 26
Chapter–2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance 16
Unit II Current Electricity
18
Chapter–3: Current Electricity
Unit III Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
Chapter–4: Moving Charges and Magnetism 25

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Chapter–5: Magnetism and Matter
17
Unit IV Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
Chapter–6: Electromagnetic Induction 24
Chapter–7: Alternating Current
Unit V Electromagnetic Waves
04
Chapter–8: Electromagnetic Waves
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Unit VI Optics 18
Chapter–9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 30
Chapter–10: Wave Optics
Unit VII Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
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8
Chapter–11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Unit VIII Atoms and Nuclei 12
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Chapter–12: Atoms 15
Chapter–13: Nuclei
Unit IX Electronic Devices
Chapter–14: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, 10 7
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Devices and Simple Circuits

Total 160 70

UNIT I: ELECTROSTATICS  26 Periods

Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields
Electric Charges, Conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law—force between two-point charges, forces between multiple
charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.
Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole, torque
on a dipole in uniform electric field.
Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly
charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside).
Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges;

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 equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two-point charges and of electric dipole in an
electrostatic field.
Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarization,
capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor
with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor (no derivation, formulae only).

UNIT II: CURRENT ELECTRICITY 18 Periods

Chapter 3: Current Electricity
Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric
current; Ohm’s law, V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and
conductivity, temperature dependence of resistance, Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell,
combination of cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff’s rules, Wheatstone bridge.

UNIT III: MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM 25 Periods

Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism
Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment.
Biot—Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.
Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire. Straight solenoid (only qualitative treatment), force on a moving
charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields.
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field, force between two parallel current-carrying conductors—definition
of ampere, torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole
moment, moving coil galvanometer—its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.

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Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter
Bar magnet, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid (qualitative treatment only), magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic
dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis (qualitative treatment only), torque on a magnetic dipole
(bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field (qualitative treatment only), magnetic field lines.
Magnetic properties of materials—Para—, dia— and ferro—magnetic substances with examples, Magnetization of
materials, effect of temperature on magnetic properties.
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UNIT IV: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS  24 Periods
Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s laws, induced EMF and current; Lenz’s Law, Self and mutual induction.
Chapter 7: Alternating Current
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Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance; LCR series circuit
(phasors only), resonance, power in AC circuits, power factor, wattless current.
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AC generator, Transformer.

UNIT V: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES  04 Periods

Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves
Basic idea of displacement current, Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their transverse nature (qualitative idea only).
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Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including
elementary facts about their uses.

UNIT VI : OPTICS 30 Periods

Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Ray Optics: Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula, refraction of light, total internal reflection and optical
fibers, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens maker’s formula, magnification, power of a lens,
combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction of light through a prism.
Optical instruments: Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.
Chapter 10: Wave Optics
Wave optics: Wave front and Huygen’s principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave
fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle. Interference, Young’s double slit experiment
and expression for fringe width (No derivation, final expression only), coherent sources and sustained interference of
light, diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maxima (qualitative treatment only).
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UNIT VII: DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER 08 Periods
Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Dual nature of radiation, Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations, Einstein’s photoelectric equation—
particle nature of light. Experimental study of photoelectric effect.
Matter waves—wave nature of particles, de-Broglie relation.

UNIT VIII: ATOMS AND NUCLEI 15 Periods

Chapter 12: Atoms
Alpha-particle scattering experiment, Rutherford’s model of atom, Bohr model of hydrogen atom, Expression for radius
of nth possible orbit, velocity and energy of electron in his orbit of hydrogen line spectra (qualitative treatment only).
Chapter 13: Nuclei
Composition and size of nucleus, nuclear force.
Mass-energy relation, mass defect, binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission,
nuclear fusion.

UNIT IX: ELECTRONIC DEVICES  10 Periods

Chapter 14: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors and insulators (qualitative ideas only) Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors—
p and n type, p-n junction.
Semiconductor diode—I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, application of junction diode, diode as a rectifier.

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❑❑❑

PRACTICALS
Total Periods: 60
The record to be submitted by the students at the time of their annual examination has to include:
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 Record of at least 8 Experiments [with 4 from each section], to be performed by the students.
 Record of at least 6 Activities [with 3 each from Section A and Section B], to be performed by the students.
 The Report of the project carried out by the students.

EVALUATION SCHEME
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Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 30

Two experiments one from each section 7+7 Marks
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Practical record [experiments and activities] 5 Marks

One activity from any section 3 Marks
Investigatory Project 3 Marks
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Viva on experiments, activities and project 5 Marks

Total 30 marks

SECTION–A
Experiments
1. To determine resistivity of two/three wires by plotting a graph for potential difference versus current.
2. To find resistance of a given wire/standard resistor using metre bridge.
3. To verify the laws of combination (series) of resistances using a metre bridge.
Or, To verify the laws of combination (parallel) of resistances using a metre bridge.
4. To determine resistance of a galvanometer by half-deflection method and to find its figure of merit.
5. To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into a voltmeter of desired range and to
verify the same.

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 Or, To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into an ammeter of desired range and to
verify the same.
6. To find the frequency of AC mains with a sonometer.
Activities
1. To measure the resistance and impedance of an inductor with or without iron core.
2. To measure resistance, voltage (AC/DC), current (AC) and check continuity of a given circuit using multimeter.
3. To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/off) switches, a fuse and a power source.
4. To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.
5. To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current.
6. To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor/rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter.
Mark the components that are not connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.
SECTION-B
Experiments
1. To find the value of v for different values of u in case of a concave mirror and to find the focal length.
2. To find the focal length of a convex mirror, using a convex lens.
3. To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v or between 1/u and 1/v.
4. To find the focal length of a concave lens, using a convex lens.
5. To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph between angle of incidence and angle
of deviation.
6. To determine refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
7. To find the refractive index of a liquid using convex lens and plane mirror.

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8. To find the refractive index of a liquid using a concave mirror and a plane mirror.
9. To draw the I-V characteristic curve for a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.
Activities
1. To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items.
2. Use of multimeter to see the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and an LED and check whether a given
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electronic component (e.g., diode) is in working order.
3. To study effect of intensity of light (by varying distance of the source) on an LDR.
4. To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab.
5. To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.
6. To study the nature and size of the image formed by a (i) convex lens, or (ii) concave mirror, on a screen by using a candle
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and a screen (for different distances of the candle from the lens/mirror).
7. To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses from the given set of lenses.
Suggested Investigatory Projects
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1. To study various factors on which the internal resistance/EMF of a cell depends.

2. To study the variations in current flowing in a circuit containing an LDR because of a variation in—
(a) the power of the incandescent lamp, used to ‘illuminate’ the LDR (keeping all the lamps at a fixed distance).
(b) the distance of a incandescent lamp (of fixed power) used to ‘illuminate’ the LDR.
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3. To find the refractive indices of (a) water (b) oil (transparent) using a plane mirror, an equiconvex lens (made from a
glass of known refractive index) and an adjustable object needle.
4. To investigate the relation between the ratio of (i) output and input voltage and (ii) number of turns in the secondary
coil and primary coil of a self-designed transformer.
5. To investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation on the angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled one by
one, with different transparent fluids.
6. To estimate the charge induced on each one of the two identical Styrofoam (or pith) balls suspended in a vertical plane
by making use of Coulomb’s law.
7. To study the factor on which the self-inductance of a coil depends by observing the effect of this coil, when put in series
with a resistor/(bulb) in a circuit fed up by an A.C. source of adjustable frequency.
8. To study the earth’s magnetic field using a compass needle —bar magnet by plotting magnetic field lines and tangent
galvanometer.
❑❑❑

(vii)
 CBSE QUESTION PAPER DESIGN
PHYSICS
CLASS XII
(2025 EXAMINATION)
Time: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 70
Total Approximate
S. No. Typology of Questions
Marks Percentage
1. Remembering: Exhibit memory of previously learned material by recalling facts,
terms, basic concepts, and answers.
27 38%
Understanding: Demonstrate understanding of facts and ideas by organizing,
comparing, translating, interpreting, giving descriptions, and stating main ideas.
2. Applying: Solve problems to new situations by applying acquired knowledge,
22 32%
facts, techniques and rules in a different way.
3. Analysing: Examine and break information into parts by identifying motives or
causes. Make inferences and find evidence to support generalizations.
Evaluating: Present and defend opinions by making judgments about
21 30%
information, validity of ideas, or quality of work based on a set of criteria.
Creating: Compile information together in a different way by combining

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elements in a new pattern or proposing alternative solutions.
Total Marks 70
Practical 30 100%
Gross Total 100
Note:
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The above template is only a sample. Suitable internal variations may be made for generating similar templates keeping
the overall weightage to different form of questions and typology of questions same.
For more details kindly refer to Sample Question Paper of Class XII for the year 2023-24 to be published by CBSE at
its website.
❑❑❑
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(viii)
 Unit 1: Electrostatics

1. Frictional electricity. Electricity developed on bodies when they are rubbed against each other.
2. Smallest amount of charge. Charge (e) on an electron or a proton (e = ± 1.6 × 10–19 C)
3. Electric Charge has three basic properties: conservation, quantisation and additivity.
• Conservation of Charge. Net charge on an isolated system always remains constant, i.e., charge can neither be created
nor destroyed.
• Quantisation of charge. Charge (q) on a body is always an integral multiple of ‘e’, i.e., q = ± ne.

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• Additivity of electric charges means that the total charge of an isolated system is the algebraic sum of all individual
charges in the system.
4. Mathematical form of Coulomb’s law:
1 q1q 2 1 q q
(i) In vacuum (or air), F = . (ii) In a dielectric medium, F = . 1 2
4 0 r 2 4 0 K r 2
→ 1 q1q 2 
(iii) In vector form, F = . r
4 0 r 2
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5. Dielectric constant. The dielectric constant of a medium is the ratio of the force between two charges placed at a certain
distance apart in vacuum (or air) to the force between the same two charges placed at the same distance apart in that medium.
6. Principle of superposition. When a number of charges are interacting, the total force on a particular charge is equal to the
vector sum of the forces exerted on it by all other charges.
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7. Electric field. The space around an electric charge where its effect can be experienced.
8. Electric dipole. A system of two equal and opposite charges (q and – q) separated by a certain distance (2a).
9. Electric dipole moment. The product of the magnitude of either charge and the length of the electric dipole.
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→ →
Mathematically, p = q( 2 a )

10. Electric line of force. An electric field line is a curve drawn in such a way that the tangent at each point on the curve gives
the direction of electric field at that point.
11. Electric flux. The electric lines of force passing through that area, when held normally to the lines of force.
Æ Æ
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Mathematically, φE =
Ú E .D S
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12. Gauss’s law. It states that “the total electric flux through a closed surface is 1 times the charge enclosed by the closed surface.”
e0
→ → q
Mathematically, φE = ∫ E . dS =
ε 0
S
13. Gaussian surface. Any closed imaginary surface around the charge distribution where Gauss’s theorem can be applied to find
electric field due to it is called the Gaussian surface.
14. Electric field due to an infinitely long straight charged wire. The electric field due to infinitely long straight wire of linear
charge density λ is

E =  ...where [r is perpendicular distance of the observation point from the wire.]
2 0 r
15. Electric field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet. The electric fields due to an infinite plane sheet of charge of
surface charge density σ are
E = 
2 0

In vector form, E   .n  ...where [ n is a unit vector normal to the plane.
2 0

1
2 Shivdas Board Exams Question Bank (Physics-XII)

16. Electric field due to spherical shell. The electric fields due to spherical shell of surface charge density
σ and radius R are
q
(i) E = 1 . for r > R …[outside the shell]
4 0 r 2
(ii) E = 0 for r < R …[inside the shell]
1 q
(iii) E = 4  . 2 for r = R …[at the surface] ...where[q = 4pR2σ
0 R

UNITS USED
Physical Quantity Symbol Unit Dimensions
Electric Charge q C [TA]
Permittivity of free space e0 C2N–1m–2 [M–1L–3T4A2]
→
Electric field E Nc–1, Vm–1 [MLT–3A–1]
Electric flux φE Vm, Nm2C–1 [KL3T–3A–1]
→
Dipole moment P Cm [LTA]

Vector area element S m2 [L2]

Torque  Nm [ML2T–2]

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Linear charge density λ Cm–1 [L–1TA]
Surface charge density σ Cm–2 [L–2TA]
Volume charge density ρ Cm–3 [L–3TA]
qqq
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Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields 3

1.4 Electric Charge and its Basic Properties SA-II (3 Marks)

SA-I (1-2 Marks) 9. State Coulomb’s law and write its mathematical
1. State two basic properties of electric charge. expression.
Ans. (i) Electric charge is quantised. Ans. Coulomb’s law. It states that “force of attraction or
(ii) Electric charge is always conserved. repulsion between the two charged bodies is directly pro-
2. What is meant by conservation of charge? portional to the product of the charges and inversely pro-
Ans. Conservation of charge. It states that the total charge portional to the square of the distance between their centre”.
of an isolated system remains unchanged with time. Suppose two charged bodies having charges q1 and q2
3. What is the least possible value of charge? are separated at a distance r.
Ans. A positively charged particle can possess positive |q q |
As F ∝ 1 2 2 
charge equal to the charge on proton (+ 1.6 × 10–19 C) r
and a negatively charged particle equal to the charge q 1q 2
∴ F = K 2  ...where [K is an electrostatic constant
on an electron (–1.6 × 10–19 C). r
4. What is the cause of quantisation? 1
In S.I. system, K = = 9 × 109 N m2/C2
Ans. There is no explanation in classical physics or even in 4 pe 0

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modern Physics for the quantisation of electric charge. 1 q 1q 2
∴ F= . ...where [e0 (epsilon zero) is called
However, the quantisation of electric charge is an 4 pe 0 r 2
the permittivity of the space
experimentally verified law in all domains of nature.
5. Define Induction. ∴ Value of ε0 in SI unit = 8.854 × 10–12 C2 N–1.m–2
Ans. Process of producing charge on uncharged body Conclusions:
without touching with charged body. (i) If q1, q2 > 0, i.e., if both the charges q1, q2 are
6. During lightening you are safer inside a house than
D positive or negative, the bodies repel each other.
under a tree. Why? (ii) If q1, q2 < 0, i.e., if one of the charges is positive
Ans. When we stand under a tree, we provide an easy path and the other is negative, the bodies will attract
for lightening to pass through our body, but when we each other.
are in the house, discharging due to lightening passes 10. Deduce Coulomb’s law from Gauss’s Law.
to the ground through iron pipes or walls etc. Thus we
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Ans. Deduction of Coulomb’s law from Gauss’s law.
are safer in the house. Consider an isolated point charge q. Let a sphere of
7. When a glass rod is rubbed with a silk cloth, radius r with q as centre be chosen to represent the
charges appear on both. A similar phenomenon is
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Gaussian surface. Æ
observed with many other pairs of bodies. Explain The electric intensity E will have the same magnitude
how this observation is consistent with the law of Æ
conservation of charge. at all points on the surface of the sphere and E will
Ans. Before rubbing, both the glass rod and the silk cloth be along the outward drawn normal at every point.
Æ æÆ q
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are electrically neutral. When the glass rod is rubbed According to Gauss’s law, 
Ú E . d S = e0
with silk cloth, a few electrons from the glass rod get S
Æ æÆ
transferred to the silk cloth. As a result, the glass rod Since E and dS act in the same direction

becomes positively charged and the silk cloth negatively q
charged. ∴ 
Ú E d S cos 0° = e0
1.5 Coulomb’s Law q
SA-I (1-2 Marks)

⇒ E Ú dS =
e0

8. Two identical conducting balls A and B have charges q

⇒ E × 4πr2 =
–Q and +3Q respectively. They are brought in contact e0
with each other and then separated by a distance 1 q

⇒ E = .
d apart. Find the nature of the Coulomb force 4 pe 0 r 2
between them. (2019 Series: BVM/4) Æ
Let a charge q0 be placed at the point at which E is

Ans. The nature of the coulomb force is REPULSIVE.
determined.
4 Shivdas Board Exams Question Bank (Physics-XII)

Then force acting on q0 is given by,

Ans. (a) When two charged spherical conductors of Radii
1 q R1 and R2 respectively (R2 > R1) are connected by
F = q0E = q0 × . a conducting wire, we know that the common
4 pe 0 r 2
potential (V) is given by,
1 qq0
∴ F = . which is Coulomb’s law q q
4 pe 0 r 2 V = 1 = 2
c1 c 2
1.6 Forces between Multiple Charges ∵ C for a spherical conductor, C = 4p∈0R,

We have, q1 q2
SA-I (1-2 Marks) 
4 0R 1 4 0R 1
11. Two point charges d …… q1 q q1 R 1
⇒ = 2 ⇒ =
‘q1’ and ‘q2’ are placed q1 q2 P R1 R2 q2 R 2
at a distance ‘d’ apart as shown in the figure. The
σ1 q1 4 πε 0R 2 2  q
electric field intensity is zero at a point ‘P’ on the line and = ×  ... ∴ σ =
σ 2 4 πε 0R 1 2 q2  4 πε 0R 2
joining them as shown. Write two conclusions that
you can draw from this. (2014 Comptt. Delhi) q1 R 2 2 R 1 R 2 2 R 2
= q  2  R  2  R
Ans. (i) Two point charges ‘q1’ and ‘q2’ should be of 2 R1 2 R1 1
opposite nature. 1 R 2
\ 
(ii) Magnitude of charge q1 must be greater than that 2 R 1
of charge q2.

(b) Current
SA-I (2 Marks)

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1.7 Electric Field
12. Plot a graph showing the variation of coulomb force (F)
SA-I (2 Marks)
versus  1  , where r is the distance between the two
 r2  14. A small metal sphere carrying
Metal
charges of each pair of charges: (1 mC, 2 mC) and charge +Q is located at the centre
P1
(2 mC, – 3 mC). Interpret the graphs obtained. of a spherical cavity in a large r1
(2011 All India)
D uncharged metallic spherical shell. +Q
Ans. For (1 mC, 2 mC) Write the charges on the inner and Air
9  109 (1  10 6 )( 2  10 6 ) 0.018 outer surfaces of the shell. Write
F1 =  2
r2 r the expression for the electric field
and for (2 mC, –3 mC) at the point P1.  (2014 Comptt. Delhi)
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9  109 ( 2  10 6 )( 3  10 6 ) 0.054 Ans. (i) Charge on inner surface: –Q
F2 = 
r2 r2 (ii) Charge on outer surface: +Q
1 Q
(iii) Electric field at point P1 (E) =
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Graph : 4 0 r12

)

Y
0. 2 μC

15. Two point charges +q and –2q are placed at the

,
8
C
01

vertices ‘B’ and ‘C’ of an equilateral triangle ABC of

op (1μ
r

=
fo

Repulsive side ‘a’ as given in the

e

A
Sl

X′ X
figure. Obtain the
S Sl r (2
op μ

Attractive
expression for (i) the
fo

e C,
= –

a a
magnitude and (ii) the
0. 3 μ
05 C
4

Y′ direction of the resultant

)

electric field at the vertex A +q –2 q

Here positive slope depicts that force is repulsive in
due to these two charges. B a C
nature and negative slope depicts that the force is
(2014 Comptt. All India)
attractive in nature.
Ans.
(i) Magnitude, A E net
E AB
13. (a) Two spherical conductors of radii R1 and R2 
(R2 > R1) are charged. If they are connected by a

1 q
EAB  E
4  0 a 2
conducting wire, find out the ratio of the surface E AC

charge densities on them.


1 2q
EAC   2E
(b) A steady current flows in a metallic conductor of 4  0 a 2 +q –2q
non-uniform cross-section. B C
Which of these quantities is constant along 1
Enet = ( 2 E )2  E 2  2  2 E  E   
the conductor: current, current density, electric  2
field, drift speed?  (2015 Comptt. Delhi) 1
...[∵ cos 120º = −
2
Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields 5
17. Four point charges Q, q, Q and q are placed at the
= 4E 2  E 2  2 E 2
corners of a square of side ‘a’ as shown in the figure.
1 q 3 Find the resultant electric force on a charge Q. (2018)
= 3E 2 = E 3 =
4 π ∈0 a2
(ii) Direction of resultant electric field at vertex A,
EAB sin 120º
tan a =
EAC + EAB cos 120 º

3 E 3
E 3 1
= 2  2  = = tan 30°
 1  3E 3 3
2E  E   
 2  2
\ a = 30º (with side AC)
Ans. Let us find the force on the charge Q at the point C
16. Two point charges + 3q and A
diagonal AC = AB2 + BC2 = a2 + a 2 = 2 a2 = 2a
–4q are placed at the
vertices ‘B’ and ‘C’ of an
equilateral triangle ABC a a
of side ‘a’ as given in the
figure. +3q –4 q
Obtain the expression B a C
for (i) the magnitude and

as
(ii) the direction of the resultant electric field at the
vertex A due to these two charges.
 (2014 Comptt. All India)
Ans. (i) Magnitude,

 3q 1 q  1 q1q2
EAB  1

 3E , where E  4  2  We know F = .
4  0 a 2  0 a  4 πε0 r
D

1 4q 1 (Q × Q) 1  Q2 
EAC   4E F1(along AC) = . =  …(i)
4  0 a 2 4 πε0 ( 2 a)2 4 πε0  2 a2 
1 1  qQ 
( 3E )2   4E   2( 3E)  ( 4E)×  
2
Enet = F2(along BC) = 4 πε  a2   …(ii)
 2 0
v
∵   120º  1 Qq
F3(along DC) =
.  …(iii)
  1 4 πε0 a2
E AB  cos    2 
Resultant force F23 due to these two equal forces as per

hi

above equations (ii) and (iii).

 E net ...[∵ F = F12 + F22 + 2 F1F2 cos θ
A
 1  qQ( 2 ) 
F23 = 4 πε  a2  (along AC)
0
Net force on charge Q = F1 + F23
S

a E AC
a
 1  Q 2    1 ( qQ 2 ) 
=  4 πε  2 a2   +  4 πε . a2 
 0   0 
+3q –4q
B a C 1  Q  Q 
= + 2q 
4 πε0  a2   2 
= 9E 2  16E 2  12 E 2 This force is directed towards AC.
1 q 13 18. Three point charges q, –4q
= 13E 2 = E 13 =
4  0 a2
and 2q are placed at the
(ii) Direction, vertices of an equilateral
3
EAB sin 120 º 3E × triangle ABC of side ‘l’ as
= 2
tan a = shown in the figure.
EAC + EAB cos 120 º 4E + 3E × −  1 
 2 Obtain the expression for
the magnitude of the
3E 3  2 3 3 3 3 
tan a =  \ a = tan–1  5  resultant electric force acting on the charge q.
2  5E 5 (2018)
6 Shivdas Board Exams Question Bank (Physics-XII)

Ans. Force on charge q (at point A) due to charge 4q 21. Why do the electric field lines not form closed
(at point B) loops?  (2012 Comptt. All India)
1  q × 4q 
F1 = 4 πε  l2  Ans. Electric field lines do not form closed loops because the
0
direction of an electric field is from positive to negative
1  4q 2  charge. So one can regard a line of force starting from a
= 4 πε  l2   …(i) [along AB
0   positive charge and ending on a negative charge. This
Force on charge q (at point A) due to charge 2q indicates that electric field lines do not form closed
(at point C) loops.
1  q × 2q  1  2 q2  22. Why do the electric field lines never cross each other?
F2 = =
4 πε0  l2  4 πε0  l2   (2014 All India)
…(ii) [along CA Ans. The electric lines of force give the direction of the
The forces F1 and F2 are inclined to each other at an electric field. In case, two lines of force intersect, there
angle of 120º. will be two directions of the electric field at the point
Hence resultant electric force on charge ‘q’ of intersection, which is not possible.
F = F12 + F22 + 2 F1 F2 cos θ = F12 + F22 + 2 F1 F2 (cos 120 º ) 23. A point charge +Q is placed in the vicinity of a
conducting surface. Draw the electric field lines
F12 + F22 − F1 F2  1
= ...[∵ cos 120º = − between the surface and the charge.
2
2 2 (2016 Comptt. Outside Delhi, 2019 Series: BVM/1)
=  1  4q 2    1  2 q2    1 4q 2 1 2q2 
 4 πε  l2   +  4 πε  l2   − 2  4 πε . l2 × 4 πε . l2  Ans. Electric field lines between surface and charge.
 0    0    0 0 

1 q2 1 q2

as
= . 16 + 4 − 8 = . . 12
4 πε0 l2 4 πε0 l2

1 q2 1  2 3 q2 
= . 3×4 =
4 πε0 l2 4 πε0  l 2 
+Q
19. Two point charges 4 mC and +1 mC are separated by 24. Draw the pattern of electric field lines, when a point
a distance of 2 m in air. Find the point on the line-
D charge –Q is kept near an uncharged conducting
joining charges at which the net electric field of the plate. (2019 Series: BVM/1)
system is zero. (2017 Comptt. Outside Delhi)
Ans. Given : q1 = 4 mC, q2 = 1 mC, r = 2 m
Let us say that at a point P (distance x) the net field is zero. Ans.
v
1 4
E1 =  …(i)
4 π ∈0 x 2
1 4
E2 =  …(ii)
1.9 Electric Flux
hi

4 π ∈0 ( 2 − x )2
E1 = E2
SA-I (1-2 Marks)
4 1 25. A charge ‘q’ is placed at the centre of a cube of side l.
\ 2 =
 ...[From (i) & (ii) What is the electric flux passing through each face of the
x ( 2 − x )2
2 2 cube? (2012 All India)
S

2 =  1 
 ( 2 − x )  Ans. Electric flux through each phase of the cube
x
Taking square root on both sides, 1 1 q q
= 6 E  6   6
⇒ 2 = 1 ⇒ x = 4 – 2x 0 0
x 2−x 26. A charge ‘q’ is placed at the centre of a cube of side l.
4 What is the electric flux passing through two opposite
⇒ x = m faces of the cube? (2012 All India)
3
At this point, the net electric field of the system is zero. q
Ans. fE =
3e0
1.8 Electric Field Lines 
27. What is the flux due to electric field E  3  103 i N/C
SA-I (1-2 Marks)
through a square of side 10 cm, when it is held normal
20. Why must electrostatic field be normal to the surface →
to E ? (2015 Comptt. All India)
at every point of a charged conductor? (2012 Delhi) 
Ans. Given: E  3  10 3 i N/C
Ans. So that tangent on charged conductor gives the
10 10
direction of the electric field at that point. A = 10 × 10 cm2 = × m2
100 100
Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields 7

  Ex = ax, y
f = E  A = EA cos q ...[∵ q = 0 and cos q = 1
where a = 500 NC–m
= EA Ey = 0, Ez = 0.
 10  10  Calculate:
= (3 × 103) ×   = 30 Nm2 C–1
 100 100 
0
(i) the flux through 0.1 m
x

 the cube, and 0.1 m

28. Consider a uniform electric field E  3  103 i N/C. (ii) the charge inside
x

Calculate the flux of this field through a square the cube. (2008 All India)
surface of area 10 cm2 when Ans. (a) Electric flux through a surface represents the total
(i) its plane is parallel to the y – z plane, and number of electric lines of force crossing the surface.
(ii) the normal to its plane makes a 60° angle with \ S.I. unit is Nm2 C–1.
the x-axis.  (2013 Comptt. Delhi) (b) (i) Flux through R.H.S. of the cube is

Ans. Given: E  3  10 3 i f1 = Ex1.A = (ax) . (l)2 ∵ q = 0º
10 a = 500 NC–m
S = 10 cm2 = m2 = 10–3 m2 = (500 × 0.2) (0.1)2 ... x = 0.2 m
10 2 × 10 2
= 1 Nm2 C–1 l = 0.1 m
(i) Flux (f) = E × S = 3 × 103 × 10–3 = 3 Nm2C–1 (ii) Flux through L.H.S. of the cube is
1
(ii) (3 × 103) × (10–3) cos (60°) = 3 × = 1.5 Nm2 C–1 f2 = Ex2 . A = –(ax) . l2

2
29. Given a uniform electric field E  5  103 i N/C, find = –(500 × 0.1) (0.1)2 = –0.5 Nm2/C
the flux of this field through a square of 10 cm on a side Net flux f = f1 + f2 = 1 – 0.5 = 0.5 Nm2/C
whose plane is parallel to the y-z plane. What would be q

as
(iii) As f = e \ q = e0 f
the flux through the same square if the plane makes a 0
30° angle with the x-axis?  (2014 Delhi) ⇒ q = 8.854 × 10–12 × 0.5 = 4.4× 10–12 C
→
Ans. Given: E = 5 × 103 i N/C, A = 10 × 10 × 10–4 m2 33. (a) Define electric flux. Is
Flux (f) = EA cos q it a scalar or a vector
(i) For first case, q = 0, cos 0 = 1 quantity? A point
\ Flux = (5 × 103) × (10 × 10 × 10–4) = 50 Nm2 C–1
D charge q is at a
d
(ii) Angle of square plane with x-axis = 30° distance of 2 directly
Hence the q will be 90° – 30° = 60°
above the centre of a
\ EA cos q = (5 × 103) × (10 × 10 × 10–4) × cos 60
square of side d, as
1
   = 50 × = 25 Nm2 C–1 shown in the figure. Use Gauss’ law to obtain
v
2
→ the expression for the electric flux through the
30. Given a uniform electric field E = 2 × 103 i N/C, find square.
the flux of this field through a square of side 20 cm, (b) If the point charge is now moved to a distance
hi

whose plane is parallel to the y-z plane. What would be ‘d’ from the centre of the square and the side of
the flux through the same square, if the plane makes an the square is doubled, explain how the electric
angle of 30° with the x-axis? (2014 Delhi) flux will be affected. (2018)
Ans. Similar to Queston 27. Ans. (a) Electric flux through a given surface is defined as
Hint: the dot product of electric field and area vector
S

(i) 80 Nm2C–1 (ii) 40 Nm2C–1 over that surface.


31. Given a uniform electric field E  4  103 i N/C. Find → →

the flux of this field through a square of 5 cm on a side Alternatively φ = ∫s E . dS

whose plane is parallel to the Y-Z plane. What would be It is a scalar quantity.
the flux through the same square if the plane makes a Constructing a cube of side ‘d’ so that charge ‘q’
30° angle with the x-axis? gets placed within this cube (Gaussian surface).
Ans. Similar to Question 27. According to Gauss’s law,
Hint: (i) 10 Nm2C–1 charge enclosed q
Electric flux φ = =
(ii) 5 Nm2C–1 ε0 ε0

LA (5 Marks)
32. (a) Define electric flux. Write its SI units.
(b) The electric field components due to a charge
inside the cube of side 0.1 m are as shown:

8 Shivdas Board Exams Question Bank (Physics-XII)

This is the total flux through all the six faces of Ans. (i) For stable equilibrium, a dipole is placed parallel to the
the cube. electric field.
Hence electric flux through the square (ii) For unstable equilibrium, a dipole is placed antiparallel
1 q q to the electric field.
 = 6 × ε =
0 6 ε0
39. Write the expression for the work done on an electric
(b) If the charge is moved to a distance d and the →
dipole of dipole moment p in turning it from its
side of the square is doubled, the cube will be
position of stable equilibrium to a position of unstable
constructed to have a side 2d but the total charge →
enclosed in it will remain the same. Hence the equilibrium in a uniform electric field E .
total flux through the cube and therefore the  (2013 Comptt. Delhi)
flux through the square will remain the same as Ans. Torque, acting on the dipole is, t = pE sin q
θ2
before.
t = ∫ pE sin θ dθ ⇒ t = pE [cos q1 – cos q2]
θ1
1.10 Electric Dipole \ t = pE [cos 0° – cos 180°]

SA-I (1-2 Marks) = pE [1 – (–1)] = 2pE
\ t = 2pE
34. Define electric dipole moment. Write its S.I. unit. 40. What will happen if the field were not uniform?
 (2011 All India)  (2017 Delhi)
Ans. Electric dipole moment of an electric dipole is defined as Ans. If the electric field is non uniform, the dipole experiences
the product of the magnitude of either charge and dipole a translatory force as well as a torque.
length.

as
41. Derive an expression for the torque experienced by an
electric dipole kept in a uniform electric field.
 (2008 Delhi)
In other words, dipole moment may be defined as the Ans. Consider an electric dipole consisting of charges +q and
torque acting on an electric dipole, placed perpendicular →
–q and of length 2a placed in a uniform electric field E
to a uniform electric field of unit strength.
making an angle q with it. It has a dipole moment of
or Strength of electric dipole is called dipole moment.
D
magnitude,
 
p  q( 2 l ) p = q × 2a
 

S.I. unit of dipole p is coulomb metre (Cm). Force exerted on charge +q by field,
→ → →
35. Is the electric field due to a charge configuration with F = q E (along E )
total charge zero, necessarily zero? Justify.
v
Force exerted on charge –q by field,
 (2012 Comptt. All Delhi) → → →
Ans. No, it is not necessarily zero. If the electric field due to a F = q E (opposite to E )
charge configuration with total charge is zero because the
hi

→ → →

\ F total = + q E − q E = 0
electric field due to an electric dipole is non-zero.
36. What is the electric flux through a cube of side 1 cm +q
B
→
+ qE
which encloses an electric dipole? (2015 Delhi)
Ans. Zero because the net charge of an electric dipole
S

(+q and –q) is zero. 2a →

p 2a sin θ

1.11 Dipole in a Uniform External Field –q θ

→ A
– qE
SA-I (1-2 Marks)
37. Which orientation of an electric dipole in a uniform Hence the net translating force on a dipole in a uniform
electric field would correspond to stable equilibrium? electric field is zero. But the two equal and opposite forces
 (2008 All India) act at different points of the dipole. They form a couple
Ans. When dipole moment vector is parallel to electric field which exerts a torque.
vector Torque = Either force ×
   Perpendicular distance between the two forces
P  E t = qE × 2a sin q
38. In which orientation, a dipole placed in a uniform t = pE sin q ...[∵ p = q × 2a; p is dipole moment
electric field is in (i) stable, (ii) unstable equilibrium?
 (2010 Delhi)
Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields 9

→ → 45. Identify two pairs of perpendicular vectors in the

As the direction of torque τ is perpendicular to both p expression.  (2015 Comptt. Delhi)
→    Ans. Two pairs of perpendicular vectors are:
and E , so we can write   p  E .
→ →
42. An electric dipole is placed in a uniform electric field E
→ (a) τ is perpendicular to p
→ → →
(b) τ is perpendicular to E
with its dipole moment p parallel to the field. Find
(i) the work done in turning the dipole till its dipole SA-II (3 Marks)
→
moment points in the direction opposite to E . 46. (a) Draw a graph of E versus r for r >> a.
(ii) the orientation of the dipole for which the torque
(b) If this dipole were kept in a uniform external electric
acting on it becomes maximum.
field E0, diagrammatically represent the position of
 (2014 Comptt. All India)
2 
the dipole in stable and unstable equilibrium and
Ans. (i) W =   d ⇒  pEsin d write the expressions for the torque acting on the
1 0
dipole in both the cases.  (2017 Outside Delhi)
⇒ pE[ − cos θ]0π ⇒ pE[cos p – cos 0]
Ans. (a) Graph between E vs. r
⇒ pE[(–1) – (1)] ⇒ –2pE
→ →
(ii) t = p × E = pE sin q
E
π
For q = , sin q = 1 and t is maximum.
2
43. Depict the orientation of the dipole in (2017 Delhi)

as
(a) stable, r

(b) unstable equilibrium in a uniform electric field.
Ans. (a) For stable equilibrium, the angle between p and E is (b) (i) Diagrammatic representation
0°,
(ii) Torque acting on these cases
• In stable equilibrium, torque is zero (q = 0)
→
p →
D →
–q +q E E
→
+q p
–q
→
E
(b) For unstable equilibrium, the angle between p Stable equilibrium

• In unstable equilibrium also, torque is zero

v
and E is 180°,
(q = 180º)
→ →
→
hi

p → E
+q –q E p

+q –q →
E

→ Unstable equilibrium
44. An electric dipole of → dipole moment ( p ) is kept in a
S

uniform electric field E . Show graphically the variation LA (5 Marks)

of torque acting on the dipole (τ) with its orientation
(θ) in the field. Find the orientation in which torque is 47. Define electric dipole moment. Is it a scalar or a
(i) zero and (ii) maximum. (2023 Series: GEFH1/5) vector? Derive the expression for the electric field
of a dipole at a point on the equatorial plane of the
Ans. (i) Torque is zero for dipole. (2013 All India, 2019 Series: BVM/1)
→
orientation corres- –q
p +q
→
Or
E
ponding to θ = 0° and Derive the expression for electric field at a point on
θ = 180°. the equatorial line of an electric dipole. (2017 Delhi)
Ans. Electric dipole moment: It is the product of the magni-
(ii) Torque is maximum tude of either charge and distance between them.
for orientation corres-
→
ponding to q = q × 2l 2l
π π –q
θ = and 3 . +q
2 2
10  Shivdas Board Exams Question Bank (Physics-XII)

D E y Or
It is a vector quantity
+
Derive the expression for the torque acting on
 P an electric dipole, when it is held in a uniform
whose direction is E
electric field. Identify the orientation of the dipole
from negative to 
in the electric field, in which it attains a stable
E_ r r 2  l2
positive charge. r l
2 2
equilibrium. (2020 Series: HMJ/5)
 (b) Consider two hollow concentric spheres, S1 and
p
  B x
A– o + S2, enclosing charges 2Q and 4Q respectively as
–q l l +q
shown in the figure.
Expression: C

Electric field intensity at P due to +q charge is

→ 1 q
E + = along PD
4 πε0 BP 2
1 q
= 4 πε 2 2 along PD …(i)
0 (r + l )

Electric field intensity at P due to –q charge is,
(i) Find out the ratio of the electric flux through
→ 1 q
E− = 4 πε them.
AP 2 along PA
0 (ii) How will the electric flux through the sphere
1 q S1 change if a medium of dielectric constant
= 4 πε 2 + l 2 ) along PA  …(ii)
0 ( r ‘er’ is introduced in the space inside S1 in

as
→ → q
From (i) and (ii), E+ = E− = 1  …(iii) place of air? Deduce the necessary expression.
4 πε0 (r 2 + l 2 )  (2014 All India)
Net electric field intensity due to the electric dipole at Ans. (a) Torque on electric dipole. Consider an electric dipole
point P. consisting of two equal and opposite point charges
E 2+ + E 2− + 2 E + E − cos 2 θ separated by a small distance 2a having dipole

\ E =
moment

⇒ E = E 2+ + E 2− + 2 E 2+ cos 2 θ 
D
...[∵ E– = E+ → →
p = q( 2 a )


⇒ E = 2E 2+ + 2 E 2+ cos 2 θ →
→ +q A qE
E

⇒ E = 2E 2+ (1 + cos 2 θ) θ

⇒ E = 2E 2+ 2 cos 2 θ
 ...[∵ 1 + cos 2q = 2 cos2 q
O
v
→ –q
1 q +q E B C

\ E = 2E+ cos q = 2 × 4 πε 2 2 cos q
0 (r + l ) Dipole in a uniform electric eld

hi

 ...[Using equation (iii)

Let the dipole held in a uniform external electric field
1
Now from DOAP, cos q = →
r 2 + l2 E at an angle q.
1 q l →
E = 2 × 4 πε 2 2
× 2 2 1/2 \ Force on charge (+q) = q E along the direction
0 (r + l ) (r + l ) →
S

q × 2l of E
⇒ E = →
4 πε0 (r 2 + l 2 )3/2 Force on charge (–q) = – q E along the opposite
→
Since q × 2l = p  …[p is dipole moment direction of E
p \ Net translatory force on the dipole
E= along (–)x-axis
4 πε0 (r 2 + l 2 )3/2 → →
 =qE –qE =0
If l << r i.e., dipole is short, then l2 can be neglected as So net force on the dipole is zero.
compared to r2. →
p 3 Since E is uniform, hence the dipole does not
Hence E = r along (–)x-axis undergo any translatory motion.
4 πε0
These forces being equal, unlike and parallel, form
48. (a) Deduce the expression for the torque acting on a
→ a couple, which rotates the dipole in clock-wise
dipole of dipole moment p in the presence of a
→ direction
uniform electric field E . \ Magnitude of torque = Force × arm of couple
Obtain the expression for the torque experienced t = F. AC = qE . AB sin q = (qE) 2a sin q
by an electric dipole of dipole moment in a
or t = q(2a) E sin q
uniform electric.
Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields 11

or t = p E Sin q
→
...[∵ p = q ( 2 a ) Due to charge +q,
→ → → → 1 q
\ τ = p × E E+ q = 4 πε . ( x )
0 ( x − a )2
→
[The direction of τ is given by right hand screw → → →
→ →
Net Electric field at point P, E = E − q + E + q
rule and is normal to p and E .
q  1 1  
= × − (x)
Special cases 4 πε0  ( x − a)2 ( x + a)2 
(i) When q = 0 then t = PE sin q = 0
\ Torque is zero and the dipole is in stable 1  4 aqx   1 (q × 2 a)2 x 
= (x) = (x)
equilibrium. 4 πε0  ( x 2 − a 2 )2  4 πε0 ( x 2 − a 2 )2
(ii) When q = 90° then t = PE sin 90º = PE
\ The torque is maximum
→ 1 2 px 
E = 4 πε . ( x 2 − a 2 )2 x \ p = (q × 2a)
0
(b) (i) Ratio of flux:
Q For x >> a
We know electric flux (f) = ε → 1 2p 
0 (x2 – a2)2  x4 \ E= . x
2Q 4 πε0 x 3

Thus, f1 due to S1 =
ε0 (b)
Only the faces Y
2 Q + 4Q 6Q perpendicular to the
f2 due to S2 = =
ε0 ε0 direction of x–axis,
6Q / ε0 3 contribute to the
φ 2 = = \ Ratio = 3 : 1 Electric flux. The
φ 1 2Q / ε0 1 I II

as
remaining faces of the X
2Q 1 cube give zero
O
(ii) fm = ε × ε
0 r Total flux f = fI + fII Z
\ Electric flux through the sphere S1 decreases with the → → → →
introduction of dielectric inside it. = ∫ E . ds + ∫ E . ds = 0 + 2( a).a 2
→ I II
49. (a) An electric dipole of dipole moment p consists of \ f = 2a3
point charges +q and – q separated by a distance 2a
D  q
Charge enclosed (q) = f∈0 = 2a3∈0
∵ φ = ∈
apart. Deduce the expression for the electric field  0
→
E due to the dipole at a distance x from the centre 1.12 Gauss’s Law
of the dipole on its axial line in terms of the dipole SA-I (1-2 Marks)
→
v
moment p . Hence show that in the limit x >> a, 50. If the radius of the Gaussian surface enclosing a charge is
→ → halved, how does the electric flux through the Gaussian
→ 2 p / ( 4 πε0 x 3 ) .
E 
→ surface change? (2008 All India)
hi

(b) Given the electric field in the region E = 2xi , Æ Æ Q

find the net electric flux through the cube and the Ans. Electric flux fE is given by φE = Ú E .d s = e
0
charge enclosed by it.  (2015 Delhi)  …where [Q is total charge inside the closed surface
y

\ On changing the radius of sphere, the electric flux
through the Gaussian surface remains same.
S

51. Figure shows three point

charges, + 2q, – q and +3q. + 2q
x Two charges +2q and – q are •
–q •
enclosed within a surface ‘S’. S
z a + 3q •
What is the electric flux due
Ans. (a) Expression for magnetic field due to dipole on its to this configuration through the surface ‘S’?
axial lane:  (2010 Delhi)
→ → Æ Æ
–q O +q E −q E +q Ans. Electric flux = Ú E .dS
s Æ Æ q1
2a P According to Gauss’s law, f = Ú E .dS = e
s 0
x
…where [q1 is the total charge enclosed by the surface S
Electric field intensity at point p due to charge – q,
→ 1 q 2q  q q q
E− q = . ( x ) f =
0

0
\ Electric flux, f =
ε0
4 πε0 ( x + a)2
12  Shivdas Board Exams Question Bank (Physics-XII)

52. Two charges of magnitudes – 2Q and + Q are located at Q+2Q 3Q

points (a, 0) and (4a,0) respectively. What is the electric Flux through S2(f2) =  ...(ii)
0 0
flux due to these charges through a sphere of radius ‘3a’ 1 Q/ 0 1
with its centre at the origin?  (2013 All Delhi) \ Ratio of flux =   3Q/   3

2 0
Charge Enclosed −2 Q
Ans. Flux = = Therefore, there will be no change in the flux through
ε0 ε0
S1 on introducing dielectric medium inside the
53. Two charges of magnitudes –3Q and +2Q are located at sphere S2.
points (a, 0) and (4a, 0) respectively. What is the electric
58. Use Gauss’s law to derive the expression for the
flux due to these charges through a sphere of radius ‘5a’
electric field between two uniformly charged large
with its centre at the origin?  (2013 All India)
parallel sheets with surface charge densities s and
Charge Enclosed –s respectively.  (2009 All India)
Ans. Flux =
ε0 Or
+2 Q − 3Q –3Q +2Q (5a,0) Two large parallel plane sheets have uniform charge
=
ε0 O (a,0) (4a,0) densities +s and –s. Determine the electric field
−Q (i) between the sheets, and (ii) outside the sheets.
=
ε0
 (2019 Series: BVM/4)
54. How does the electric flux due to a point charge Ans. Gauss’s Law. See Question 69.
enclosed by a spherical Gaussian surface get affected 
when its radius is increased? (2016 Delhi) E = 2
0
Ans. The electric flux due to a point charge enclosed by a

as
In region I: σ
spherical gaussian surface remains ‘unaffected’ when E1 = 2ε0
 –σ
its radius is increased. E1 =  , +σ E1
20
55. Does the charge given to a metallic sphere depend I E1
 E1 II III
on whether it is hollow or solid? Give reason for E2 = 2 
0
your answer. (2017 Delhi) I E2
Total field EI
Ans. No, it does not, because the charge resides only on the E2
D = E1 + E2 σ
surface of the conductor. E2 = 2ε0
56. A charge q is enclosed by a spherical surface of  
=  0
radius R. If the radius is reduced to half, how would 20 20
the electric flux through the surface change? In region II:
(2009 All India)   
v
Ans. As we know, Electric flux over an area in an electric EII =  
20 20 0
field is the total number of lines of force passing In region III:
through the area. It is represented by f. It is a scalar σ σ
hi

quantity. Its S.I. unit is Nm2 C–1 or Vm. E1 = , E2 = −

2ε0 2ε0
  q
i.e., f =  E .d S      

\ E = E1 + E2 =   =0
s 0 2 0  2 0 
Electric flux f by qenclosed. So, it is invariant with
S

radius R. Hence the electric flux through the surface 1.13 Applications of Gauss’s Law
of sphere remains same.
57. A sphere S1 of radius r1 encloses a net charge Q. If there SA-I (1-2 Marks)
is another concentric sphere S2 2Q 59. What is the direction of the electric field at the surface
S2
of radius r2 (r2 > r1) enclosing of a charged conductor having charge density s < 0?
charge 2Q, find the ratio of the r2  (2012 Comptt. Delhi)
electric flux through S1 and S2. Q Ans. The direction of electric field is normal and inward to
How will the electric flux r1 S1 the surface.
through sphere S1 change if a 60. A spherical conducting shell of inner radius r1 and outer
medium of dielectric constant radius r2 has a charge ‘Q’. A charge ‘q’ is placed at the
K is introduced in the space centre of the shell.
inside S2 in place of air? (2014 Comptt. All India) (a) What is the surface charge density on the (i) inner
surface, (ii) outer surface of the shell?
Q
Ans. Flux through S1(f1) =  ...(i) (b) Write the expression for the electric field at a point
∈0
x > r2 from the centre of the shell. (2010 All India)
Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields 13
Ans. (a) Surface charge density on the: +
+
+ +
+ +
+
+
P1 ′ +
+
P’ + +
r1 Q +
+
+
+
q +
+ P +
+
+ O r r +
+
r2 +
+ P E +
+
P′′ P2 +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
r
q
+
+
(i) Inner surface of the shell, σin = +

4 r12
+
(a) +

Qq (b)
(ii) Outer surface of the shell, sout = Electric field due to an The Gaussian surface for a
4 r2 2
(b) Electric field at a point x > r2 from the centre of the infinitely long thin long thin wire of uniform
1 q Q straight wire is radial. linear charge density
shell will be E =
4 0  x 2  The surface includes charge equal to ll.
Gauss’s law then gives
61. Show that the electric field at the surface of a charged
 E × 2prl = ll/e0
conductor is given by E   n , where s is the surface λ
0 i.e., E =
2 πε 0 r
charge density and n  is a unit vector normal to the
63. A hollow cylindrical box of length 1m and area of
surface in the outward direction. (2010 All India)
cross-section 25 cm2 is placed in a three dimensional
Ans. Electric field at a point on the surface of charged

as
coordinate system as shown in the figure.
1 Q
conductor, E = . Y
4 0 R 2
For simplicity we consider charged conductor as a
sphere of radius ‘R’. If ‘s’ is in surface charge density,
then
1 4 πR 2 σ σ X
Q = 4pR2s and E=
4 πε 0 R 2
=
ε0
D O
1m
 
∴ E   n Z
0 
…where [ n is a unit vector normal to the surface The electric field in the region is given by E  50xi
in the outward direction. where E is in NC–1 and x is in metres.
62. A thin straight infinitely long conducting wire having Find:
v

charge density l is enclosed by a cylindrical surface of (i) Net flux through the cylinder.
radius r and length l, its axis coinciding with the length (ii) Charge enclosed by the cylinder. (2013 Delhi)
of the wire. Find the expression for the electric flux
hi

Ans. (i) The magnitude of the electric field at the left face
through the surface of the cylinder. (2011 All India) is E = 50 NC–1
Or Therefore flux through this face
A thin straight infinitely long conducting wire of fL = EA cos q
linear charge density ‘l’ is enclosed by a cylindrical
   = 50 × 25 × 10–4 × cos 180°
S

surface of radius ‘r’ and length ‘l’—its axis coinciding

   = –125 × 10–3 NC–1 m2
with the length of the wire. Obtain the expression for Y
the electric field, indicating its direction, at a point
on the surface of the cylinder. (2012 Comptt. Delhi)
2
Ans. Since the field is everywhere radial, flux through the
two ends of the cylindrical Gaussian surface is zero. 3 1
O X
At the cylindrical part of the surface, E is normal
to the surface at every point, and its magnitude is 1m
constant, since it depends only on r. The surface area Z
of the curved part is 2prl, where l is the length of the The magnitude of the electric field at the right
cylinder. face is
Flux through the Gaussian surface E = 100 NC–1
= Flux through the curved cylindrical part of the Therefore flux through this face
surface fR = 100 × 25 × 10–4 × cos 0°
= E × 2prl = 250 × 10–3 NC–1 m2
14  Shivdas Board Exams Question Bank (Physics-XII)

Therefore net flux through cylinder is Ans. Graph of electric field E(r):
  fR + fL = 125 × 10–3 NC–1 m2
Q
(ii) Charge enclosed by the cylinder f =
ε0
Q = fnet × e0
E
= 125 × 10–3 × 8.856 × 10–12 C = 1107 × 10–15 C r>R
Q = 1.107 pC
64. Two large parallel plane sheets have uniform charge
densities +s and –s. Determine the electric field
(i) between the sheets, and (ii) outside the sheets. 67. State Gauss’ law in electrostatics. Using this law derive
(2019 Series: BVM/4) an expression for the electric field due to a uniformly
Ans. Now electric field intensity due to a plane sheet of charged infinite plane sheet. (2009 Delhi)
+σ Ans. Gauss’ Law states that “the total flux through a closed
charge is given by E = .
2ε 0
surface is 1 times the net charge enclosed by
+σ −σ e0
Here E = and E =
2ε 0 2ε 0 Æ Æ q
fE = Ú E .d S = ”
(i) Electric field at point Q (In between the e0
sheets Let s be the surface charge density (charge per unit
→ → → σ σ σ area) of the given sheet and let P be a point at distance
E = EA + EB = + = →
2ε 0 2ε 0 ε0 r from the sheet where we have to find E .
A B σ

as
+σ –σ
→ P′ σA P →
Q E E
EA EB EB EA
P EA EB R
r

(ii) Field at the point P or R (outside the sheets)
D Choosing point P’, symmetrical with P on the other
→ → → σ σ side of the sheet, let us draw a Gaussian cylindrical
E = EA + EB = − =0 surface cutting through the sheet as shown in the
2ε 0 2ε 0
diagram. As at the cylindrical part of the Gaussian
65. Apply Gauss’s law to show that for a charged → →
spherical shell, the electric field outside the surface, E and d S are at a right angle, the only
v
→ →
shell is, as if the entire charge were concentrated surfaces having E and d S parallel are the plane ends
at the centre. (2019 Series: BVM/4) Æ Æ Æ Æ
Ans. Electric Field outside charged spherical shell.
\ fE = Ú E .d S + Ú E .d S
hi

Flux through the small section of Gaussian   = Ú E dS + Ú E dS = EA + EA = 2EA

→
surface → → …[As E is outgoing from both plane ends, the flux is positive.
φ =  ∫ E . ds
→
\ φ=  ∫ E . ds cos θ This is the total flux through the Gaussian surface.
\ E || ds , q = 0
φ= \ E.4pR2…(i) q
q Using Gauss’ law, fE = ε
S

0
Applying Gauss’s theorem, φ = …(ii)
ε0 A q

\ 2 EA =     …[As q = sA
1 q 0 0
From equations (i) and (ii), E = . 
4 πε 0 R 2 \ E = 2 .
0
The expression indicates that the entire charge This value is independent of r. Hence, the electric field
was concentrated at the centre. intensity is same for all points near the charged sheet.
This is called uniform electric field intensity.
P
68. State ‘Gauss law’ in electrostatics. Use this law to
R
Gaussian charge derive an expression for the electric field due to an
density σ O Gaussian infinitely long straight wire of linear charge density
surface
l cm–1. (2009 Delhi, 2018, 2020 Series: HMJ/4)
Or
SA-II (3 Marks) State Gauss’ law. Using this law, obtain the
expression for the electric field due to an infinitely
66. Draw a graph of electric field E(r) with distance r from
long straight conductor of linear charge density l.
the centre of the shell for 0 ≤ r ≤ ∞. (2009 Delhi)
 (2017 Comptt. Outside Delhi, 2023 Series: GEFH1/2)
Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields 15
Ans. Gauss’s law in electrostatics. It states that “the total an expression for the electric field at a point P at a
electric flux over the surface S in vaccum is 1 times the distance x from it along the axis of the ring. Hence,
e0 prove that at large distance (x >> r), the ring behaves
total charge (q).” as a point charge. (2020 Series: HMJ/5)
Æ Æ q
Contained in side S \ fE = Ú E .d S = e Ans. Electric Intensity on the axis of a ring:
s 0
dq
→ → Æ → dE sin 
E Ed S E r
a dE
→ →
d S2 d S3 θ dE cos 
x θ
P + dE cos 
S2 S3 dE
dE sin 

Electric field due to an infinitely long straight wire: dq
2 πa
Consider an infinitely long straight line charge having Net electric field at point P = ∫ dE cosθ
linear charge density l to determine its electric field 0
at distance r. Consider a cylindrical Gaussian surface Here, dE = Electric field due to a small element having
of radius r and length l coaxial with the charge. By charge dq
1 dq
symmetry, the electric field E has same magnitude =
4 πε0 r 2
at each point of the curved surface S1 and is directed dq
Let l = Linear charge density = \ dq = ldl
dl
radially outward.
2 πa 1 λdl x x
Total flux through the cylindrical surface, ...where cos θ =
Hence, E = ∫ 4 πε r 2 × r  r

as
Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ 0

0
Ú E .d S = Ú
E .d S 1 + s Ú E .d S 2 + s Ú E .d S 3 λx
s1 s2 s3 = ( 2 πa)
4 πε0r 3
EdS1 cos 0 º + Ú EdS2 cos90 º + Ú EdS3 cos90 º
  = Ú
=
1 Qx
s1 s2 s3
4 πε0 3
( x 2 + a2 ) 2
  = E Ú dS1 = E × 2prl
...where [Total charge, Q = l × 2pa
As l is the charge per unit length and is the length of
D
At large distance, i.e., x >> a
the wire, so charge enclosed is,
q = ll 1 Q
E = .
4 πε0 x 2
By Gauss’s theorem,
Æ Æ q l This is the Electric Field due to a point charge at
Ú E .d S 1 = e ⇒ E × 2 prl = distance x.
v
0 0
 71. Two thin concentric and coplanar spherical shells, of
\ E =
2 0 r radii a and b (b > a) carry charges, q and Q, respectively.
hi

69. A positive point charge (+ q) is kept in the vicinity of an Find the magnitude of the electric field, at a point distant
uncharged conducting plate. Sketch electric field lines x, from their common centre for
originating from the point on to the surface of the plate. (i) 0 < x < a
Derive the expression for the electric field at the surface (ii) a ≤ x < b
of a charged conductor. (2009 All India) (iii) b ≤ x < ∞ (2016 Comptt. Delhi)
S

Ans. Representation of electric field. (due to a positive charge) Ans. Magnitude of electric field. Two thin concentric and
coplanar spherical shells of radii ‘a’ and ‘b’ (b > a) carry
charges ‘q’ and ‘Q’ respectively.
q q
+ + (i) For 0 < x < a
Q
Point lies inside both the
spherical shells. b
a
Hence, E(x) = 0
70. A charge is distributed uniformly over a ring of
radius ‘a’. Obtain an expression for the electric
(ii) For a ≤ x < b
intensity E at a point on the axis of the ring. Hence
Point is outside the spherical shell of radius ‘a’ but
show that for points at large distances from the ring,
inside the spherical shell of radius ‘b’.
it behaves like a point charge. (2016 Delhi)
1 q
Or \ E(x) = .
4 πε0 x 2
A thin circular ring of radius r is charged uniformly
so that its linear charge density becomes l. Derive
16  Shivdas Board Exams Question Bank (Physics-XII)

(iii) For b ≤ x < ∞ 74. A hollow conducting sphere of inner radius r1 and
Point is outside of both the spherical shells. Total outer radius r2 has a charge Q on its surface. A point
effective charge at the centre equals (Q + q). charge +q is also placed at the centre of the sphere.
1 q  Q (a) What is the surface charge density on the
\ E(x) = . (i) inner and (ii) outer surface of the sphere?
4 0 x2
(b) Use Gauss’ law of electrostatics to obtain the
72. State Gauss’s law in electrostatics. Derive an expression
expression for the electric field at a point lying
for the electric field due to an infinitely long straight
outside the sphere. (2020 Series: HMJ/4)
uniformly charged wire. (2020 Comptt Delhi)
Ans. (a) Surface charge density on the:
Ans. Gauss Theorem. The surface integral of electric field over
(i) inner surface of the shell,
1
a closed surface is equal to times the charge enclosed q
ε0 sin = 4 r12 r Q
by the surface. q 1

→ → q (ii) outer surface of the shell, r2

Alternatively, ∫ E . d s = Q+q
ε0
sout =
Expression for electric field 4 πr22
+
+ (b) Derivation of expression of electric field for a
Flux through the Gaussian surface +
+
= Flux through the curved + spherical Gaussian surface when x > r2.
+
cylindrical part of the surface +
+ As per Gauss’ law,
P r + (Q + q )
= E × 2prl + Æ Æ

Ú E d S = e0
l
E
+
+ Flux (f) = 
Charge enclosed by the surface = ll +

as
+
λl + (Q + q ) 1 (Q + q )
⇒ E × 2prl = ε + r
+ ⇒ E × 4px2 =  ∴ E = 4 πε0 x2
0 + ε0
+
λ + 75. An infinitely large thin plane sheet has a uniform
or E = 2 πε r
0 surface charge density +. Obtain the expression for
73. (i) An infinitely long positively charged straight the amount of work done in bringing a point charge
wire has a linear charge density l. An electron q from infinity to a point, distant r, in front of the
D charged plane sheet. (2017 Outside Delhi)
is revolving in a circle with a constant speed
n such that the wire passes through the centre r→ →
Ans. W = q ∫ E .d r
and is perpendicular to the plane, of the circle. ∞
Find the kinetic energy of the electron in terms r r σ  qσ
= q ∫ ( − Edr ) = q ∫  2 ε  dr = 2 ε [ ∞ − r ]
of magnitudes of its charge and linear charge ∞ ∞
 0 
v
density l on the wire. ⇒ (∞)
(ii) Draw a graph of kinetic energy as a function of
76. A wire AB of length L has linear charge density
linear charge density l. (2023 Series: GEFH1/2)
l = kx, where x is measured from the end A of the
hi

λ
Ans. (i) Electric Field, E = wire. This wire is enclosed by a Gaussian hollow
2 πε0r
Force, F = eE...(i) surface. Find the expression for the electric flux
through this surface. (2017 Comptt. Outside Delhi)
mν2
and F = ...(ii) Ans. Given: Length of wire = L, Charge density (l) = kx, f = ?
r
S

From (i) and (ii), we get We know,

mν2 λ mν2 dq = ldx = kx dx
eE = ⇒ e = q L
r 2 π ∈0 r r 1
e Q = ∫ dq = ∫ kx dx = kL2
2
⇒ mν2 = 2   0 0
0
Q kL2
1
\ f = =
For K.E. multiply both sides by , we get ∈0 2 ∈0
2
1 1 e eλ 77. (a) A small metal sphere carry-
mv2 = 2 2   \ K.E. = 4 π ∈ Metal
2 0 0 ing charge +Q is located at
(ii) Graph of Kinetic Energy: the centre of a spherical +Q
eλ cavity inside a large
ce
spraee

P1
K= uncharged metallic spheri-
4 πε0
F

cal shell as shown in the P2

\ K ∝ l
figure. Use Gauss’s law to
find the expressions for the electric field at points
P1 and P2.
Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields 17
(b) Draw the pattern of electric field lines in this The surface of sphere is Gaussian surface over at
arrangement. (2012 Comptt. All India) every point. Electric field is same and directed
Ans. (a) Calculation of electric field at point P1: radially outwards.
Net charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface is +Q. Applying Gauss’ theorem,
→ → Q → → q q
\ f = ∫ E .d s = ε ∫ E . dS = ε ⇒ E=
0 S 0 ε0 4 πr 2
q
⇒ E =  ...[S = 4pr2
4 πε0r 2
r
Gaussian surface passing →
through point P1 [ r is distance of point P from centre where E is
+Q
Cavity
calculated.]
(ii) Inside Shell. As we know charge is located on its
P1
surface,
As electric field of positive charge is radially q
outwards, it is parallel to the area vector on the \ E.dS = (q = 0)
e0
surface chosen. →
Hence, E = 0
→ → Q
\ ∫ E .d s = ∫ E.ds cos 0 º = ε →
0
(iii) at r < R, E is zero and at
Q Q
E ∫ ds = ε ⇒ E × 4pr2 = ε r = R, E is maximum
0 0
at r > R, E is decreasing
Q 1

as
\ E= at E ∝ 2
4 πε0r 2 r
As point P2 lies inside the metal, therefore electric
field at point P2 is zero. 79. (a) Use Gauss’s law, prove that the electric field at a
point due to a field at a point due to a uniformly
(b)
charged infinite plane sheet in independent of
the distance from it.
D
+Q
(b) How is the field directed if (i) the sheet is
Free positively charged, (ii) negatively charged?
(2012 Delhi)
space
P2
Metal
Ans. (a) Consider a thin, infinite plane sheet of charge
with uniform surface charge density s. We wish
v
Electric eld lines
78. Using Gauss’ law deduce the expression for the electric to calculate its electric field at a point P at distance
field due to a uniformly charged spherical conducting r from it.
Plane sheet,
shell of radius R at a point (i) outside and (ii) inside the
hi

charge density 
shell. Plot a graph showing variation of electric field as
→ →
a function of r > R and r < R (r being the distance from E P′
A
P E
the centre of the shell). (2013 All India)
<

Or Cross-sectional r
S

A thin conducting spherical shell of radius R has charge area A

Q spread uniformly over its surface. Using Gauss’s By symmetry, electric field E points outwards
law, derive an expression for an electric field at a point normal to the sheet. Also, it must have same
outside the shell. (2009 Delhi) magnitude and opposite direction at two points
Ans. (i) Field Outside Shell: Consider a thin spherical P anel P’ equidistant from the sheet and on
shell of radius R with centre O. Let charge +q be opposite sides. We choose cylindrical Gaussian
distributed uniformly over the surface of shell. To surface of cross-sectional area A and length
calculate electric field intensity at P where OP = r, 2r with its axis perpendicular to the sheet.
imagine a sphere S, with centre at O and radius r. As the lines of force are parallel to the curved

n E surface of the cylinder, the flux through the
P
curved surface is zero. The flux through the
plane-end faces of the cylinder is:
r
O fE = EA + EA = 2EA
Charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface,
q = sA

18  Shivdas Board Exams Question Bank (Physics-XII)

According to Gauss’s theorem, (ii)

q A A
fE = \ 2EA =  or E =
e0 0 20
Clearly, E is independent of r, the distance from + –
the plane sheet.
(b)
+++ ––– for q > 0 for q < 0
+++ ++ ––––––
+
++++++ – – –
2.5
+ → ––– (b) (i) Given: r = m, s = 100 mC/m2
+ +
+++ ––––––
E – 2
+++ ++ ––
–––
+
++++++ ––– –– Charge on the sphere, Q = s.4pr2
–
+ + + ––– →
E 2
2.5 
or Q = 100 × 10–6 × 4 × 3.14 ×  
(i) (ii)  2 
(i) For positively charged sheet → away from = 19.6 × 10–4 C = 1.96 × 10–3C
the sheet
(ii) Flux passing through the sphere
(ii) For negatively charged sheet → towards the
sheet Q 19.6  10 4
f = or f =
e0 8.85  10 12
LA (5 Marks) \ f = 2.2 × 108 Nm2/C
81. Using Gauss’s law, derive the expression for the

as
80. (a) Using Gauss’ law, derive an expression for the
electric field at a point (i) outside and (ii) inside a
electric field intensity at any point outside a
uniformly charged thin spherical shell. Draw a graph
uniformly charged thin spherical shell of radius
showing electric field E as a function of distance
R and charge density s C/m2. Draw the field
from the centre. (2013 Comptt. All India)
lines when the charge density of the sphere is
Ans. Electric field due to a uniformly charged spherical
(i) positive, (ii) negative.
shell:
(b) A uniformly charged conducting sphere of
D
Suppose a thin spherical shell of radius R and centre
2.5 m in diameter has a surface charge density
O.
of 100 mC/m2. Calculate the
Let the charge +q be distributed over the surface of
(i) charge on the sphere.
sphere.
(ii) total electric flux passing through the →
Electric field intensity E is same at every point on the
sphere.  (2008 Delhi)
v
surface of sphere directed directly outwards.
Ans. (a) (i) To find out electric field at a point outside →
a spherical charged shell we imagine a Let a point P be outside the shell with radius vector r
hi

symmetrical Gaussian surface in such a way  S 

and small area element dS  nd
that the point lies on it.
Æ Æ qm According to the Gauss’s law
From Gauss’s theorem, f = Ú E .d S = e →
S 0 P E n̂
Flux f through S’
S

r dS
Æ Æ Æ Æ
f = Ú E .d S = Ú E .d S = E.4pr2
S' S'
O R
qm
⇒ E.4pr2 = e +q
0
1 qm
⇒ E = 4  . 2 Ú E .dS = q
Æ Æ
0 r e0
q
→ ⇒ Ú Ed S =
P E ε0
→ →
r →
ds Since E and n are in the same direction
R q
Surface
\ E 4pr2 = e
Charge 0
Density
1 q  → 1 q 

⇒ E =  ...where  Vectorially E = r
4 0 r 2  4 πε 0 r 2
Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields 19
(i) If s is the surface charge density on the shell, then zero, hence the total electric flux enclosed by a
q = 4pR2 surface containing electric dipole is zero.
1 4 R 2   (b) Electrical field inside a uniformly charged
\ E = 4  
0 R2 0 spherical shell. Let us consider a point ‘P’ inside
(ii) If the point P lies inside the spherical shell, then the shell. The Gaussian surface is a sphere
the Gaussian surface encloses no charge. through P centred at O.
\ q = 0 Hence E = 0 The flux through the Gaussian surface is
E × 4pr2.
82. (a) “Gauss’s law in electrostatics is true for any
However, in this case, the Gaussian surface
closed surface, no matter what its shape or size
encloses no charge.
is.” Justify this statement with the help of a
Gauss’s law then gives
suitable example.
E × 4pr2 = 0
(b) Use Gauss’s law to prove that the electric field
or E = 0
inside a uniformly charged spherical shell is
(r < R)
zero. (2015 All India)
that is, the field due to a uniformly charged thin
Ans. (a) Gauss’s Law states that the electric flux through
shell is zero at all points inside the shell.
a closed surface is given by
q
f = ∈
0
The law implies that the total electric flux through
a closed surface depends on the quantity of total

as
charge enclosed by the surface, and does not
depend on its shape and size. For example, net
charge enclosed by the electric dipole (q, – q) is
qqq

2024 CBSE Question Paper (RQSP4/4)

D
A cube of side 10 cm is placed in the region
Set-I : 55/4/1 as shown in figure.
Q.2. Two identical small conducting balls B1 and B2 are Calculate (1) the electric flux through the
v

given –7 pC and + 4 pC charges respectively. They cube, and (2) the net charge enclosed by
the cube. 5
are brought in contact with a third identical ball
hi

B3 and then separated. If the final charge on each

Set-II : 55/4/2
ball is –2 pC, the initial charge on B3 was 1
(a) –2 pC (b) –3 pC (c) –5 pC (d) –15 pC 1
Q.2. The Coulomb force (F) versus  2  graphs for two
r 
Q.32. Or, (b) (i) Using Gauss’s law, show that the electric
→ pairs of point charges (q1 and q2) and (q2 and q3) are
S

field E at a point due to a uniformly shown in figure. The charge q2 is positive and has
charged infinite plane sheet is given by
least magnitude. Then 1
→ σ  F
E =
2ε0
n where symbols have their +
( q1 , q2)
usual meanings.
→
(ii) Electric field E in y 1
O r2
a region is given
→
Æ
by E = (5x2 + 2) E
→
i where E is in x
— (q2 , q3)
0 ^
i
N/C and x is in (a) q1 > q2 > q3 (b) q1 > q3 > q2
(c) q3 > q2 > q1 (d) q3 > q1 > q2
meters.
z
20  Shivdas Board Exams Question Bank (Physics-XII)

Set-III : 55/4/3 qλ qλ
(a) attractive and (b) repulsive and
2 pε0 x 2 pε0 x
→
Q.1. An electric dipole of dipole moment p is kept in a qλ qλ
→ (c) attractive and (d) repulsive and
uniform electric field E . The amount of work done pε0 x pε0 x
to rotate it from the position of stable equilibrium Q.23. Two conducting spherical shells A and B of radii R
to that of unstable equilibrium will be. 1 and 2R are kept far apart and charged to the same
(a) 2 pE (b) –2 pE (c) pE (d) zero charge density σ. They are connected by a wire.
Q.2. An infinite long straight wire having a charge Obtain an expression for final potential of shell A. 3
density λ is kept along y axis in xy plane. The
Coulomb force on a point charge q at a point P(x, 0) 
will be 1

2024 CBSE Question Paper (SR5QP/5)

Find magnitude and direction of the net
Set-I : 55/5/1 electric field at a point midway between
(a) Four point charges of 1 µC, –2 µC, 1 µC and
Q.17. them. 5
–2 µC are placed at the corners A, B, C and D
respectively, of a square of side 30 cm. Find the
Set-II : 55/5/1

as
net force acting on a charge of 4 µC placed at Q.13. Assertion (A): Equal amount of positive and negative
the centre of the square. 2 charges are distributed uniformly on two halves of
Or a thin circular ring as shown in figure. The resultant
(b) Three point charges, 1 pC each, are kept at electric field at the centre O of the ring is along OC.1
the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side A + +
+
10 cm. Find the net electric field at the centroid + +
+
of triangle.
D +

+
(a) Define the term ‘electric flux and write its
Q.23. + +
O
dimensions. B D
(b) A plane surface, in shape of a square of
side 1 cm is placed in an electric field
→ N
( )
v
E = 100 C i such that the unit vector normal C
 = 0.8i + 0.6 k .
to the surface is given by n Reason (R): It is so because the net potential at O is
Find the electric flux through the surface. 3 not zero.
hi

Q.31. (b) (i) A thin spherical shell of radius R (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
has a uniform surface charge density and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
sigma (σ) Using Gauss’ law, deduce an Assertion (A).
expression for electric field (i) outside and (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
(ii) inside the shell. Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
S

(ii) Two long straight thin wires AB and CD Assertion (A).

have linear charge densities 10 µC/m and (c) Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false.
–20 µC/m, respectively. They are kept (d) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are false.
parallel to each other at a distance 1 m.

Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields 21

Competency Based Questions

q q
MCQ Multiple Choice Questions (a) (b)
8 e0 4 e0
1. SI unit of permittivity of free space is
(c) q (d)
q

(a) Farad (b) Weber
2e0 e0
(c) C2N–1 m–2 (d) C2N–1m–2 A
2. A charge Q is placed at the centre of the line joining 11. Which of the following statements is not true about
two point charges +q and +q as shown in the figure. Gauss’s law?
The ratio of charges Q and q is (a) Gauss’s law is true for any closed surface.
+q Q +q (b) The term q on the right side of Gauss’s law includes
x x the sum of all charges enclosed by the surface.
(a) 4 (b) 1/4 (c) – 4 (d) – 1/4 (c) Gauss’s law is not much useful in calculating
3. The force per unit charge is known as electrostatic field when the system has some
(a) electric flux (b) electric current symmetry.
(c) electric potential (d) electric field (d) Gauss’s law is based on the inverse square
4. Electric field lines provide information about dependence on distance contained in the coulomb’s
(a) field strength (b) direction law.
12. An isolated point charge particle produces an electric

as
(c) nature of charge (d) all of these
→
5. Which of the following figures represent the electric field E at a point 3 m away from it. The distance of
→
field lines due to a single negative charge?
E
the point at which the field is will be
4
(2023 GEFH1/2)
(a) – (b) –
(a) 2 m (b) 3 m (c) 4 m (d) 6 m
D
13. A steady current of 8 mA flows through a wire. The
number of electrons passing through a cross-section
(c) – (d) –  of the wire in 10 s is (2023 GEFH1/2)
(a) 4.0 × 1016 (b) 5.0 × 1017
(c) 1.6 × 1016 (d) 1.0 × 1017
v
6. The SI unit of electric flux is
14. A point charge q0 is moving along a circular path of
(a) N C–1 m–2 (b) N C m–2
radius a, with a point charge – Q at the centre of the
(c) N C–2 m2 (d) N C–1 m2
circle. The kinetic energy of q0 is (2023 GEFH1/2)
hi

7. The unit of electric dipole moment is

q0Q q0Q
(a) newton (b) coulomb (a) (b)
4  0 a 8 0 a
(c) farad (d) debye
q0Q q0Q

Competency Based
8. Consider a region inside which, there are various (c) (d)
types of charges but the total charge is zero. At points 4  0 a2 8 0 a2
S

outside the region 15. The magnitude of the electric field due to a point
(a) the electric field is necessarily zero. charge object at a distance of 4.0 m is 9 N/C. From the
(b) the electric field is due to the dipole moment of the same charged object the electric field of magnitude,
charge distribution only. 16 N/C will be at a distance of (2023 GEFH1/2)
(c) the dominant electric field is inversely proportional (a) 1 m (b) 2 m (c) 3 m (d) 6 m
to r3, for large r (distance from origin). 16. A point P lies at a distance x from the mid point of
(d) the work done to move a charged particle along a an electric dipole on its axis. The electric potential at
closed path, away from the region will not be zero. point P is proportional to (2023 GEFH1/2)
9. The surface considered for Gauss’s law is called 1 1 1
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 1 /2
(a) Closed surface (b) Spherical surface x 2 x x x
(c) Gaussian surface (d) Plane surface 17. An electric dipole of length 2 cm is placed at an angle
10. The total flux through the faces of the cube with side of 30º with an electric field 2×105 N/C . If the dipole
of length a if a charge q is placed at corner A of the experiences a torque of 8×10–3 Nm, the magnitude of
cube is either charge of the dipole, is (2023 GEFH1/5)
(a) 4 µC (b) 7 µC (c) 8 mC (d) 2 mC
 22  Shivdas Board Exams Question Bank (Physics-XII)

18. A charge Q is placed at the centre of a cube. The

electric flux through one if its face is (2023 GEFH1/5)
Q Q Q Q
(a) (b) (c) (d)
e0 6e0 8e 0 3e 0
19. A negatively charged object X is repelled by another
charged object Y. However an object Z is attracted
to object Y. Which of the following is the most
possibility for the object Z? (2021 Term 1)
2 kqq0 2 kqq0 1 kqq0
(a) positively charged only (a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
a2 a2 2 a2
(b) negatively charged only
26. Four objects W, X, Y and Z, each
(c) neutral or positively charged
with charge +q are held fixed at
(d) neutral or negatively charged
four points of a square of side d as
20. In an experiment three microscopic latex spheres are
shown in the figure. Objects X
sprayed into a chamber and became charged with
and Z are on the midpoints of the
charges +3e, +5e and –3e respectively. All the three
sides of the square. The
spheres came in contact simultaneously for a moment
electrostatic force exerted by
and got separated. Which one of the following are
object W on object X is F. Then the magnitude of the
possible values for the final charge on the spheres?
force exerted by object W on Z is
(2021 Term 1)
F F F F
(a) +5e, –4e, +5e (b) +6e, +6e, –7e (a) (b) (c) (d)
7 5 3 2

as
(c) +4e, +3.5e, +5.5e (d) +5e, –8e, +7e
21. An object has charge of 1 C and gains 5.0×1018 electrons. ARQ Assertion-Reason Questions
The net charge on the object becomes: (2021 Term 1)
(a) –0.80 C (b) +0.80 C (c) +1.80 C (d) +0.20 C DIRECTION: Read the two statements Assertion (A) and
22. Which of the diagrams correctly represents the electric Reason (R) carefully to mark the correct option out of the
field between two charged plates if a neutral conductor options given below:
D (a) Assertion and Reason both are correct statements and
is placed in between the plates? (2021 Term 1)
Reason is correct explanation for Assertion.
(b) Assertion and Reason both are correct statements but
(a) (b) Reason is not correct explanation for Assertion.
Electric Charges and Fields

(c) Assertion is correct statement but Reason is wrong

v
statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but Reason is correct
statement.
(c) (d)
hi

1. Assertion: If there exists coulomb attraction between

two bodies, both of them may not be charged.
23. The magnitude of electric field due to a point charge Reason: In coulomb attraction two bodies are
2q, at distance r is E. Then the magnitude of electric oppositely charged.
field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell 2. Assertion: Electric force acting on a proton and an
S

of radius R with total charge q at a distance r electron, moving in a uniform electric field is same,
2
where as acceleration of electron is 1836 times that a
(r >> R) will be (2021 Term 1)
proton.
E Reason: Electron is lighter than proton.
(a) 4 (b) 0 (c) 2E (d) 4E
3. Assertion: As force is a vector quantity, hence electric
24. A square sheet of side ‘a’ is lying parallel to XY plane field intensity is also a vector quantity.
at z = a. The electric field in the region is Reason: The unit of electric field intensity is newton
Æ
E = cz2 k . The electric flux through the sheet is per coulomb.
(2021 Term 1) 4. Assertion: The surface densities of two spherical
1 1 conductors of different radii are equal. Then the
(a) a4c (b) a3c (c) a4c (d) 0
3 3 electric field intensities near their surface are also
25. Three charges q, –q and q0 areplaced as shown in equal.
figure. The magnitude of the net force on the charge Reason: Surface charge density is equal to charge per
unit area.
q0 at point O is ÈÍ k = 1 ˘ .
˙ (2021 Term 1)
Î (4 pe o)˚
Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields 23
5. Assertion: The electric lines of forces diverges from a 2. Pick the correct statement.
positive charge and converge at a negative charge. (a) The glass rod gives protons to silk when they are
Reason: A charged particle free to move in an electric rubbed against each other.
field always move along an electric line of force. (b) The glass rod gives electrons to silk when they are
6. Assertion: Range of Coulomb force is infinite. rubbed against each other.
Reason: Coulomb force acts between two charged (c) The glass rod gains protons from silk when they
particles. are rubbed against each other.
7. Assertion: A small metal ball is suspended in a (d) The glass rod gains electrons when they are rubbed
uniform electric field with an insulated thread. If high against each other.
energy X-ray beam falls on the ball, the ball will be 3. If two electrons are each 1.5 × 10–10 m from a proton,
deflected in the electric field. the magnitude of the net electric force they will exert
Reason: X-rays emits photo electron and metal on the proton is
becomes negatively charged. (a) 1.97 × 10–8 N (b) 2.73 × 10–8 N
8. Assertion: If a point charge be rotated in a circle (c) 3.83 × 10 N
–8 (d) 4.63 × 10–8 N
around a charge, the work done will be zero. 4. A charge is a property associated with the matter due
Reason: Work done is equal to dot product of force to which it produces and experiences:
distance. (a) electric effects only
9. Assertion: No two electric lines of force can intersect (b) magnetic effects only
each other. (c) both electric and magnetic effects
Reason: Tangent at any point of electric line of force
(d) none of these.
gives the direction of electric field.

as
5. The cause of quantization of electric charges is:
10. Assertion: Sharper is the curvature of spot on a
(a) Transfer of an integral number of neutrons.
charged body lesser will be the surface charge density
at that point. (b) Transfer of an integral number of protons.
Reason: Electric field is non-zero inside a charge (c) Transfer of an integral number of electrons.
conductor. (d) None of the above.
11. Assertion: A negative charge in an electric field moves II. Read the para given below and answer the questions
D
along the direction of the electric field. that follow:
Reason: On a negative charge a force acts in the Surface Charge Density. Surface charge density is
direction of the electric held. (2021 Term 1) defined as the charge per unit surface area the surface
(Arial) charge symmetric distribution and follow
CBQ Case-Based Questions Gauss law of electrostatics mathematical term of
v
∆Q
I. Read the para given below and answer the questions surface charge density s = ∆S .
that follow:
hi

A charge is a property associated with the matter due +


–

to which it experiences and produces an electric and (I) + + (II) – –
(III)
magnetic field. Charges are scalar in nature and they + –

Competency Based
add up like real number. Also, the total charge of an A
isolated system is always conserved. When the objects B
S

rub against each other charges acquired by them must Two large thin metal plates are parallel and close

be equal and opposite. to each other. On their inner faces, the plates have
surface charge densities of opposite sign (± s). Having
magnitude 8.8×10–12 cm–2 as shown here. The intensity
s
of electrified at a point is E = and flux is
e0
Æ Æ

f = E D S , where DS = 1 m2 (unit arial plate).
6. E in the outer region (I) of the first (A) plate is
Electric field lines of a Electric field lines of a (a) 1.7 × 10–22 N/C
positive point change negative point change
(b) 1.1 × 10–12 V/m
1. The cause of a charing is: (c) Zero
(a) the actual transfer of protons.
(d) Insufficient data
(b) the actual transfer of electrons.
(c) the actual transfer of neutrons. 7. E in the outer region (III) of the second plate (B) is
(d) none the above (a) 1 N/C (b) 0.1 V/m
(c) 0.5 N/C (d) zero
 24  Shivdas Board Exams Question Bank (Physics-XII)

8. E between (II) the plate is 11. S.I unit of electric flux is .................... .
(a) 1 N/C (b) 0.1 V/m (a) N2 m C (b) Nm C–2
(c) 0.5 N/C (d) None of these (c) Nm2 C–1 (d) Nm–2 C
9. The ratio of E from left side of plate A at distance 12. Electric flux is a ...................... .
1 cm and 2 m respectively is (a) Constant quantity (b) Vector quantity
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 10 : 2 (c) Scalar quantity (d) None of these
(c) 1 : 1 (d) 20 : 1 13. Two charges of magnitude –2Q and +Q are located
at points (a, 0) and (4a, 0) respectively. What is the
10. In order to estimate the electric field due to a
electric flux due to these charges through a sphere of
thin finite plane metal plate the Gaussian surface
radius ‘3a’ with its centre at origin?
considered is 2Q
Q
(a) Spherical (b) Linear (a) (b) 
e0 0
(c) Cylindrical (d) Cubic
3Q 3Q
III. Read the para given below and answer the questions
(c)
(d) 
that follow: e0 0

Gauss Theorem. The total flux through a closed 14. A charge q is placed at the centre of a cube of side l.
1 What is the electric flux passing through each face to
surface, enclosing a volume, in vacuum is time the
e0 the cube?
net change, enclosed by the surface. q q
→ → q enclosed (a) 5 e (b) 9 e
0 0
φ=  ∫ E × d S = ε0

as
s q q

(c) 6 e (d) e
Gaussian Surface. Any closed surface imagined 0 0
around the charge distribution, so that Gauss theorem 15. Three charges +2q , –q and +3q are given. Two charges
can be conveniently applied to find electric field due to + 2q and –q are enclosed with in a surface ‘S’. What is
the give charge distribution. the electric flux due to this configuration through the
Electric field due to infinitely long straight charged
D surface ‘S’ ?
wire of linear charge density λ; 5q 3q
λ (a) 2 e (b) e
E = , where r is the perpendicular distance of the 0 0
2 πε 0r
observation point from the wire. Electric field due 4q q

(c)
(d)
Electric Charges and Fields

to an infinite plane sheet of charge of surface charge e0 e0

v
density σ. qqq

E =
2 0
hi
S
Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields 25

Competency Based Answers

MCA Multiple Choice Answers
1
16. (a) P ∝
x2
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (b)
6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (a) 17. (a) Given: θ = 30°; E = 2 × 105 N/C; t = 8 × 10–3­ Nm
11. (c) 2
1 q Dipole length, l = 2 cm or m
12. (d) As we know, E = 4πε . r 2  100
0
1 q 1 q So, the Dipole moment of dipole will be,
⇒ At point E = = . 
4 p Œ0 ( 3)2 4 pe0 9  2 
P = ql =  q ⇒ P = 0.02q
E 1 q  100 
At point =
4 4 p Œ0 4r 2 Torque acting on dipole, τ = PE sin θ
1 q
⇒ E = 4 πε . r 2 ...(ii) ⇒ 8 × 10–3 = (0.02q)(2 × 105) sin 30°
0
1
On equating (i) and (ii) we get ⇒ 8 × 10–3 = 0.02q × 2 × 105 ×
2
1 q 1 q
. = . ⇒ 8 × 10–3 = 2q × 103 ⇒ q = 4 × 10–6
4 πε0 36 4 πε0 r2
∴ q = 4µC

as
∴ 36 = r2 \ r = 6 m
18. (b) As the charge is at the centre of the cube, the flux
dq ne through each surface is same.
13. (b) I = =
dt t Q
8 ¥ 10-3 ¥ 10 1 10-2 Using Gauss’s law, 6f =
⇒ n= = ¥ -20 ε0
1.6 ¥ 10 -19 2 10 Q
\ f =
n = 0.5 × 1018 = 5.0 × 1017 electrons 6ε0
D
14. (b) If a particle is revolving in circular orbit. 19. (c) Neutral or positively charged
X Y Z
fc Centripetal  =  Electrostatic  fE –ve –ve
 force   force  +ve
+ –
mv2 q0Q
v
⇒ 1 –ve + –
+ –
= .
r 4 πε0 r 2
20. (b) Net charge remains the same
mv2 1 q0Q
Initial net charge = 3e + 5e – 3e = 5e
hi

⇒ =  ...[r = a
a 4πεo a 2 ∴ Option (b) is having the same net charge:
q0Q 6e + 6e – 7e = 5e
⇒ mv2 =
4 πε0 a 21. (d) Given. Q = 1 C

Competency Based
1 As we know, Q = ne
but, K.E = mv2
S

2 = –5 × 1018 × 1.6 × 10–19

1  q0Q  q0Q = –8 × 10–1 = –0.8 C
So, K.E = ∴ K.E =
2  4 πε0 a  8πε0a \ Net charge = 1 C – 0.8 C = 0.20 C
1 q
15. (c) As we know, E = 4 π ∈ r 2 22. (d) Electric field lines start form +ve charge and end at
0 –ve charge.
A.T.Q,
23. (c) Electric field due to point charge, 2q
1 q 1 q
=9 ⇒ . = 9 ...(i) k( 2 q ) R
4 π ∈0 ( 4 )2 4 π ∈0 16 E= r
r2
1 q kq kq × 4 2 k( 2 q )
and = 16  ...(ii) Now, E’ = = or
( 2r )
4  0 r 2 2 r2 r2
On diving (i) by (ii), we get
E’ = 2 E
r2 9
⇒ = \ r=3m
16 16
 26  Shivdas Board Exams Question Bank (Physics-XII)

→ 3. (b) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are correct

24. (a) Given. E = cz2 k statements but Reason is not correct explanation
→

a = a2 k  ...[z = a (given) for Assertion.
→ → The electric field intensity is equal to force experienced
f =
E . a = cz2 k . a2 k = cz2 a2 = ca4
by unit positive test charge qo placed at that point i.e.
25. (c) 
 F dV
E  thus − is also a vector quantity.
qo dr


As, E  F  Newton .


qo Coulomb

4. (b) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are correct

1 q0q 
→ statements but Reason is not correct explanation
Force on q0 due to +q, F1 = ( -i )
4 pe 0 a 2 for Assertion.
→ q0q  Given. σ1 = σ2
Force on q0 due to –q, F2 = 1 (+ j)
4 pe 0 a 2 q1 q q r2
∴ 2
 2 2 , or 1  1 2
→ 4 r1 4 r2 q2 r2
Now, Net force on q0, Fnet
Then the ratio of electric field intensities near the surface
→ → 1 q0q   of spherical conductors,
= F1 + F2 = ( -i + j )
4 pe 0 a 2
E1 q1 4 0r2 2
 

as
2
∴ |Fnet | = Ê 1 q0q ˆ 2kq0 q E2 4 0r1 q2
2Á =
Ë 4 pe 0 a 2 ˜¯ a2
E1 q1 r2 2 q1 q2
⇒     1 
26. (b) +q +q +q E2 q2 r12 q2 q1
W F X Y  ....[Let r1 and r2 be two different radii
d/2 i.e., E1 = E2
D
5. (c) Assertion (A) is correct statement but Reason (R)
5d
d d is wrong statement.
2
If the charged particle is initially at rest in an electric
field, it will move along the electric line of force. But
Electric Charges and Fields

when the initial velocity of charged particle makes some

d/2 Z
v
+q +q angle with the line of force then the resultant path is not
+q
kq 2 4 kq 2 along the line of force because electric line of force may
Fwx = ⇒ Fwx = =F not coincide with the line of velocity of the charge.
( d / 2 )2 d2
hi

6. (b) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are correct

kq 2 4 kq 2 F statements but Reason is not correct explanation
Also, Fwz = 2 \ Fwz = =
Ê 5 ˆ 5d 2 5 for Assertion.
Ë 2 d¯ Coulomb’s force or electric force given by Coulomb’s law,
ARA Assertion-Reason Answers is valid over nuclear distances (10–15m) as well as over
S

very large distance.

1. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements k | q1 || q 2 |
From Coulomb’s law, F = .
but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. r2
Coulomb attraction exists even when one body is This generally holds only for charged objects whose size
charged, and the other is uncharged. are much smaller than the distance between them.
2. (a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are correct 7. (a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are correct
statements and Reason is correct explanation for statements and Reason is correct explanation for
Assertion. Assertion.
As F = qE, and charge (q) on an electron and on a When high energy X-ray beam falls on the ball, the
proton has the same magnitude, therefore force (F) on metal will emit photoelectrons, thus leaving the positive
each is same. Now, acceleration, a =F/m. charge on the ball. As a result of this, ball is deflected in
1 the direction of electric field.
Mass of electron, m = 1836 × mass of a proton.
8. (a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are correct
∴ Acceleration of electron is 1836 times that of a proton. statements and Reason is correct explanation for
Assertion.
Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields 27
Work done will be zero because in rotating the charge in a  
III. 11. (c) Given. φ = E. dS
circle, force is along the radius & direction of motivation is
perpendicular to it. N 2
→ → ⇒ φ = m ∴ φ = Nm2C-1
∴ Work done, W = F . S = FS cos θ = FS cos 90˚ = 0 C

9. (a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are correct 12. (c)
statements and Reason is correct explanation for
Y
Assertion.
It the two electric lines of force can intersect each other
than at the point of intersection, we can draw two -2Q +Q
tangents to the two lines of force. This would mean 13. (b) (0,0) (a, 0) X
(4a,0)
two directions of electric field intensity at the point of
intersection, which is not possible.
10. (d) Assertion (A) is wrong statement but Reason (R) qins 2Q
Electric flux, φ = = 
is correct statement. e0 0
Surface of a charged conductor is always an q
equipotential surface, whatever may be its shape, Hence 14. (c) As we know, φ = e
0
σR = constant, at every point on the surface of charged
∴ Electric flux passing through each face of
conductor i.e. at the sharpest point (R → 0) of the
surface, charge density will be maximum. A uniformly q q 1
cube, φ =   6 = 6e
conductor exerts no electrostatic force on a point charge 0 0

as
located anywhere inside the conductor or electric field is +2q - q q
zero. 15. (d) ∴ φs = =
e0 e0
11. (d) Assertion (A) is wrong statement but Reason (R)
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is correct statement.
CBA Case-Based Answers
D
I. 1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c)
II. 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (c)
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Competency Based
S
 Time: ½ hr. MM: 45

Q.1. When a glass rod is rubbed with a silk cloth,

charges appear on both. A similar phenomenon
is observed with many other pairs of bodies.
Explain how this observation is consistent
with the law of conservation of charge. 1
Q.2. State Coulomb’s law and write its mathematical
expression. 2
Q.3. Derive the expression for dielectric constant. Also
define it. 2
Q.4. State and prove superposition principle for n point charges q1, q2, q3, ......., qn distributed in space. 3
Q.5. Derive the expression for electric field intensity due to a point charge.  2
Q.6. What is meant by electric lines of force? Give their important characteristics.  3
Q.7. Derive an expression for electric field intensity at any point on the dipole axis.  3

as
Q.8. Two charges of magnitude +q and –q are placed at (+a, 0, 0) and (–a, 0, 0) respectively. Calculate the electric
field at a point P whose coordinates are (0, r, 0). 3
Q.9. An electric dipole is held in a uniform electric field.
(i) Using suitable diagram, show that it does not undergo any translatory motion.
(ii) derive an expression for the torque acting on it. Specify its direction.  3
D
Q.10. The electric field in a region is radially outwards and varies with distance r as E = 250 r Vm–2. Calculate the
charge the contained in a sphere of radius 0.2 m centered at the region. 2
Q.11. Two charges each of 1 μC but opposite in sign are 1 cm apart. Calculate electric field at a point distance 10 cm
from the mid-point on axial line of the dipole. 2
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Q.12. A point charged causes an electric flux of –1.0 × 103 Nm²/C to pass through a spherical Gaussian
surface of 10 cm radius centered on the charge.
(a) If the radius of the Gaussian surface was doubled, how much flux would pass through the surface?
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(b) What is the value of the charged?  3

Q.13. A point charged of 2.0 µC is at the centre of a cubic Gaussian surface 9.0 cm on edge. What is the net electric
flux through the surface? 3
Q.14. S1 and S2 are two hollow concentric spheres enclosing charges 2Q and 4Q respectively.
S

(i) What is the ratio of electric flux through S1 and S2?

(ii) How will the electric flux through the sphere S1 change, if a medium of dielectric 5 is introduced in the
space inside S1 in place of air?  3
Q.15. An electric dipole with electric dipole moment 4 × 10–9 cm aligned at 30º with the direction of uniform electric
field of magnitude 5 × 104 NC–1. Calculate the magnitude of the torque acting on the dipole. 3
Q.16. A sphere S1 of radius r1 encloses a charge Q, if there is another concentric sphere S2 of the radius r2 (r2 > r1)
and there are no additional charges between S1 and S2. Find the ratio of electric flux through S1 and S2. 3
Q.17. A square frame of edge 10 cm is placed with its positive normal making an angle of 60° with a uniform electric
field of 20 V m–1. Find the flux of the electric field through the surface bounded by the frame. 3
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