Chapter 3 – Circular functions

Solutions to Exercise 3A
π
!
y
1 a The graph of y = cosec x + 6
4    
5 y = sec  x – π 2π, 2 3
is a translation of the graph of  2 3  6  3 
π 4 0,


3
y = cosec x, units in the negative 3
4
direction of the x axis. 2
1
The y axis ! intercept is:
π √ π π π 2π 5π π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π 2π x

cosec = 2. -1 6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
4 -2

Asymptotes -3
! will occur when
π -4

sin x + =0 -5
4 -6
Therefore the asymptotes are at
3π 7π
x= and x = π
!
.
4 4 c The graph of y = cot x +
y  
y = cosec x + π
3
4
5  is a translation of the graph of
(2π, 2 ) π
4 (0, 2 )
y = cot x, units in the negative
3
3
direction of the x axis. √
2
π 3
1 The y axis intercept is cot = .
3 3
π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π 2π x Asymptotes ! will occur when
-1 4 2 4 4 2 4 π
-2
tan x + =0
3
-3 Therefore the asymptotes are at
-4 2π 5π
x= and x = .
-5 3 3
y

5
π
!  
 
y = cot x + π 2π, 3 
b The graph of y = sec x − 4
 3  3
6 3  3
0, 
is a translation of the graph of  3 
π 2
y = sec x, units in the positive 1
6
direction of the x axis. x
π π π 2π 5π π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π 2π
The y axis intercept is -1 6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
√
π
!
2 3 -2
sec − = . -3
6 3
-4
Asymptotes ! will occur when
π -5
cos x − =0
6
Therefore the asymptotes are at
2π 5π
x= and x = .
3 3

123
 !
2π y
d The graph of y = sec x + 5
3  
y = cosec x – π 
is a translation of the graph of 4  2

2π 3
y = sec x, units in the negative
3 2
direction of the x axis. 1 (2π, – 1)
2π (0 , – 1)
The y axis intercept is sec = −2. x
3 π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π 2π
Asymptotes! will occur when -1 4 2 4 4 2 4

2π -2
cos x + =0 -3
3
Therefore the asymptotes are at -4

5π 11π -5
x= and x = .
6 6
y !
3π
5 f The graph of y = cot x −
4
 
y = sec x + 2π
4
 3
is a translation of the graph of
3
3π
2
(2π, – 2)
y = cot x, units in the positive
4
1 direction of the x axis. !
3π
π π π 2π 5π π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π 2π x
The y axis intercept is cot − = 1.
-1 6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6 4
-2 Asymptotes! will occur when
(0 , -2)
-3 3π
tan x − =0
-4 4
-5 Therefore the asymptotes are at
3π 7π
x= and x = .
π 4 4
!
e The graph of y = cosec x − y
2 5
is a translation of the graph of y = cot x – 3π
π 4

4
 (2π , 1)
y = cosec x, units in the 3
2
positive direction of the x axis. 2 (0 , 1)

The y axis!intercept is 1

π x
cosec − = −1. -1
π
4
π
2
3π
4
π 5π
4
3π
2
7π
4
2π
2
-2
Asymptotes ! will occur when
π -3
sin x − =0 -4
2
-5
Therefore the asymptotes are at
π 3π
x = and x = .
2 2
2 a The graph of y = sec 2x is obtained
from the graph of y = sec x by a
1
dilation of factor from the y axis.
2
The y axis intercept is sec(0) = 1.
Asymptotes will occur when

124
 cos(2x) = 0 The y axis intercept is cot(0) which is
Therefore the asymptotes are at undefined.
π 3π Asymptotes will occur when
x = and x = .
4 4 tan(4x) = 0
y

5 Therefore the asymptotes are at

y = sec(2x)
π π 3π
4
x = 0, x = , x = , x = and
4 2 4
3
(0 , 1) (π , 1) x = π.
2
y
1
5
y = cot(4x)
π π 3π π x 4
-1 4 2 4
3
-2
2
-3
1
-4
π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π π x
-5
-1 8 4 8 2 8 4 8

-2
b The graph of y = cosec(3x) is -3
obtained from the graph of -4
1
y = cosec x by a dilation of factor -5
3
from the y axis.
π
!
The y axis intercept is cosec(0) which d The graph of y = cosec 2x +
is undefined. 2
π
!!
Asymptotes will occur when
= cosec 2 x +
sin(3x) = 0 4
Therefore the asymptotes are at is obtained from the graph of
π 2π y = cosec x by a dilation of factor
x = 0, x = , x = and x = π. 1
3 3 from the y axis followed by a
y
2
5
π
translation units in the negative
4 y = cosec(3x) 4
direction of the x axis.
3 π
2
The y axis intercept is cosec = 1.
2
1 Asymptotes! will occur when
π
π π π 2π 5π π x sin 2x + =0
-1 6 3 2 3 6 2
-2 Therefore the asymptotes are at
π 3π
-3
x = and x = .
-4 4 4 !
π
-5
Note : cosec 2x + = sec 2x
2
c The graph of y = cot(4x) is obtained
from the graph of y = cot x by a
1
dilation of factor from the y axis.
4

125
 π
!
y

5
f The graph of y = cot 2x −
y = cosec 2x + π
3
2
4  
π
!!
3
(0 , 1) (π , 1)
= cot 2 x −
2
6
1
is obtained from the graph of
y = cot x by a dilation of factor
π π 3π π x
-1 4 2 4
1
from the y axis followed by a
2
-2
π
-3 translation units in the positive
6
-4 direction of the x axis.
-5 The y axis intercept
√ is
π
!
3
cot − = − .
e The graph of y = sec(2x + π) 3 3
Asymptotes! will occur when
π
!!
= sec 2 x + π
2 tan 2x − =0
is obtained from the graph of 3
Therefore the asymptotes are at
y = sec x by a dilation of factor π 2π
1 x = and x = .
from the y axis followed by a 6 3
2 y
π
translation units in the negative 5
2 4
 
y = cot 2x – π
direction of the x axis.  3
3
The y axis intercept is sec(π) = −1.
2
Asymptotes will occur when
1
cos(2x + π) = 0
π π π π 5π π 7π 2π 3π 5π 11π π x
Therefore the asymptotes are at -1 12 6 4 3 12 2 12 3 4 6 12
π 3π
x = and x = . -2  
0, – 3  3
4 4  3 π , –
3 
Note : sec(2x + π) = − sec 2x -3 

-4
y
-5
5
y = sec(2x + π)
4

3
π
!
2 3 a The graph of y = sec 2x −
1 (0 , -1) (π , – 1)
2
π
!!
x
-1
π
4
π
2
3π
4
π
= sec 2 x −
4
-2
is obtained from the graph of
-3
y = sec x by a dilation of factor
-4 1
-5
from the y axis followed by a
2
π
translation units in the positive
4
direction of the x axis.

126
 π
!
y
The y axis intercept is sec − , 5
2  
y = cosec 2x + π
which is undefined.  3
 4

3
Asymptotes! will occur when
π  2 3
0 , 
2  2 3
π , 
cos 2x − =0  3 
1
 3
2
Therefore the asymptotes are at – π – 5π – 2π – π –π –π π π π 2π 5π π x
π π 6 3 2 3 6 -1 6 3 2 3 6
x = −π, x = − , x = 0, x = and  2 3
2 2 – π ,  -2
x = π.  3 

π -3
!
Note : sec 2x − = cosec(2x) -4
2
-5
y

5 !
  2π
4 y = sec 2x – π

2

c The graph of y = cot 2x −
3 3
2
π
!!
1 = cot 2 x −
3
–π – 3π –π –π π π 3π π is obtained from the graph of
4 2 4 -1 4 2 4
y = cot x by a dilation of factor
-2
1
-3 from the y axis followed by a
2
-4 π
translation units in the positive
-5 3
direction of the x axis.
π
! The y axis intercept is
b The graph of y = cosec 2x + ! √
2π 3
3 cot − = .
3 3
π
!!
= cosec 2 x + Asymptotes !will occur when
6 2π
is obtained from the graph of tan 2x − =0
3
y = cosec x by a dilation of factor Therefore the asymptotes are at
1 2π π π 5π
from the y axis followed by a x = − , x = − , x = and x = .
2 3 6 3 6
π y
translation units in the negative
6 5
direction of the x axis.  
4 π , 3 
   
y = cot 2x – 2π 
The y axis intercept
√ is – π , 3 
 3
3
3
 3

π 2 3
cosec = . 2

3 3 1
Asymptotes! will occur when
π – π – 5π – 2π – π –π –π π π π 2π 5π π x
sin 2x + =0 6 3 2 3 6 -1 6 3 2 3 6
3 -2
Therefore the asymptotes are at  3
0 ,
2π π π 5π 

3
-3

x = − , x = − , x = and x = . -4
3 6 3 6
-5

127
4 a C So, √
x° 5 7 2
cot x◦ = ,
A B 8 √
8 9 9 2
By Pythagoras’ theorem, sec x◦ = , cosec x◦ =
7 8
AC 2 = AB2 + BC 2
∴ AC 2 = 25 + 64 = 89 2π π
!
√ 5 a sin = sin π −
∴ AC = 89 3 3
So, √ π
= sin
5 89 3
cot x = , sec x =
◦ ◦
, √
8 √ 5 3
89 =
cosec x◦ = 2
8
π
!
3π
b B b cos = cos π −
5
4 4
x°
π
A C = − cos
7 4
By Pythagoras’ theorem, √
2
AC 2 = AB2 + BC 2 =−
2
∴ AB2 = AC 2 − BC 2
π π
!
∴ AB2 = 49 − 25 = 24 c tan − = − tan = −1
4 4
√
∴ AB = 24 π 1 1
√ d cosec = π = =2
∴ AB = 2 6 6 sin 0.5
So, 6
√
2 6 π 1 1 √
cot x =
◦
, e sec = = √ = 2
5√ 4 cos π 2
7 6 7 4
sec x◦ = , cosec x◦ = 2
12 5
√
!
c C −π 1 1
f cot =− π =− √ =− 3
6 tan 3
9 6
3
B x°
A 5π π
!
7
By Pythagoras’ theorem, g sin = sin π +
4 4
AC 2 = AB2 + BC 2 π
= − sin
∴ BC 2 = AC 2 − AB2 √
4
2
∴ BC 2 = 81 − 49 = 32 =−
√ 2
∴ BC = 32
√
∴ BC = 4 2

128
 π 9π 1
!
5π =
h tan = tan π − k cot
9π
6 6 4
tan
4
π
!
= − tan 1
6 =
π
!
√ tan 2π +
3 4
=−
3 1
= π
π
!
1 tan
i sec − = −π 4
3 cos 1
3 =
1 1
= π =1
cos
3
π
! !
1 7π
= l cos − = cos −2π −
0.5 3 3
=2 π
!
= cos −
3
3π 1
j cosec = π
!
4 3π = cos
sin 3
4
1 1
= =
π
!
2
sin π −
4
1 1 sin2 x
= π 6 a sec2 x − tan2 x = −
sin cos2 x cos2 x
4 1 − sin2 x
1 =
= ! cos2 x
1
√ cos2 x
2 =
√ cos2 x
= 2 =1
or
sec2 x − tan2 x = 1 + tan2 x − tan2 x
=1

129
 cos2 x π
" #
1
b cot x − cosec x =
2 2
2
− 2 7 tan x = −4, x ∈ − , 0
sin x sin x 2
1 − cos2 x
=− a sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x
sin2 x
sin2 x sec2 x = 1 + 16 = 17
=− 2 √
sin x sec x = ± 17
= −1 √ π
" #
or sec x = 17 as x ∈ − , 0
cot2 x − cosec2 x 2

= cot2 x − (1 + cot2 x) 1
b cos x =
sec x
= −1 √
1 17
cos x = √ =
tan2 x + 1 sec2 x 17 17
c =
tan2 x tan2 x
1 c cosec2 x = 1 + cot2 x
2 1
= cos2 x =1+
sin x tan2 x
cos2 x 1
=1+
1 16
= √
sin2 x 17
cosec x = ±
= cosec2 x 4
√
π
" #
− 17
sin2 x cos2 x + sin2 x cosec x = as x ∈ − , 0
d + cos x = 4 2
cos x cos x
1
= "
3π
#
cos x 8 cot x = 3, x ∈ π,
= sec x 2

e sin4 x − cos4 x a cosec2 x = 1 + cot2 x

√ √
= (sin2 x − cos2 x)(sin2 x + cos2 x) ∴ cosec x = ± 1 + 32 = ± 10
√
" #
= sin2 x − cos2 x ∴ cosec x = − 10 as x ∈ π,
3π
2
= − cos 2x
1
f tan3 x + tan x = tan x(1 + tan2 x) b sin x =
cosec x
√
= tan x sec2 x 10
=−
10

130
 1 cos x◦
c sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x = 1 + b cot x◦ =
cot2 x sin x◦
s √ √
!2 3 1
∴ sec x = ± 1 +
1
=±
10 =− ÷
3 3 2 2
√
√ " # =− 3
10 3π
∴ sec x = − as x ∈ π,
3 2 1 1
c cosec x◦ = ◦
= =2
sin x 0.5
π
" #
9 sec x = 10, x ∈ − , 0 12 cosec x◦ = −3, 180 < x < 270
2
1 1
a tan2 x = sec2 x − 1 a sin x◦ = ◦
=−
cosec x 3
√ √
∴ tan x = ± 102 − 1 = ±3 11 s
!2
1
√ π b cos x = − 1 −
◦
" #
∴ tan x = −3 11 as x ∈ − , 0 3
2 √
8
=−
b sin x = tan x ÷ sec x 3
√ √
−3 11 2 2
∴ sin x = =−
10 3
√
1 3 3 2
" # c sec x◦ = =−√ =−
3π cos x ◦
8 4
10 cosec x = −6, x ∈ , 2π
2

a cot2 x = cosec2 x − 1 13 cos x◦ = −0.7, 0 < x < 180

√ p
a sin x◦ = 1 − (0.7)2
p
∴ cot x = ± (−6)2 − 1 = ± 35
√
√ = 0.51
" #
3π
∴ cot x = − 35 as x ∈ , 2π √
2
51
√ =
35 10
b cos x = cot x ÷ cosec x = √ √
6 sin x ◦
0.51 51
b tan x◦ = ◦
= =−
cos x −0.7 7
11 sin x◦ = 0.5, 90 < x < 180 √
1 7 7 51
√ c cot x◦ = ◦
=−√ =−
3 tan x 51 51
a cos x◦ = − 1 − (0.5)2 = −
p
2
14 sec x◦ = 5, 180 < x < 360
1 1
a cos x◦ = ◦
= = 0.2
sec x 5

131
 sec2 θ − cosec2 θ
s
!2
1 d
b sin x = − ◦
1− tan2 θ − cot2 θ
5
√ (1 + tan2 θ) − (1 + cot2 θ)
24 =
=− tan2 θ − cot2 θ
5 tan2 θ − cot2 θ
√ =
2 6 tan2 θ − cot2 θ
=−
5 =1
√ √
1 2 6 1 6
c cot x◦ = ÷ − =− √ =−
5 5 2 6 12 16 If x = sec θ − tan θ

1 sin θ
= −
15 a sec θ + cosec θ − sec θ cosec θ
2 2 2 2
cos θ cos θ
1 1 1 1 − sin θ
= + − =
cos2 θ sin2 θ cos2 θ sin2 θ cos θ
1 cos θ
sin2 θ + cos2 θ − 1 then =
= x 1 − sin θ
cos2 θ sin2 θ and
1−1 1 1 − sin θ cos θ
= x+ = +
cos2 θ sin2 θ x cos θ 1 − sin θ
=0 (1 − sin θ) + cos2 θ
2
=
cos θ(1 − sin θ)
b (sec θ − cos θ)(cosec θ − sin θ) 1 − 2 sin θ + sin2 θ + cos2 θ
=
1
!
1
! cos θ(1 − sin θ)
= − cos θ − sin θ 1 − 2 sin θ + 1
cos θ sin θ =
cos θ(1 − sin θ)
1 − cos2 θ 1 − sin2 θ
! !
= 2(1 − sin θ)
cos θ sin θ =
cos θ(1 − sin θ)
sin2 θ cos2 θ
! !
= 2
cos θ sin θ =
cos θ
= sin θ cos θ = 2 sec θ, as required to prove.
1
= sin 2θ
2
(using a double angle formula)

c (1 − cos2 θ)(1 + cot2 θ)

= (sin2 θ)(cosec2 θ)
!
1
= (sin θ)
2
sin2 θ
=1

132
 1 1 − sin θ cos θ
x− = −
x cos θ 1 − sin θ
(1 − sin θ) − cos2 θ
2
=
cos θ(1 − sin θ)
(sin2 θ + cos2 θ) − 2 sin θ + sin2 θ − cos2 θ
=
cos θ(1 − sin θ)
2 sin2 θ − 2 sin θ
=
cos θ(1 − sin θ)
−2 sin θ(1 − sin θ)
=
cos θ(1 − sin θ)
−2 sin θ
=
cos θ
= −2 tan θ
1
∴ x− = −2 tan θ
x

133
Solutions to Exercise 3B
π π π π π π
! !
1 a sin = sin − d tan = tan −
12 3 4 12 3 4
π π π π π π
= sin cos − sin cos tan − tan
3 4 4 3 = 3 4
√ √ √ π π
3 2 21 1 + tan tan
= − 3 4
2 2 2 2 √
√ √ 3−1
2( 3 − 1) = √
= 1+ 3
4 √ √
√ √
6− 2 ( 3 − 1)(1 − 3)
= =
4 −2
√
2 3−4
π π =
!
5π
b tan = tan + −2
12 4 6 √
=2− 3
π π
tan + tan
= 4 6
π π
1 − tan tan 2 a sin(2x − 5y) = sin 2x cos 5y
4 6
√ − cos 2x sin 5y
3
1+
= 3
√ b cos(x2 + y) = cos(x2 ) cos y
3
1− − sin(x2 ) sin y
3
√ 2
(3 + 3) c
=
6 tan(x + (y + z))
√
=2+ 3 tan x + tan(y + z)
=
1 − tan x tan(y + z)
π
! !
7π 6π
c cos = cos + tan y + tan z
12 12 12 tan x +
1 − tan y tan z
=
π π tan y + tan z
!
= cos + 1 − tan x ×
2 12 1 − tan y tan z
π tan x(1 − tan y tan z) tan y tan z
= − sin +
12 1 − tan y tan z 1 − tan y tan z
√ √ =
2( 3 − 1) 1 − tan y tan z tan x(tan y + tan z)
=− (see a) −
4 1 − tan y tan z 1 − tan y tan z
√ √
2(1 − 3) tan x − tan x tan y tan z + tan y + tan z
= =
4 1 − tan y tan z − tan x tan y − tan x tan z
√ √ tan x + tan y + tan z − tan x tan y tan z
=
2− 6 =
4 1 − tan y tan z − tan x tan y − tan x tan z
A CAS calculator has the capability
to expand and collect some

134
 trigonometric equations.
TI: Press
Menu → 3 : Algebra →
B : Trigonometry → 1 : Expand
CP : Tap Action →
For part b.
Transformation → tCollect
Type tExpand(cos(x2 + y))
and complete the command as per the
TI instructions.

4 a sin(x + 2x) = sin x cos 2x + cos x sin 2x

CP : Tap Action →
Transformation → tExpand b sin(3x) = sin x cos 2x + cos x sin 2x
and complete the command as per the = sin x(cos2 x − sin2 x)
TI instructions.
+ cos x × 2 sin x cos x
= sin x cos2 x − sin3 x
3 a sin x cos 2y − cos x sin 2y = sin(x − 2y)
+ 2 sin x cos2 x
b = 3 sin x cos2 x − sin3 x
cos 3x cos 2x + sin 3x sin 2x = cos(3x − 2x)
= 3 sin x(1 − sin2 x) − sin3 x
= cos x
= 3 sin x − 4 sin3 x
c
tan A − tan(A − B)
= tan(A − (A − B))
1 + tan A tan(A − B) 5 a cos(x + 2x) = cos x cos 2x
= tan B − sin x sin 2x

d b cos(3x) = cos x(cos2 x − sin2 x)

sin(A + B) cos(A − B) + cos(A + B) sin(A − B)
− 2 sin2 x cos x
= sin((A + B) + (A − B))
= cos3 x − 3 sin2 x cos x
= sin 2A
= cos3 x − 3(1 − cos2 x) cos x
e cos y cos(−2y) − sin y sin(−2y) = 4 cos3 x − 3 cos x
= cos(y + (−2y))
= cos(−y) π
" #
6 sin x = 0.6, x ∈ , π and
= cos y 2
π
" #
For part e. tan y = 2.4, y ∈ 0,
TI : Press 2
Menu → 3 : Algebra →
B : Trigonometry → 2 : Collect

135
a cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x e tan2 x = sec2 x − 1
√
cos x = ± 1 − 0.62 1
= −1
cos2 x
= ±0.8 s
!2
1
π tan x = ±
# "
−1
∴ cos x = −0.8 as x ∈ , π 0.8
2
0.6
=±
b sec2 y = 1 + tan2 y 0.8
√ 3
sec y = ± 1 + 2.42 =±
4
= ±2.6 = ±0.75
π
" #
π
"#
∴ sec y = 2.6 as y ∈ 0, ∴ tan x = −0.75 as x ∈ , π
2 2
1 f cos(x − y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
c cos y =
sec y
4 5 3 12
1 =− × + ×
= 5 13 5 13
2.6
20 36
10 =− +
= 65 65
26
16
5 =
= 65
13
s
!2
d sin2 y = 1 − cos2 y g sin(x − y) = ± 1 −
16
s
!2 65
5
sin y = ± 1− =±
63
13 65
π π
12 As ≤ x ≤ π and 0 ≤ y ≤ ,
=± 2 2
13 0≤ x−y≤π
π 63
" #
12 ∴ sin(x − y) =
∴ sin y = as y ∈ 0, 65
13 2 or
sin(x − y) = sin x cos y − cos x sin y
!
3 5 4 12
= × − − ×
5 13 5 13
15 48
= +
65 65
63
=
65

136
 tan x + tan y q
h tan(x + y) = b cos y = ± 1 − sin2 y
1 − tan x tan y
p
−3 12 = ± 1 − (0.4)2
+ √
= 4 5
3 12 = ± 0.84
1+ × √
4 5 2 21
33 5 =±
= × 10
20 14 √
π
" #
21
33 ∴ cos y = = 0.92 as x ∈ 0,
= 5 2
56
tan x − tan y
i tan(x + 2y) = tan((x + y) + y) c tan(x − y) =
1 + tan x tan y
33 12 sin x sin y
+ −
= 56 5
=
cos x cos y
33 12 sin x sin y
1− × 1+ ×
56 5 cos x cos y
837 70 √
= ×− 51 2
280 29 − √
837 7 21
=− = √
116 51 2
1+ ×
7 21
" # √ √
3π 3 51 − 2 21
7 cos x = −0.7, x ∈ π, and =
2 21
π 49
" #
sin y = 0.4, y ∈ 0, × √
2 49 + 2 119
√ √
√ 21 51 − 14 21
a sin x = ± 1 − cos2 x = √
p 147 + 6 119
= ± 1 − (−0.7)2 = 0.40
√
= ± 0.51
√ d cos(x + y) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y
51 √ √
=± −7 21 51 2
√
10 = × + ×
10 5 10 5
51 √ √
∴ sin x = − = −0.71 −7 21 2 51
10 = +
" # 50 50
3π
as x ∈ π, = −0.36
2

1 1
8 a sin x cos x = (2 sin x cos x)
2 4
1
= sin 2x
4

137
 b sin2 x − cos2 x = −(cos2 x − sin2 x) a
= − cos 2x sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
sin x = −0.8
tan x 1 2 tan x
c = p
cos x = ± 1 − (0.8)2
1 − tan x 2 1 − tan2 x
2

1 = ±0.6
= tan 2x
2 " #
3π
∴ cos x = −0.6 as x ∈ π,
sin4 x − cos4 x 2
d
cos 2x
∴ sin 2x = 2 × (−0.8) × (−0.6) = 0.96
(sin2 x − cos2 x)(sin2 x + cos2 x)
=
cos 2x b cos 2x = 1 − 2 sin2 x
(− cos 2x)(1)
= = 1 − 2(−0.8)2
cos 2x
= −1 = −0.28

sin 2x
4 sin3 x − 2 sin x c tan 2x =
e cos 2x
cos x cos 2x
0.96
2 sin x(2 sin2 x − 1) =
= −0.28
cos x cos 2x 24
− cos 2x =−
= 2 tan x · 7
cos 2x
= −2 tan x
π
" #
10 tan x = 3, x ∈ 0,
4 sin2 x − 4 sin4 x 2
f
sin 2x 2 tan x
4 sin2 x(1 − sin2 x) a tan 2x =
= 1 − tan2 x
2 sin x cos x 6
2 sin x cos2 x =
= 1−9
cos x 6
=−
= 2 sin x cos x 8
= sin 2x 3
=−
4
" #
3π
9 sin x = −0.8, x ∈ π,
2

138
 b tan 3x = tan(2x + x) 2 tan x
12 tan 2x =
1 − tan2 x
tan 2x + tan x π
= Put x =
1 − tan 2x tan x 8
3
− +3 π
4 π 2 tan
= ∴ tan = 8
4 1 − tan2 π
!
3
1− − ×3
4 8
π π
9 1 − tan2 = 2 tan
= 8 8
13 π
Let tan = x,
8
" # ∴ 1 − x2 = 2x
3π
11 sin x = −0.75, x ∈ π, x2 + 2x − 1√= 0
2 −2 ± 4 + 4
x=
p 2
a cos x = ± 1 − sin2 x √
= −1 ± 2
p π π
= ± 1 − (−0.75)2 as < ,
√ 8√ 2
7 x = 2 − 1√
=± π
4 ∴ tan = 2 − 1
8
= ±0.66 (correct to two
decimal places) "
π
#
" # 13 cos x = 0.9, x ∈ 0,
3π 2
∴ cos x = −0.66 as x ∈ π,
2 Since cos 2x = 2 cos2 x − 1 then
x
cos x = 2 cos2 − 1
b cos 2x = 1 − 2 sin2 x 2
x 1 + cos x
x cos2 =
∴ cos x = 1 − 2 sin2 2 2
2 r
x 1 − cos x x 1 + 0.9
sin2 = cos = ±
2 2 2 2
√ = ±0.97
s
x 4+ 7
sin = ± π π
" # " #
x
2 8 as x ∈ 0, ⇒ ∈ 0,
2 2 4
= ±0.91 x
∴ cos = 0.97
π 3π 2
" # " #
3π x
as x ∈ π, ⇒ ∈ ,
2 2 2 4
x
∴ sin = 0.91
2

139
14 P Let tan x = z
12 2z
∴ =
5 1 − z2
∴ 6 − 6z2 = 5z
∴ 6z2 + 5z − 6 = 0
√
12 m −5 ± 25 + 144
∴ z=
12
T √
−5 ± 169
=
12
π
!
as x ∈ 0, ,
2
G A −5 + 13 8 2
z= = =
5m 12 12 3
Since ∴ ∠AGT = ∠TGP = x 2
∴ tan x =
∴ ∠AGP = 2x 3

a tan 2x =
opp 12
= c AT = GA tan x
adj 5 2
=5×
2 tan x 3
b tan 2x = 10
1 − tan2 x =
3
1
=3
3
1
Therefore the length of AT is 3
3
metres.

140
Solutions to Exercise 3C
1 a The graph of y = tan−1 (x − 1)
!
1
c The graph of y = 2 sin x + −1
is
is a translation of the graph of 2
y = tan−1 (x), one unit in the positive a dilation of factor 2 from the x!axis
1
direction of the x axis. The x axis of the graph of y = sin−1 x + .
2
intercept is at 1, the y axis intercept That is why the range of the
π
is at tan−1 (−1) = − , the asymptotes
!
1
4
π π function y = 2 sin x +
−1
is
remain the same: y = and y = − . 2
! 2 2 π π
" ! #
π π 2 × − ,2 × = [−π, π].
The range is − , and the domain 2 2
2 2 1
!
is R. The graph of y = sin x +−1

y
2
is a translation of the graph of
π
2 1
-1
y = tan (x – 1)
y = sin−1 (x), unit in the negative
2
π
direction of the x axis. There-
4
fore the domain of! the function
1
y = 2 sin−1 x + is
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x 2
" # " #
1 1 3 1
−1 − , 1 − = − , .
–π
2 2 2 2
4 !
3 3 1
When x = − , y = 2 sin − + −1
2 2 2
–π
2
= 2 sin−1 (−1)
b The graph of y = cos−1 (x + 1) π
=2×−
is a translation of the graph of 2
y = cos−1 (x) one unit in the negative = −π
direction of the x axis. The domain is !
1 1 1
[−2, 0], the range is [0, π] When x = , y = 2 sin−1 +
y
2 2 2
π = 2 sin−1 (1)
-1 π
y = cos (x + 1)
=2×
2
π
2 =π

-2 -1 1 x

–π
2

141
 1 π
x axis intercept is x = − 2 tan−1 (x) = −
2 2
π
∴ tan (x) = −
−1
!
1
y axis intercept is y = 2 sin −1
4
2
π
!
π ∴ x = tan − = −1
=2× 4
6 y
π
= 3π
3 2
y

π
π
y = 2tan (x) + π
-1
2
-1
y = 2sin  x + 12  2π
 
3
π
π 2
3

x
–3 -1 –1 1 1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
2 2 2

–π
3
–π
2
– 2π
3

–π e The graph of y = cos−1 (2x)

is obtained from the graph of
π 1
d The graph of y = 2 tan−1 (x) + y = cos−1 (x) by a dilation of factor
2 2
is obtained from the graph of from the y axis.
y = tan−1 (x), by a dilation of The domain of the
"function y = cos
factor 2 from the x axis followed −1
π # (2x)
" is #
by a translation of units in 1 1 1 1
2 −1 × , 1 × = − , .
the positive direction of the y 2 2 2 2
axis. Therefore the domain of The range is [0, π].
π y
the function y = 2 tan−1 (x) +
2 π
is R, and the range is !
π π π π π 3π
!
2 × − + ,2 × + = − , . -1
y = cos (2x)
2 2 2 2 2 2
π π
The asymptotes are at y = − and 2
2
3π
y=
2
π π x
y axis intercept is 2 tan−1 (0) + = –1
2
1
2
2 2
x axis intercept can be found from the
equation
–π
2

1 π
f The graph of y = sin−1 (3x) + is
2 4
a consequence of a dilation of the

142
 √ !
1 3
graph of y = sin−1 (x) of factor d Evaluating cos − −1
is equivalent
3 2
from the y axis, then a dilation of √
1 3
y = sin−1 (3x) of factor from the to solving the equation cos x = − .
2 √ 2
π π 3
x axis and then a translation units cos =
4 6 2
in the positive direction of the y axis. √
π
!
Therefore the domain of " the function 3
1 −1 π 1 1
# ∴ cos π − =−
y = sin (3x) + is − , and 6 2
2 4 3 3 ! √
5π 3
the
" range is ∴ cos =−
π 1 π π 1 π π 6 2
# " #
− × + , × + = 0, . √ !
2 2 4 2 2 4 2 3 5π
The y axis intercept is at ∴ cos−1 − =
2 6
1 −1 π π
sin (0) + = .
2 4 4 π π
y e cos−1 0.5 = because cos = 0.5
3 3
π
2
π π
y = 12 sin (3x) + π
-1
4
f tan−1 1 = because tan = 1
4 4
π
√ √
4 g tan−1 (− 3) = − tan √3 =
π π
− because tan = 3
3 3
√ ! √
–1 1 x
3 π π 3
3 3 h tan −1
= because tan =
3 6 6 3

–π
4
i cos−1 (−1) = π − cos−1 1 = π − 0 = π

! √
−1
2 a Evaluating sin 1 is equivalent to π 3
3 a sin(cos−1 0.5) = sin =
solving the equation sin x = 1. 3 2
π
sin = 1
π 5π
! !!
2 5π
π
−1
b sin cos = sin sin −
−1

∴ sin−1 1 = 6 2 6
2
π
!!
√ ! = sin−1 sin −
2 π π 3
−1
b sin − = − because sin
2 4 4 π
√ =−
3
2
= √ !!
2 π
!
2
√ −1
c tan sin − = tan − = −1
π
!
2 2 4
∴ sin − = −
4 2 ! √
π 2
π π d cos(tan −1
1) = cos =
c sin−1 0.5 = because sin = 0.5 4 2
6 6

143
 √ !
π π
! !! !
5π −3π 2
e tan −1
sin = tan sin 2π +
−1
l sin −1
cos = sin −
−1
=−
2 2 4 2 4
= tan−1 1
π π 3π
" #
= 4 f: , → R, f (x) = sin x
4 2 2
π √
f tan(cos−1 0.5) = tan = 3 a The range of f (x) = sin x is [−1, 1]
3
∴ the domain of f −1" is [−1,# 1]
π π 3π
! !!
7π
g −1
cos cos = cos cos 2π +
−1
The range of f −1 is , as it is a
3 3 2 2
given domain of f (x).
π
!
= cos−1 cos ∴ f −1 (x) = π − sin−1 (x)
3
π π
!
= b i f =1
3 2
π ! √
! !!
−2π
h −1
sin sin = sin sin −π +
−1 3π 2
3 3 ii f =
4 2
π
!!
= sin−1 sin − 7π
!
1
3 iii f =−
π 6 2
=−
3
iv f −1 (−1) = π − sin−1 (−1)
π
! !!
11π
−1
= tan tan 3π −
−1
π
!
i tan tan
4 4 =π− −
2
π
!!
= tan−1 tan − 3π
4 =
2
π
=−
4 v f −1 (0) = π − sin−1 (0) = π
√ !
π vi f −1 (0.5) = π − sin−1 (0.5)
!!
3
j −1
cos sin − = cos − −1
3 2 π
√ ! =π−
3 6
= π − cos −1
5π
2 =
π 6
=π−
6
5π 5 a The domain of sin−1 (x) is [−1, 1]
=
6 ∴ −1 ≤ 2 − x ≤ 1
π −3 ≤ −x ≤ −1
!!
k −1
cos tan − = cos−1 (−1) = π
4 1≤x≤3

144
 ∴ the domain of sin−1 (2 − x)
" is [1,#3] e The domain of cos x is [0, π]
π π π
The range is unchanged at − , . ∴0 ≤ x − ≤ π
2 2 6
π 7π
≤x≤
π π 6 6
" #
b The domain of sin x is − , π
!
2 2 ∴ the domain of cos x − is
π π π 6
∴ − ≤ x+ ≤
π 7π
" #
2 4 2
, , the range is [−1, 1].
3π π 6 6
∴ − ≤x≤
4 4
π f The domain of cos−1 (x) is [−1, 1]
!
Therefore the domain of sin x + is
4 ∴−1≤ x+1≤1
3π π
" #
− , −2≤ x≤0
4 4 ∴ the domain of cos−1 (x + 1) is
The range is unchanged at [−1, 1].
[−2, 0] The range is unchanged at
c As in a, the domain of sin−1 (2x + 4) [0, π].
can be defined from the inequality
g As in f, −1 ≤ x2 ≤ 1
−1 ≤ 2x + 4 ≤ 1
∴ −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
−5 ≤ 2x ≤ −3 ∴ the domain of cos−1 (x2 ) is [−1, 1]
5 3 However, when x ∈ [−1, 1], x2 ∈
− ≤x≤− −1 2
2 2 [0,
" 1],#so the range of cos (x ) is
# of sin (2x" + 4) is#
−1
The domain π
"
5 3 π π 0, .
− , − , the range is − , . 2
2 2 2 2
2π
h As in e, 0 ≤ 2x + ≤π
π
!
3
d As in b, the domain of sin 3x −
3 2π π
− ≤ 2x ≤
can be defined from the inequality 3 3
π π π π π
− ≤ 3x − ≤ − ≤x ≤
2 3 2 3 6
π π π π
!
2π
− + ≤ 3x ≤ + ∴ the domain of cos 2x + is
2 3 2 3 3
π π π
" #
5π
− ≤ 3x ≤ − , , the range is [−1, 1].
6 6 3 6
π 5π
− ≤x≤ i The domain of tan−1 (x) is R, so the
18 18
π
!
domain of tan−1 (x2 ) is also R.
So the domain of sin 3x − is
3 However when x ∈ R, x2 ∈ R+ ∪ {0},
π 5π
" #
−1 2
− , , the range is [−1, 1]. "therefore
! the range of tan (x ) is
18 18 π
0,
2

145
 y
therefore the range of tan x2 is
π
2
R+ ∪ {0}.
-1 2
y = tan (x )
π

π
4
" #
−1 4
6 a sin ∈ 0,
5 2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x

5
–π
4
4

π π x
!
j The domain of tan(x) is − , 3
2 2
π π π Using a trigonometirc ratio, sin x =
4
∴ − < 2x − <
2 2 2 5
−1 4
0 < 2x < π ⇒ x = sin
5
π
0<x<
!
4 3
2 ∴ cos sin−1 = cos(x) =
π
! 5 5
∴ the domain of tan 2x − is
2 5
"
π
#
π −1
!
b cos ∈ 0,
0, , the range is R. 13 2
2

k Both the domain and the range of 13

tan−1 (2x + 1) are the same as those of 12
tan−1 (x):
! the domain is R, the range is x
π π
− , 5
2 2
π
y " #
7
π
2
c tan−1 ∈ 0,
24 2

π
-1
y = cos (x )
2
25
4 7
x
24
-1 1 x
Using a trigonometirc ratio,
7
tan x =
–π
24
4 7
⇒ x = tan−1
24
π π
!
l The domain of tan x is − , , so
!
7 24
2 2 ∴ cos tan−1 = cos(x) =
π
r r !
π 24 25
2
the domain of tan x is − , .
2 2 40
"
π
#
−1
π
" !
d sin ∈ 0,
At the same time x2 ∈ 0, , 41 2
2

146
 y
1
x
x
41
2
40 5

x
9
Using a trigonometirc ratio, Using a trigonometirc ratio,
40 −2
sin x = tan x =
41 1
40 −2
⇒ x = sin−1 ⇒ x = tan−1
41 1
−2
sin(tan−1 (−2)) = sin(x) = √
!
40 40 ∴
∴ tan sin−1 = tan(x) = 5
41 9 √
−2 5
1
!
π √ =
e tan cos −1
= tan = 3 5
2 3
π
" #
−1 3
h sin ∈ 0,
π
" #
−1 2 7 2
f cos ∈ 0,
3 2
7
3 3
5
x
x
2 2 10
Using a trigonometirc ratio, 3
Using a trigonometirc ratio, sin x =
5 7
cos x =
−1 3
13 ⇒ x = sin
5 7
⇒ x = cos−1 √
13 !
−1 3 2 10
5
!
12 ∴ cos sin = cos(x) =
∴ tan cos−1 = tan(x) = 7 7
13 5
π
" #
Using a trigonometirc ratio,
2 i tan (0.7) ∈ − , 0
−1
cos x = 2
3
2
⇒ x = cos−1
3 149
! √ 7
2 5
∴ sin cos−1 = sin(x) =
3 3 x
10
π
" #
Using a trigonometirc ratio,
g tan−1 (−2) ∈ − , 0 7
2 tan x =
10

147
 7 8 a The domain of cos x is [0, π] and the
⇒ x = tan−1
10 range is [−1, 1]. As the domain of
7 sin−1 (x) is [−1, 1], the range of the
∴ sin(tan−1 0.7) = sin(x) = √
149 composite function is the same as it is
√
7 149 for sin−1 (x).
=
149 ∴ the domain" of sin#−1 (cos x) is [0, π],
π π
the range is − ,
2 2
π
" #
3 5
7 sin α = and sin β = , α ∈ 0, and
5 13 2 b The domain "of sin−1# (x) is [−1, 1] and
π
" #
β ∈ 0, π π
2 the range is − , . As the domain
2 2
r of cos(x) is [0, π], in this composite
p 9 function
a i cos α = 1 − sin α =2
1− # it is only"
π π π
" #
25
0, = [0, π] ∩ − , . So the
4 2 2 2
=
5 domain of the composite function is
r [0, 1] and the range is [0, 1].
25 12
ii cos β = 1− =
π π
" #
169 13
c The domain of sin 2x is − , and
4 4
b i To prove the equality we have to the range is [−1, 1]. As the domain
16
prove that sin(α − β) = of cos−1 is [−1, 1], the range of the
65
sin(α − β) = sin α cos β composite function is the same as it is
for cos−1 (x).
− cos α sin β
∴
" the domain of cos−1 (sin 2x) is
3 12 4 5 π π
#
= × − × − , , the range is [0, π].
5 13 5 13 4 4
36 − 20
= d sin(− cos−1 (x)) = − sin(cos−1 x)
65
16 The domain of cos−1 (x) is [−1, 1], the
=
65 range is# [0, π]. The domain of sin x is
π π
"
ii As in i, − , . Therefore the domain of the
2 2
cos(α + β) = cos α cos β composite function is [0, 1] and the
− sin α sin β range is [−1, 0].
4 12 3 5
= × − × e cos(2 sin−1 (x))
5 13 5 13
The domain "of sin−1# (x) is [−1.1],
48 − 15
= π π
65 the range is − , . So the range of
2 2
33
= 2 sin (x) is [−π, π]. However, the
−1
65
domain of cos(x) is [0, π]. Therefore

148
 the domain of the composite function x−1
x−
x+1 = x +x−x+1 =1
2
is [0, 1] and the range is [−1, 1].
x(x − 1) x + 1 + x2 − x
1+
f The domain of cos x is [0, π] and the x+1
range is [−1, 1]. Since the domain
of tan−1 (x) is R, the domain of the π
10 a sin−1 (−0.5) = −
6
composite # is [0, π] and the
" function However, the domain of cos x is
π π π
!
range is − , . [0, π], so cos − does not exist.
4 4 6
g The domain of tan−1! (x) is R and π
! "
π π
#
π π b cos−1 (−0.2) ∈ , π < − , .
the range is − , . However, the 2 2 2
2 2 −1
So sin(cos (−0.2)) does not exist.
domain of cos x is [0, π]. Therefore
the domain of the composite function π
c tan−1 (−1) = − < [0, π].
is R+ ∪ {0} and the range is (0, 1]. −1
4
So cos(tan (−1)) does not exist.
h Since the range of tan−1 (x) is the
same as the( domain
) of( sin) x excluding 11 a [−1, 1]
π π
the points − and , the
2 2 b The range of cos−1 (x) is [0, π] and
domain of the composite function is sin x ≥ 0 for x ∈ [0, π]
R and the range is (−1, 1).
c cos2 (cos−1 (x)) + sin2 (cos−1 x) = 1
x2 + [ f (x)]2 = 1
!
−1 −1 1
9 a tan tan 3 − tan
2 [ f (x)]2 = 1 − x2
√
!
1
tan(tan−1 3) − tan tan−1 f (x) = 1 − x2
2
= ! since f (x) ≥ 0, x ∈ [−1, 1]
1
1 + tan(tan−1 3) × tan tan−1
2  π π
1 12 a Maximal domain= − ,
3− 2 2
2 Range = [−1, 1]
=
1
1+3×
2
2.5
=
2.5
=1
π
Since tan is 1 and tan is a 1–1
4
function, the equality is proven.

b As in a,

149
b c

150
Solutions to Exercise 3D
√
1 a cosec x = −2 e cot x = − 3
1 1
∴ sin x = − ∴ tan x = − √
2 3
7π 11π 5π 11π
∴ x= or ∴ x= or
6 6 6 6
π
!
π
!
b cosec x − = −2 f cot 2x − = −1
4 3
π
!
1 π
!
∴ sin x − =− ∴ tan 2x − = −1
4 2 3
Now x ∈ [0, 2π] Now x ∈ [0, 2π]
π π 7π
" #
∴ x− ∈ − , ∴ 2x ∈ [0, 4π]
4 4 4
π π 11π
" #
π π 7π ∴ 2x − ∈ − ,
∴ x− = − or 3 3 3
4 6 6
π π π 3π 7π 11π
∴ x= or
17π ∴ 2x − = − or or or
12 12 3 4 4 4 4
π 13π 25π 37π
√ ∴ 2x = or or or
c 3 sec x = 2 3 12 12 12 12
√ π 13π 25π 37π
2 3 ∴ x= or or or
∴ sec x = 24 24 24 24
3 for part f.
√
3 3 CAS: type
∴ cos x = √ = π
! !
2 3 2 solve cot 2x − = −1, x 0 ≤ x ≤
π 11π 3
∴ x = or 2π
6 6

d cosec(2x) + 1 = 2
∴ cosec(2x) = 1
∴ sin(2x) = 1
Now x ∈ [0, 2π]
∴ 2x ∈ [0, 4π]
π 5π
∴ 2x = or
2 2
π 5π
∴ x = or
4 4

151
 √
2 a sin x = 0.5, x ∈ [0, 2π] f cosec x = − 2, x ∈ [0, 2π]
π π 1 √
∴ x = or π − ∴ =− 2
6 6 sin x
π 5π 1
∴ x = or ∴ sin x = − √
6 6 2
√ π π
− 3 ∴ x = π + or 2π −
b cos x = , x ∈ [0, 2π] 4 4
2
π π 5π 7π
∴ x = π − or π + ∴ x= or
6 6 4 4
5π 7π
∴ x= or
6 6 3 a In the interval [0, 2π], there
√ are
√ 2 π
c tan x = 3, x ∈ [0, 2π] two solutions to sin x = ,x=
2 4
π π and x =
3π
∴ x = or π + 4
. The period of sin x
3 3 is 2π, ∴ the solutions of the
π 4π π
∴ x = or equation are x = (−1)n + πn, n ∈ Z
3 3 4
Alternatively,
π
d cot x = −1, x ∈ [0, 2π] x = + 2nπ
4
1 3π
∴ = −1 or x = + 2nπ, n ∈ Z
tan x 4
∴ tan x = −1
b In the interval [0, 2π], sec x = 1
π π
∴ x = π − or 2π − when x = 0. The period of cos x is
4 4
2π. Therefore the solutions of the
3π 7π
∴ x= or equation are x = 2πn, n ∈ Z.
4 4
√
e sec x = 2, x ∈ [0, 2π] c In the interval [0, π], cot x = 3
π
when x = . The period of cot x
1 6
∴ =2 is π. Therefore the solutions of the
cos x π
1 equation are x = + πn, n ∈ Z.
∴ cos x = 6
2
π π (12n − 5)π (4n + 1)π
∴ x = or 2π − d x= or x = ,
3 3 12 4
n∈Z
π 5π
∴ x = or
3 3
(2n − 1)π 2(3n + 1)π
e x= or x = ,
3 9
n∈Z
2nπ (6n + 1)π
f x= or x = ,n∈Z
3 9

152
 (3n − 2)π ∴ cos x = 0 or cos x − sin x = 0
g x= ,n∈Z
6
∴ cos x = sin x
nπ
h x= ,n∈Z ∴ tan x = 1
2
π 3π π 5π
∴ x = or or x = or
(8n − 5)π 2 2 4 4
i x= ,n∈Z
8 π π 5π 3π
∴ x = or or or
2 4 4 2
4 a sec x = 2.5 b sin 2x = sin x
∴ cos x = 0.4 ∴ 2 sin x cos x = sin x
∴ x = ±1.16 ∴ 2 sin x cos x − sin x = 0

b cosec x = −5 ∴ sin x(2 cos x − 1) = 0

∴ sin x = 0 or 2 cos x − 1 = 0
sin x = −0.2
∴ 2 cos x = 1
x = −0.20
1
or x = −3.14 + 0.20 = −2.94 ∴ cos x =
2
π 5π
∴ x = 0 or π or 2π or x = or
c cot x = 0.6 3 3
! π 5π
x = tan−1 1
= 1.03 ∴ x = 0 or or π or or 2π
0.6 3 3

or x = 1.03 − 3.14 = −2.11 c sin 2x = cos x

CAS: Type in as shown below ∴ 2 sin x cos x = cos x
∴ 2 sin x cos x − cos x = 0
∴ cos x(2 sin x − 1) = 0
∴ cos x = 0 or 2 sin x − 1 = 0
∴ 2 sin x = 1
1
∴ sin x =
2
π 3π π 5π
∴ x = or or x = or
2 2 6 6
π π 5π 3π
∴ x = or or or
6 2 6 2

5 a cos2 x − cos x sin x = 0 d sin 8x = cos 4x

∴ cos x(cos x − sin x) = 0 ∴ 2 sin 4x cos 4x = cos 4x
∴ 2 sin 4x cos 4x − cos 4x = 0
∴ cos 4x(2 sin 4x − 1) = 0

153
 ∴ cos 4x = 0 or 2 sin 4x − 1 = 0 1
∴ a=−
2
∴ 2 sin 4x = 1 1
1 ∴ cos x = − or cos x = 1
∴ sin 4x = 2
2 2π 4π
Now x ∈ [0, 2π] ∴ 4x ∈ [0, 8π] ∴ x= or or x = 0 or 2π
π 3π 5π 7π 9π 11π 3 3
∴ 4x = , , , , , , 2π 4π
2 2 2 2 2 2 ∴ x = 0 or or or 2π
13π 15π 3 3
or
2 2 f cos 2x = sin x
π 5π 13π 17π 25π 29π
or 4x = , , , , ,
6 6 6 6 6 6 ∴ 1 − 2 sin2 x = sin x
37π 41π
or ∴ 2 sin2 x + sin x − 1 = 0
6 6 Let a = sin x
π 3π 5π 7π 9π 11π
∴ x= , , , , , , ∴ 2a2 + a − 1 = 0
8 8 8 8 8 8
13π 15π ∴ (2a − 1)(a + 1) = 0
or ∴ 2a − 1 = 0 or a + 1 = 0
8 8
π 5π 13π 17π 25π ∴ 2a = 1 ∴ a = −1
or x= , , , , ,
24 24 24 24 24 1
29π 37π 41π ∴ a=
, or 2
24 24 24 1
π π 5π 3π 13π 5π 17π ∴ sin x = or sin x = −1
∴ x= , , , , , , , 2
24 8 24 8 24 8 24 π 5π 3π
7π 25π 9π 29π 11π ∴ x = or or
, , , , , 6 6 2
8 24 8 24 8
37π 13π 41π 15π g sec2 x + tan x = 1
, , or
24 8 24 8 ∴ (1 + tan2 x) + tan x = 1
e cos 2x = cos x ∴ tan2 x + tan x = 0
∴ 2 cos2 x − 1 = cos x ∴ tan x(tan x + 1) = 0
∴ 2 cos2 x − cos x − 1 = 0 ∴ tan x = 0 or tan x = −1
Let a = cos x 3π 7π
∴ x = 0, π or 2π or x = or
∴ 2a2 − a − 1 = 0 4 4
3π 7π
∴(2a + 1)(a − 1) = 0 ∴ x = 0 or or π or or 2π
4 4
∴ 2a + 1 = 0 or a − 1 = 0
∴ 2a = −1 ∴a=1 h tan x(1 + cot x) = 0
!
1
∴ tan x 1 + =0
tan x
1
∴ + 1 = 0 or tan x = 0
tan x
Note that if tan x = 0 then cot x is

154
 undefined, thus we only consider the sin y = 0 gives y = 0, π
case when π
tan y = 1 gives y =
tan x = −1 4
Hence x = 2y, so solutions for
3π 7π π
∴ x= or x are 0, , 2π.
4 4 2

i cot x + 3 tan x = 5 cosec x

6 a −1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1
cos x 3 sin x 5
∴ + = ∴ 1 ≤ 2 + sin θ ≤ 3
sin x cos x sin x
3 sin x 5 − cos x
∴ = The maximum and minimum values
cos x sin x of 2 + sin θ are 3 and 1 respectively.
∴ 3 sin2 x = cos x(5 − cos x)
= 5 cos x − cos2 x b 1 ≤ 2 + sin θ ≤ 3
∴ 3(1 − cos2 x) = 5 cos x − cos2 x ∴
1
≤
1
≤1
3 2 + sin θ
∴ 3 − 3 cos2 x = 5 cos x − cos2 x
The maximum and minimum values
∴ 2 cos2 x + 5 cos x − 3 = 0 1 1
of are 1 and respectively.
Let a = cos x 2 + sin θ 3
∴ 2a2 + 5a − 3 = 0
c −1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1
∴ (2a − 1)(a + 3) = 0
∴ 0 ≤ sin2 θ ≤ 1
∴ 2a − 1 = 0 or a + 3 = 0
∴ 4 ≤ sin2 θ + 4 ≤ 5
∴ 2a = 1 or a = −3
The maximum and minimum values
1
∴ a= of sin2 θ + 4 are 5 and 4 respectively.
2
1 4 ≤ sin2 θ + 4 ≤ 5
∴ cos x = or cos x = −3 d
2
π 5π 1 1 1
∴ x = or ∴ ≤ ≤
3 3 5 sin θ + 4 4
2

The maximum and minimum

(as cos x , −3) 1 1 1
values of are and
j sin x + cos x = 1 sin2 θ + 4 4 5
respectively.
Let x = 2y and use double angle
formula. e cos2 θ + 2 cos θ
sin 2y + cos 2y = 1 = (cos2 θ + 2 cos θ + 1) − 1
2 sin y cos y + 1 − 2 sin2 y = 1 = (cos θ + 1)2 − 1
2 sin y(cos y − sin y) = 0 Now −1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1
2 sin y = 0 or tan y = 1
0 ≤ x ≤ 2π so 0 ≤ y ≤ π

155
 ∴ 0 ≤ cos θ + 1 ≤ 2 The maximum and minimum values
∴ 0 ≤ (cos θ + 1)2 ≤ 4 of cos2 θ + 2 cos θ + 6 are 9 and 5
respectively.
∴ −1 ≤ (cos θ + 1)2 − 1 ≤ 3
∴ −1 ≤ cos2 θ + 2 cos θ ≤ 3
The maximum and minimum values 7 Using a CAS calculator sketch both
of cos2 θ + 2 cos θ are 3 and −1 equations and change the Window
respectively. settings so that that all points of
intersections can be seen.
f cos2 θ + 2 cos θ + 6 TI: Change the Document settings to
= (cos θ + 2 cos θ + 1) + 5
2
Fix2 and Approximate
= (cos θ + 1)2 + 5 Press Menu →6: Analyze
Now −1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 Graph →4: Intersection
∴ 0 ≤ cos θ + 1 ≤ 2 CP: Change the Number Format to Fix2
∴ 0 ≤ (cos θ + 1)2 ≤ 4 and set the mode to Decimal.
Tap Analysis → G-Solve → Intersect
∴ 5 ≤ (cos θ + 1)2 + 5 ≤ 9
∴ 5 ≤ cos2 θ + 2 cos θ + 6 ≤ 9 a y = 2x and y = 3 sin(2x)

Therefore the points of intersection

are
(−1.14, −2.28), (0, 0) and (1.14, 2.28)

156
b y = x and y = 2 sin(2x) d y = x and y = tan x x ∈ [0, 2π]

Therefore the points of intersection Therefore the points of intersection

are are (0, 0) and (4.49, 4.49)
(−1.24, −1.24), (0, 0) and (1.24, 1.24)

c y = 3 − x and y = cos x 8 cos x = a, a , −1, x ∈ [0, 2π]

Since cos q = cos(2π − q), 2π − q is
the second solution of the equation
cos x = a.

π
" #
9 sin α = a, α ∈ 0,
2

a Since sin α = − sin(π + α) and

sin α = − sin(2π − α), x = π + α
and x = 2π − α are solutions of the
Therefore the point of intersection is equation sin x = −a.
(3.79, −0.79) π
!
b Since sin α = cos − α and
2
π
!!
sin α = cos 2π − −α
2
!
3π
= cos +α ,
2
π
the solutions are x = − α and
2
3π
x= + α.
2

π
" #
10 sec β = b, β ∈ , π
2

157
 a Since sec(π − β) = − sec β and when 3π 3π π
π π When π ≤ γ ≤ ,0 ≤ −γ ≤
≤ β ≤ π, 0 ≤ π − β ≤ , then 2 2 2
2 2 5π 3π
x = π − β. and π ≤ −γ ≤ .
2 2
Also sec(β − π) = − sec β and when 3π 5π
π π So x = − γ and x = −γ
≤ β ≤ π, − ≤ β − π ≤ 0. 2 2
2 2
Therefore there are two solutions,
x = π − β and x = β − π. θ
12 sin2 θ = , θ ∈ [0, π]
π
π
!
CAS: Type
b Since cosec − β = sec β and when !
2 x
π π π solve sin(x) = , x 0 ≤ x ≤ π
2
≤ β ≤ π, − ≤ − β ≤ 0, then π
2
π
2 2 ∴ θ = 0, 0.33 or 2.16,
x = − β. Also
2
cosec x = −cosec(π + x)
= cosec(−π − x).
π
!
3π
Therefore x = −π − − β = − + β
2 2
3π
is a solution if −π < − + β < π
2 13 tan−1 x = 4x − 5
π π 3π 3π
As ≤ β ≤ π, − ≤β− ≤ CAS: Type
2 2 2 2 solve(tan−1 (x) = 4x − 5, x)
3π
π− ∴ x = 1.50
2
3π π
∴ −π ≤ β − ≤−
2 2
Therefore there are two solutions:
π 3π
x = − β and x = β −
2 2
14
r
" #
3π
11 tan γ = c, γ ∈ π, 135 m
2
300 m θ°
θ°
a tan γ = − tan(2π − γ) 135 m
3π 3π
As π ≤ γ ≤ ,− ≤ −γ ≤ −π,
2 2
π a circumference = 2πr
and ≤ 2π − γ ≤ π.
2 360
So x = 2π − γ is the solution. Also, circumference = × 300
Also tan(x) = tan(π + x) 2θ
∴ x = π + 2π − γ = 3π − γ is the 54 000
=
second solution. θ
! !
3π 5π
b tan γ = cot − γ = cos −γ
2 2

158
 54 000 1
∴ 2πr = 18 = × 62 (θ − sin θ)
θ 2
∴r=
54 000 27 000
= = 18(θ − sin θ)
2πθ πθ
135 ∴ 1 = θ − sin θ
Now sin θ =
◦
r ∴ sin θ = θ − 1
1 CAS: Type
= 135 ×
r solve(sin(x) = x − 1, x)|0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
πθ ∴ θ = 1.93, correct to two decimal
= 135 ×
27 000 places.
π
= θ,
200
as required to show.
π
b sin θ◦ = θ, θ ∈ (0, 360)
200 17 a O
CAS: Set to Degree/Deg mode and θ
r
then type
πx A X
!
solve sin(x) = , x 0 < x < 360 Consider 4AOX.
200 1
∴ θ = 45.07 Area of 4AOX = base × height
2
1
= × AX × r
2
AX
and tan θ =
r
∴ AX = r tan θ
1 1
15 tan x = , x ∈ [0, π] ⇒ ∆AOX = (r tan θ) × r
x 2
CAS: Type 1
= r2 tan θ
!
1
solve tan(x) = , x 0 ≤ x ≤ π 2
x
1
∴ x = 0.86, correct to two decimal Area AOBX = 2 × r2 tan θ
2
places.
= r tan θ
2

Now, area of remaining region of

circle !
2π − 2θ 2
= πr
2π
Ensure your calculator is set to Radian
mode. 2(π − θ)πr2
=
2π
1 = (π − θ)r2
16 A = r2 (θ − sin θ) ∴ r2 tan θ = (π − θ)r2
2
When A = 18, r = 6
∴ tan θ = π − θ, as required to show.

159
 π
!
Consider the sector OAP.
b tan θ = π − θ, θ ∈ 0,
2 AP = rα
CAS: Type
π π
!
solve(tan(x) = π − x, x)|0 < x < = 10 − θ
2 2
∴ θ = 1.113, correct to three decimal π
since ∴ ∠AOP + ∠POB0 =
places. 2
O B′
θ
10 cm
P
0
Consider 4OPB
0
.
PB
18 xA = 0.5 sin t and xB = 0.25t2 + 0.05t tan θ =
10
When xA = xB , 0.5 sin t = 0.25t2 + 0.05t AB − AP
=
∴ sin t = 0.5t2 + 0.1t 10
π
!
Using the CAS calculator procedure
20 − 10 − θ
outlined in question 7, the points of 2
intersection are (0, 0) and (1.29, 0.96). =
10
The positions of particles A and B are π
!
the same at the start (t = 0) at the origin 10 2 − + θ
2
(xA = xB = 0), and after 1.29 seconds =
10
when they are 0.48 cm from the origin, π
=2− +θ
correct to two decimal places. 2
π
∴ − θ + tan θ = 2, as required to
2
show.
π π
!
b − θ + tan θ = 2, θ ∈ 0,
2 2
CAS: Type
π
!
solve − x + tan(x) = 2, x 0 <
2
π
x<
2
∴ θ = 0.94, correct to two decimal
places.

19 a O
α 10 cm
10 cm
P

160
Solutions to Exercise 3E
 5x   3x 
1 a sin(11πt) − sin(3πt) b 2 cos cos
2 2
1
sin 60◦ + sin 40◦


b
2 c 2 sin(x) cos(5x)

3  πx  d −2 sin(4A) sin(A)
c sin(πx) + sin
2 3

d sin(A) + sin(B + C) 7 LHS = sin A + 2 sin 3A + sin 5A

x 5x = sin A + sin 3A + sin 3A + sin 5A
e cos( ) − cos( )
2 2 = 2 sin 2A cos A + sin 4A cos A
πx = 2 cos A(sin 2A + sin 4A)
f cos( ) + cos(πx)
2
= 2 cos A(2 sin 3A cos A)
2 cos(3θ) − cos(5θ) = 4 cos2 A sin 3A
= RHS
3 sin x − sin y
8
LHS
4
LHS = cos 75◦ cos 15◦ = sin(α + β) sin(α − β) + sin(β + γ) sin(β − γ) + sin(γ + α) sin(γ − α)
1
1 = (cos 2α − cos 2β + cos 2β − cos 2γ + cos 2γ − cos 2α)
= (cos(75 − 15)◦ + cos(75 + 15)◦ ) 2
2
=0
1
= cos 60◦ = RHS
2
1
=
4
9 LHS = cos 70◦ + sin 40◦
= RHS
= cos 70◦ + cos 50◦
= 2 cos 10◦ cos 60◦
5 a 2 sin 50◦ cos 16◦
1
◦ ◦ = 2 cos 10◦ ×
b 2 cos 50 cos 16 2
= cos 10◦
c 2 sin 16◦ cos 50◦
= RHS
◦ ◦
d −2 sin 50 sin 16

6 a 2 sin(5A) cos(3A)

161
10 LHS = cos 20◦ + cos 100◦ + cos 140◦ sin 3x + sin x + cos 4x = 1
= cos 20◦ + 2 cos(120◦ cos 20◦ 2 sin 2x cos x + cos 4x = 1
1
= cos 20◦ (1 + 2 × (− ) 4 sin x cos2 x + 1 − 2 sin2 2x = 1
2
4 sin x cos2 x − 2 sin2 2x = 0
=0
4 sin x cos2 x − 8 sin2 x cos2 x = 0
= RHS
sin x cos2 x − 2 sin2 x cos2 x = 0
sin x cos2 x(1 − 2 sin x) = 0
11 a
cos 5x + cos x = 0 sin x = 0 or cos2 x = 0 or (1 − 2 sin x) = 0
π π 5π
2 cos 3x cos 2x = 0 x = 0, , , , π
6 2 6
cos 3x = 0 or cos 2x = 0
5π 3π π π π π π 3π 5π cos 2θ − sin(θ) = 0
x=− , − , − , − , , , , , 13 a
6 4 2 4 6 4 2 4 6
1 − 2 sin2 θ − sin θ = 0
b cos 5x − cos x = 0 2 sin2 θ + sin θ − 1 = 0
−2 sin 3x sin 2x = 0 (2 sin θ − 1)(sin θ + 1) = 0
sin 3x = 0 or sin 2x = 0 π 5π
θ= ,
2π π π π π 2π 6 6
x = −π, − , − , − ,0, , , , π
3 2 3 3 2 3
b
c sin 5θ − sin(3θ) + sin θ = 0
sin 5x + sin x = 0
2 sin θ cos 4θ + sin θ = 0
2 sin 3x cos 2x = 0
sin θ(2 cos 4θ + 1) = 0
sin 3x = 0 or cos 2x = 0
1
3π 2π π π π π 2π 3π sin θ = 0 or cos 4θ = −
x = −π, − , − , − , − , 0, , , , , π 2
4 3 3 4 4 3 3 4 π π 2π 5π
θ = 0, , , , , π
6 3 3 6
d sin 5x − sin x = 0
2 sin 2x cos 3x = 0 c sin 7θ − sin(θ) = sin 3θ

sin 2x = 0 or cos 3x = 0 2 sin 3θ cos 4θ = sin 3θ

5π π π π π 5π sin 3θ(2 cos 4θ − 1) = 0
x = −π, − , − , − , 0, , , , π
6 2 6 6 2 6 1
sin 3θ = 0 or cos 4θ =
2
12 π π 5π 7π 2π 11π
θ = 0, , , , , , ,π
12 3 12 12 3 12
π π 3π π 7π 5π 9π
d , , , , , ,
10 6 10 2 10 6 10

162
 √ θ 3θ π
!
14 a Pairing, b 2 2 cos × sin + =0
sin 1◦ + sin 2◦ + sin 3◦ + · · · + 2 2 4
sin 358◦ + sin 359◦ θ 3θ π
!
cos × sin + =0
= (sin 1◦ + sin 359◦ ) + (sin 2◦ + 2 2 4
sin 358◦ ) + · · · + sin(180◦ ) √ θ 3θ π
!
= 2 sin 180◦ cos 179◦ + 2 2 cos × sin + =0
2 2 4
2 sin 180◦ cos 178◦ + · · · + sin(180◦ ) θ 3θ π
!
=0 cos = 0 or sin + =0
2 2 4
θ π
b Pairing, = ⇒θ=π
2 2
cos 1◦ + cos 2◦ + cos 3◦ + · · · + 3θ π
+ = 0, π, 2π, 3π . . .
cos 358◦ + cos 359◦ 2 4
= −2 cos 179◦ − 2 cos 178◦ − 3θ π 3π 7π 11π
=− , , , ...
2 cos 177◦ + · · · − 2 cos 1◦ + cos(180◦ ) 2 4 4 4 4
π 7π 11π
Rearrange, θ = , π, ,
2 6 6
= −2(cos 179◦ + cos 1◦ + cos 178◦ +
cos 2◦ + · · · ) + cos(180◦ sin θ + sin 3θ + sin 5θ
= −2(2 cos 90◦ cos 89◦ + 16 LHS =
cos θ + cos 3θ + cos 5θ
2 cos 90◦ cos 88◦ + · · · ) cos(180◦ 2 sin 3θ cos 2θ + sin 3θ
= −1 =
2 cos 3θ cos 2θ + cos 3θ
sin 3θ
=
15 a cos 3θ
sin θ + sin 2θ + cos θ + cos 2θ
! θ ! θ a
3θ 3θ
= 2 sin cos + 2 cos cos b−a 1− b
2 2 2 2 17 =
b+a 1+ a
θ 3θ
!
3θ
!!
b
= 2 cos sin + cos a sin 2A − cos 2B
2 2 2 1− =1−
θ √ b cos 2A − sin 2B
3θ π
!
= 2 cos × 2 sin + cos 2A − sin 2B − sin 2A + cos 2B
2 2 4 =
cos 2A − sin 2B
√ θ 3θ π cos 2A + cos 2B − (sin 2B + sin 2A)
!
= 2 2 cos × sin + =
2 2 4 cos 2A − sin 2B
a sin 2A − cos 2B
1+ =1+
b cos 2A − sin 2B
cos 2A − sin 2B + sin 2A − cos 2B
=
cos 2A − sin 2B
cos 2A − cos 2B + (sin 2A − sin 2B)
=
cos 2A − sin 2B

163
 Hence, c
b − a cos 2A + cos 2B − (sin 2B + sin 2A) sin A + sin B
=
b + a cos 2A − cos 2B + (sin 2A − sin 2B)
= sin C
cos A + cos B
2 cos(A + B) cos(A − B) − 2 sin(A + B) cos(A − B)  A + B
= sin
−2 sin(A + B) sin(A − B) + 2 sin(A − B) cos(A + B) 2
2 cos(A − B)(cos(A + B) − sin(A + B))  A + B  = sin C
= cos
2 sin(A − B)(cos(A + B) − sin(A + B))
2
= cot(A − B)  C
sin 90 −
2 = sin C
18 a
 C
cos 90 −
2 cos B sin C = sin A 2
C 
2 cos B sin(180 − (B + A)) = sin A cos
2
 C  = sin C
sin(180 − A) + sin(180 − (A + 2B)) = sin A sin
2
sin(180 − (A + 2B)) = 0 C  C 
cos = sin sin C
A + 2B = 180 2 2
C 
2 C
  C 
C = 180 − (A + B) cos = 2 sin cos
2 2 2
= 180 − (180 − 2B + B) C  C 
cos (1 − 2 sin2 =0
=B 2 2
C  1
Triangle is isosceles
sin2 =
2 2
sin A + sin B
b LHS = 1
C 
cos A + cos B sin = √
 A + B  A − B 2 2
2 sin cos C
= 2
 A + B
2 = 45◦
 A − B 2
2 cos cos C = 90◦
2 2
 A + B
sin
= 2
 A + B
cos
2
 A + B
= tan
2
 C
= tan 90 −
2
C 
= cot
2

164
19 a b sin(2A) + sin(2B) + sin(2C)
LHS = sin A + sin B + sin C
= 2 sin(C) cos(A − B) + 2 sin(C) cos(C)
 A + B  A − B C C
= 2 sin cos + 2 sin cos = 2 sin(C) (cos(A − B) + cos(C))
2 2 2 2
= 2 sin(C) (cos(A − B) + cos(π − (A + B)))
!
180 − C  A−B  C C
= 2 sin cos + 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2 = 2 sin(C) (cos(A − B) − cos(A + B))
C    A − B  C 
= 2 cos cos + sin = 2 sin(C) × 2 sin(A) sin(B)
2 2 2
= 4 sin(A) sin(B) sin(C)
 A − B !!
C  180 − A − B
= 2 cos cos + sin
2 2 2
 A − B !!
C  180 − A − B
= 2 cos cos + sin
2 2 2
C    A − B  A + B 
= 2 cos cos + cos
2 2 2
C  A  B
= 4 cos cos cos
2 2 2

165
Solutions to Short-answer questions
√
1 a sin θ = 1 − cos2 θ
r
16 3
= 1− =
25 5
cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1
32 7
= −1=
25 25
24
b sin 2θ = 2 cos θ sin θ =
25
sin 2θ 24
c tan 2θ = =
cos 2θ 7
1 5
d cosec θ = =
sin θ 3
cos θ 4
e cot θ = =
sin θ 3

2 a 2 sin x cos x = sin x

∴ sin x (2 cos x − 1) = 0
Either sin x = 0
∴ x = 0, π, 2π
or 2 cos x = 1
1
∴ cos x =
2
π 5π
∴ x=± ,
3 3

b cos x − 1 = 2 cos2 x − 1
∴ cos x (2 cos x − 1) = 0
Either cos x = 0
π 3π
∴ x=± ,
2 2
or 2 cos x = 1
1
∴ cos x =
2
π 5π
∴ x=± ,
3 3

166
c 2 sin x cos x = 2 cos x
∴ cos x (sin x − 1) = 0
π 3π
Either cos x = 0, ∴ x=± ,
2 2
π
or sin x = 1, ∴ x=
2

d sin2 x cos3 x = cos x

cos x (sin2 x cos2 x − 1) = 0
π 3π
Either cos x = 0, ∴x=± ,
2 2
or sin2 x cos2 x = 1.
1
But sin2 x cos2 x = (sin 2x)2
4
and −1 ≤ sin 2x ≤ 1
∴ 0 ≤ (sin 2x)2 ≤ 1
1 1
∴ 0 ≤ (sin 2x)2 ≤
4 4
1
∴ 0 ≤ sin2 x cos2 x ≤
4
∴ sin2 x cos2 x , 1

1 1
e sin2 x − sin x − = 0
2 2
1 1
Let sin x = t, then t2 − t − = 0
2 2
2t − t − 1 = 0
2

√
1± 1+8 1±3
t= =
4 4
1
t=1 or t=−
2
1
∴ sin x = 1 or sin x = −
2
π π 5π 7π 11π
x= or x = − ,− , ,
2 6 6 6 6

167
 f Let cos x = t
then 2t2 − 3t + 1 = 0
√
3± 9−8 3±1
t= =
4 4
1
t=1 or t =
2
1
∴ cos x = 1 or cos x =
2
π 5π
x = 0, 2π or x = ± ,
3 3

3 a The equation 2 − sin θ = cos2 θ + 7 sin2 θ

is rearranged to the form
7 sin2 θ + 1 − sin2 θ + sin θ − 2 = 0
∴ 6 sin2 θ + sin θ − 1 = 0
√
−1 ± 1 + 24 −1 ± 5
sin θ = =
12 12
1 1
sin θ = − , or sin θ =
2 3
1 7π 11π
If sin θ = − , θ= or θ =
2 6 6
1 1 1
or, if sin θ = , θ = sin−1 or θ = π − sin−1
3 3 3

b sec 2θ = 2
π 5π 7π 11π
2θ =, , ,
3 3 3 3
π 5π 7π 11π
θ= , , ,
6 6 6 6

168
 1
c (5 cos θ − 3 sin θ) = sin θ
2
5 cos θ − 3 sin θ = 2 sin θ
5 cos θ = 5 sin θ
cos θ = sin θ
sin θ
1=
cos θ
tan θ = 1
π 5π
θ= ,
4 4

d sec θ = 2 cos θ
2 cos2 θ = 1
1
cos2 θ =
2
1
cos θ = ± √
2
π 3π 5π 7π
θ= , , ,
4 4 4 4

!
−5π 1
4 a cosec =− !
3 5π
sin
3
√
2 2 3
= √ =
3 3

π
! !
7π
b sec = sec 2π +
3 3
π
!
1
= sec = ! =2
3 π
cos
3

π
! !
5π
c cosec = cosec π −
6 6
π
!
1
= cosec = ! =2
6 π
sin
6

169
 π
! ! !
3π 5π
d cot − = cot = cot =1
4 4 4

π π √
! !
1
e cot − = − cot =− ! =− 3
6 6 π
tan
6

5 a tan(−α) = − tan α
= −p

b tan(π − α) = − tan α
= −p

π
!
c tan − α = cot α
2
1
=
p
! !
3π 3π
d tan + α = tan + α − 2π
2 2
π
!
= tan α −
2
π
!
1
= − tan − α = −
2 p

e tan(2π − α) = − tan α = −p

6 a Domain = [−1, 1]\{0}. Range = R

b The range of cos−1 x is [0, π]. Consider the right-angled triangle with hypotenuse
√ of
length 1 and adjacent side of length x. Then the opposite side has length 1 − x 2

and so
√
1 − x2
f (x) =
x
c see answers

√ ! √
3 π π 3
7 a sin−1
= , because sin =
2 3 3 2

170
 !!
1 1
b cos cos −1
= under the definition.
2 2
!!
2π 2π
c cos −1
cos = under the definition.
3 3
!! !
4π 1
d cos−1
cos = cos −1
−
3 2
!
2π 2π 1 2π
= since cos = − and ∈ [0, π]
3 3 2 3
! √
π
!!
1 3
e cos sin−1 − = cos − =
2 6 2
! √
π 2
f cos(tan−1 (−1)) = cos − =
4 2

√
8 a −1≤ ax + b ≤ 1
⇔ 0 ≤ ax + b ≤ 1
b 1−b
⇔− ≤x≤
a a
2
b −1≤ ≤1
ax
⇔ −(ax)2 ≤ 2ax ≤ (ax)2
⇔ −ax2 ≤ 2x ≤ ax2
Solving the two inequalities simultaneously :
First:
2x ≤ ax2
⇔ x(2 − ax) ≤ 0
a
⇔ x ≤ 0 or x ≥
2
and then
2x ≥ −ax2
⇔ x(2 + ax) ≥ 0
a
⇔ x ≥ 0 or x ≤ −
2
The intersection of the two solutions gives:
2 2
x ≤ − or x ≥
a a

171
 ax
c −1≤ −2≤1
2
ax
⇔1≤ ≤3
2
2 6
⇔ ≤x≤
a a
√
d − 1 ≤ 2 − ax ≤ 1
⇔ 0 ≤ 2 − ax ≤ 1
⇔ −2 ≤ −ax ≤ −1
1 2
⇔ ≤x≤
a a

9 a The graph of y = 2 tan−1 x is obtained from the graph of y

y = tan−1 x by a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis. π
The domain is R and the range is (−π, π).
Asymptotes are y = π and y = −π. 0 x
The graph intersects the origin.
−π

b The graph of y = sin−1 (3 − x) is a translation of the graph

π
of y = sin−1 (−x), three units in the positive direction of 2
the x axis. The graph of y = sin−1 (−x) is a reflection in
the y axis of the graph of y = sin−1 (x). The domain can be 0 2 3 4 x

obtained from the inequality π

−2
−1 ≤ 3 − x ≤ 1
∴ −1 ≤ x − 3 ≤ 1
2≤x≤4
π π
" #
The domain is [2, 4], the range is − , .
2 2
The x-axis intercept is at x = 3.

172
c The graph of y = 3 cos−1 (2x + 1) is obtained from the graph y
of y = cos−1 (2x + 1) by a dilation of factor 3 from the x axis. 3π
So the range is [0, 3π]. The graph touches the origin, so
y = 3 cos−1 (2 × 0 + 1) = 3 cos−1 1 = 0
The graph of y = cos−1 (2x + 1) is a translation of the graph of
y = cos−1 2x one unit in the negative direction of the x axis, −1 0 x
1
and the graph of y = cos−1 2x is a dilation of factor from the
2
y axis of the graph of y = cos−1 x.
The domain can be obtained from the inequality
−1 ≤ 2x + 1 ≤ 1
∴ −2 ≤ 2x ≤ 0
−1 ≤ x ≤ 0
The domain is [−1, 0].

d The graph of y = − cos−1 (2 − x) is a reflection in the x axis of y

the graph of y = cos−1 (2 − x), which is the reflection in the 0 1 2 3 x

y axis and translation two units in the positive direction of the

x axis, of the graph of y = cos−1 x.
The domain is [1, 3]. −π
The range is [−π, 0].

e The graph of y = 2 tan−1 (1 − x) is obtained from the graph of y = tan−1 (1 − x) by a

dilation of factor 2 from the x axis.
The range of the given function is (−π, π).
Asymptotes are y = π and y = −π.
π π
The y-axis intercept is 2 tan−1 (1) = 2 × = y
4 2 π
The graph of the function y = tan−1 (1 − x) is the
π
reflection in the y axis and translation, one unit in 2
the positive direction of the x axis, of the graph of 0 1 x

y = tan (x).
−1
−π
The x-axis intercept is at x = 1.
The domain is R.

173
10 sin 3x = sin 5x
sin 5x − sin 3x = 0
2 sin x cos 4x = 0
sin x = 0 or cos 4x = 0
π 3π 5π 7π
x = 0, , , , , π
8 8 8 8

sin A + sin B − sin(A + B)

11 LHS =
sin A + sin B + sin(A + B)
 A + B  A − B  A + B  A + B
2 sin cos − 2 sin cos
= 2 2 2 2
 A + B  A + B  A + B  A + B
2 sin cos + 2 sin 2 cos
2 2 2 2
 A + B   A − B  A + B 
2 sin cos − cos
= 2 2 2
 A + B   A − B  A + B 
2 sin cos + cos
2 2 2
 A − B  A + B
cos − cos
= 2 2
 A − B  A + B
cos + cos
2 2
A B A B  A B A B
cos cos + sin sin − cos cos − sin sin
= 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A B A B  A B A B
cos cos + sin sin + cos cos − sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A B
2 sin sin
= 2 2
A B
2 cos cos
2 2
A B
= tan tan
2 2

174
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
√
1 C Recall that the graph of y = cos−1 (x) 1 3 11
∴ cot(x) = − ÷
has domain [−1, 1] and range [0, π] 10 10
π
When x = 0, y = cos−1 (0) = 1
∴ cot(x) = − × √
10
2 10 3 11
When y = 0, x = cos(0) = 1
√
Therefore response A, B and E are 11
∴ cot(x) = −
incorrect. 33
The graph of y = cos−1 (x) is the
π 7π
!
result of reflecting the graph of 4 D y = 2 + sec(3x), x ∈ − ,
6 6
y = cos(x) in the line y = x
The graph of y = sec(3x) has range
R\(−1, 1)
Thus the range of y = 2 + sec(3x)
is R\(1, 3). Which implies that
stationary points occur when y = 1
and y = 3
In this instance the CAS calculator
will be used to solve the following
equations
π 7π
!
for x over − ,
6 6
2 2 + sec(3x) = 1
2 C cos x = − , 2π < x < 3π 1
3
Since cosine is negative we are 2 + sec(3x) = 3 2
looking in the
s second quadrant.
!2
2
∴ sin x = + 1 − −
3
√
5
∴ sin x =
3
π
!
1
3 E cos(x) = − , x ∈ , π
10 2
As we are in the second quadrant
cot(x) will s
be negative.
!2
1 Therefore the stationary points are
sin(x) = + 1 − −
10 at:
√ π 2π
3 11 x = 0, , , π
sin(x) = 3 3
10
cos(x)
cot(x) =
sin(x)

175
 1
5 A sin x = −
3s
!2
1
∴ cos x = ± 1 − −
3
√
2 2
∴ cos x = ±
3
6 A For y = cos−1 (1 − 5x) to be defined
−1 ≤ 1 − 5x ≤ 1
∴ −2 ≤ −5x ≤ 0
2 Use the right arrow key to view all
∴0≤x≤
5 solutions.
Therefore
" # the implied domain is Therefore there are 6 solutions.
2
0, sin(2θ)
5
tan(2θ) cos(2θ)
9 E =
7 E (1 + tan x)2 + (1 − tan x)2 1 + sec(2θ) 1
1+
= 1 + 2 tan x + tan2 x + 1 cos(2θ)
sin(2θ)
− 2 tan x + tan2 x = !
1
= 2 + 2 tan2 x cos(2θ) 1+
cos(2θ)
= 2(1 + tan2 x) sin(2θ)
=
= 2 sec2 x cos(2θ) + 1
2 sin θ cos θ
=
1 (2 cos2 θ − 1) + 1
8 D cos2 (3x) = , 0 ≤ x ≤ π
4 2 sin θ cos θ
=
⇒ 0 ≤ 3x ≤ 3π 2 cos2 θ
1 sin θ
∴ cos(3x) = + =
2 cos θ
π 2π 4π 5π 7π 8π
∴ 3x = , , , , , = tan θ
3 3 3 3 3 3
π 2π 4π 5π 7π 8π
∴x= , , , , , π π
9 9 9 9 9 9 10 E < A < π, 0 < B < ,
Using solve on CAS yields: 2 2
sin A = t and√cos B = t
∴ cos A = − 1 − t2 and
√
sin B = 1 − t2

176
cos(B + A)
= cos B cos A − sin B sin A
√ √
= t × − 1 − t2 − 1 − t2 × t
√ √
= −t 1 − t2 − t 1 − t2
√
= −2t 1 − t2

177
Solutions to extended-response questions
√
1 a Consider 4AB1C as shown. AC = 1 − x2
x
i sin α = = x B1
1 1m
√ xm
1 − x2 √ α
ii cos α = = 1 − x2 A C
1
x
iii tan α = √
1 − x2
Now consider
√ 4AB2 D as shown.
AD = 1 − 4x2
2x
iv sin β = = 2x B2
1
√ 1m
1 − 4x2 √ (2x) m
v cos β = = 1 − 4x2
1 β
D
2x A
vi tan β = √
1 − 4x2

b i sin(β − α) = sin β cos α − cos β sin α

√ √
= 2x 1 − x2 − x 1 − 4x2

ii cos(β − α) = cos β cos α + sin β sin α

p
= (1 − 4x2 )(1 − x2 ) + 2x2

sin(β − α)
iii tan(β − α) =
cos(β − α)
√ √
2x 1 − x2 − x 1 − 4x2
= p
(1 − 4x2 )(1 − x2 ) + 2x2

178
 2 tan α
iv tan(2α) =
1 − tan2 α
!2 !
2x x
= √ ÷ 1− √
1 − x2 1 − x2
x2
!
2x
= √ ÷ 1−
1 − x2 1 − x2
2x 1 − x2 − x2
= √ ÷
1 − x2 1 − x2
√
2x 1 − x2 2x 1 − x2
= √ × 2
=
1 − x2 1 − 2x 1 − 2x2
√
v sin(2α) = 2 sin α cos α = 2x 1 − x2

vi cos(2α) = 1 − 2 sin2 α = 1 − 2x2

c ∠B2 AB1 = β − α
p
= cos−1 ( (1 − 4x2 )(1 − x2 ) + 2x2 )
p
= cos−1 ( (1 − 4(0.3)2 )(1 − 0.32 ) + 2(0.3)2 )
√
= cos−1 ( 0.5824 + 0.18)
= cos−1 (0.943 15 . . .) = 0.338 80
2α = cos−1 (1 − 2x2 )
= cos−1 (1 − 2(0.3)2 )
= cos−1 (0.82) = 0.609 38 . . .
∠B2 AB1 = 0.34 and 2α = 0.61, correct to two decimal places.

2 a y
i y = cosec x
y = cot x
ii
iii y = cosec x − cot x

0 π 2π

179
 1 cos x
cosec x − cot x = −
sin x sin x
!!
12
1 − 1 − 2 sin x !
1 − cos x 2 1
= = ! ! = tan x
sin x 1 1 2
2 sin x cos x
2 2

b i Given 0<x<π
1 π
then 0< x<
2 2
!
1
∴ tan x > 0
2
∴ cosec x − cot x > 0
∴ cosec x > cot x for all x ∈ (0, π)

ii Given π < x < 2π

π 1
then < x<π
2 2
!
1
∴ tan x < 0
2
∴ cosec x − cot x < 0
∴ cosec x < cot x for all x ∈ (π, 2π)
!
x
c y = cot y
2
or y = cosec x + cot x

0 π 2π x

180
 1 cos θ
d i cosec θ + cot θ = + , sin θ , 0
sin θ sin θ
1 + cos θ
=
sin θ
θ
!
1 + cos 2
2
=
θ
!
sin 2
2

2 θ
!
1 + 2 cos − 1
2
=
θ θ
2 sin cos
2 2
θ
2 cos2
= 2
θ θ
2 sin cos
2 2
θ
cos
= 2 = cot θ , as required to prove.
θ 2
sin
2
π π π π π π
ii cot = cosec + cot cot = cosec + cot
8 4 4 12 6 6
√ √
= 2+1 =2+ 3
π π
iii 1 + cot2 = cosec 2
8 8
√ 1
∴ 1 + ( 2 + 1)2 = π
sin2
8
√ 1
∴ 1+2+2 2+1= π
sin2
8
π 1
∴ sin2 = √
8 4+2 2
s
π 1
∴ sin = √
8 4+2 2
π
The negative square root is not appropriate since is in the first quadrant.
8
π 1
∴ sin = q
8 √
4+2 2

181
 θ
e cosec θ + cot θ = cot 1
2
∴ cosec 2θ + cot 2θ = cot θ 2
and cosec 4θ + cot 4θ = cot 2θ 3
Adding 1 , 2 and 3 yields
θ
cosec θ + cot θ + cosec 2θ + cot 2θ + cosec 4θ + cot 4θ = cot + cot θ + cot 2θ
2
θ
∴ cosec θ + cosec 2θ + cosec 4θ = cot − cot 4θ
2
CD
3 a i sin θ = ∴ CD = 10 sin θ
10
AD
cos θ = ∴ AD = 10 cos θ
10
Area of rectangle = AD × CD
= 100 sin θ cos θ
= 50 sin 2θ

ii R

50

0 π π θ
4 2

iii From the graph, the maximum value of R is 50 square units.

π
iv The maximum occurs when θ = (when the rectangle is a square).
4
AD CD θ CG
b i cos θ = , sin θ = and tan =
AC AC 2 AC
θ
∴ AD = AC cos θ CD = AC sin θ and CG = AC tan
2
θ
= 10 cos θ = 10 sin θ = 10 tan
2
Volume, V = AD × CD × CG
θ
= 1000 cos θ sin θ tan , as required.
2

182
 θ θ θ
! !
ii V = 1000 cos 2 × sin 2 × tan
2 2 2
θ
θ
!
θ θ sin
= 1000 1 − 2 sin2 × 2 sin cos × 2
2 2 2 θ
cos
2
θ θ
!
∴ V = 1000 1 − 2 sin2 × 2 sin2
2 2
θ θ
∴ V = 2000 sin2 − 4000 sin4
2 2
∴ a = 2000 and b = −4000

θ
iii Let p = sin2
2
then V = 2000p − 4000p2
π
iv For 0<θ<
2
θ π
0< <
2 4
√
θ 2
∴ 0 < sin <
2 2
θ 1
∴ 0 < sin2 <
2 2
1
∴ 0<p<
2
v V V
250 250

0 π π θ 0 1 1 p
3 2 4 2

vi From the graph of V against p, the axis of symmetry gives the maximum volume
1
as 250 cubic units when p = .
4

183
 1 θ 1
When p = , sin2 =
4 2 4
θ 1 θ
∴ sin = as sin >0
2 2 2
θ π θ π
∴ = as 0 < <
2 6 2 4
π
∴ θ=
3

c i If ∠CAD = ∠GAC = θ
then V = 1000 cos θ sin θ tan θ (from b i)
sin θ
= 1000 cos θ sin θ ×
cos θ
π
= 1000 sin θ, 0 < θ <
2
2
ii V
1000 ( π , 1000)
2

0 π θ
2

iii V is an increasing function. As the angle θ gets larger, so does the volume of the
π
cuboid. 0 < θ < for the cuboid to exist.
2
4 a Consider 4AOB. B
Let M be the midpoint of AB. 1
−
Consider 4AMO. 2
1 M θ
sin θ = 2 1
−
θ O
AO 2
1
∴ AO = A
2 sin θ
= radius of the circle.
Consider 4AOE. O
1 1 1
EO = AO = 2 sin θ 2(π − 4θ) 2 sin θ
2 sin θ
∠AOE = 2π − 4 × 2θ A E
= 2π − 8θ
= 2(π − 4θ)

184
 π
Note: π − 4θ > 0 which implies 0 < θ < .
4
Let N be the midpoint of AE. O
1
Consider 4ANO. 2 sinθ π − 4θ
AO
sin(π − 4θ) =
1
A N
2 sin θ
sin(π − 4θ) sin 4θ
∴ AN = =
2 sin θ 2 sin θ
Now AE = 2AN and AE = p
sin 4θ sin 4θ
∴ p=2× = , as required.
2 sin θ sin θ

sin 4θ
b p=
sin θ
2 sin 2θ cos 2θ
=
sin θ
2(2 sin θ cos θ)(2 cos2 θ − 1)
=
sin θ
= 4 cos θ (2 cos2 θ − 1)
= 8 cos3 θ − 4 cos θ

c i If x = cos θ, p = 8x3 − 4x
√ √
If p = 3, 3 = 8x3 − 4x
√
∴ 8x3 − 4x − 3 = 0, as required.
√
3 √
ii If x = , 8x3 − 4x − 3 becomes
√ !32 √ ! √ !
3 3 √ 3 3 √ √
8 −4 − 3=8 −2 3− 3
2 2 8
√ √
=3 3−3 3
=0
√ √
3 √ 3
Therefore x = is a solution to the equation 8x − 4x − 3 = 0 and x −
3
is
2 √ 2
a factor of 8x3 − 4x − 3
Dividing to find the quadratic
√ factor yields
√ √
!
3
8x3 − 4x − 3 = x − (8x2 + 4 3x + 2)
2
√ 2
The discriminant 4 = (4 3) − 4(8)(2)
= 48 − 64, which is < 0

185
 √
3
Therefore the quadratic factor is irreducible and is the only solution.
2
√
√ 3
iii If p = 3, then x=
2
√
3
∴ cos θ =
2
π
∴ θ=
6
1
iv radius =
2 sin θ
1
= π
2 sin
6
=1

π
#
sin 4θ
d p= , θ ∈ 0, p
sin θ 4 4

0 π θ
4

e If A = E, then 4 × 2θ = 2π
π
∴ θ=
4

f i If AE = 1, then p = 8x3 − 4x
becomes 1 = 8x3 − 4x
∴ 8x3 − 4x − 1 = 0
Also 5 × 2θ = 2π
π
∴ θ=
5
π
!
sin 4 ×
5
∴ p= π =1
sin
5

186
 π
ii 8x3 − 4x − 1 = 0, x = cos
5
1 √
If x = ( 5 + 1)
4
!3
1 √ 1 √
!
then 8x − 4x − 1 = 8 ( 5 + 1) − 4 ( 5 + 1) − 1
3
4 4
√
8( 5 + 1)3 √
= − ( 5 + 1) − 1
43
√ √
8(5 5 + 15 + 3 5 + 1) √
= − 5−1−1
64
√
16 + 8 5 √
= − 5−2
8
√ √
=2+ 5− 5−2=0
1 √
∴ 8x3 − 4x − 1 = 0 when x = ( 5 + 1)
4
1 √ π
and ( 5 + 1) = cos
4 5
sin x cos x
5 a i tan x + cot x = + , cos x , 0, sin x , 0
cos x sin x
sin2 x + cos2 x
=
sin x cos x
1
=
1
(2 sin x cos x)
2
2
= = 2 cosec 2x
sin 2x
sin x cos x
ii tan x = cot x ∴ = , cos x , 0, sin x , 0
cos x sin x
∴ sin2 x = cos2 x
= 1 − sin2 x
∴ 2 sin2 x = 1
1
∴ sin2 x =
2
1
∴ sin x = ± √
2
π 3π 5π 7π
∴ x = ± ,± ,± ,± ,...
4 4 4 4
π
= nπ ± , n ∈ Z
4

187
 iii y
y = tan x
y = cot x
2
y = 2cosec (2x)
1

0 π π 3π 2π x
2 2
−1

−2

cos 2x sin x
b i cot 2x + tan x = + , sin 2x , 0, cos x , 0
sin 2x cos x
cos 2x cos x + sin x sin 2x
=
sin 2x cos x
cos(2x − x)
=
sin 2x cos x
1
= = cosec 2x, as required to prove.
sin 2x

ii cot 2x = tan x
cos 2x sin x
∴ = , sin 2x , 0, cos x , 0
sin 2x cos x
∴ cos 2x cos x = sin 2x sin x
∴ (1 − 2 sin2 x) cos x = (2 sin x cos x) sin x
∴ cos x − 2 sin2 x cos x = 2 sin2 x cos x
∴ cos x = 4 sin2 x cos x
∴ 4 sin2 x = 1
1
∴ sin2 x =
4
1
∴ sin x = ±
2
π 5π 7π 11π π
∴ x = ± ,± ,± ,± , . . . = nπ ± , n ∈ Z
6 6 6 6 6

188
 iii
y

y = cot 2x
1 y = tan 2x
3
3 y =2 cosec 2x

0 π π 2π x
3π
3 2 2
−
3
−1

cos(mx) sin(nx)
c i cot(mx) + tan(nx) = + , sin(mx) , 0, cos(mx) , 0
sin(mx) cos(nx)
cos(mx) cos(nx) + sin(mx) sin(nx)
=
sin(mx) cos(nx)
cos(mx − nx)
=
sin(mx) cos(nx)
cos((m − n)x)
= , as required to prove.
sin(mx) cos(nx)
cos((6 − 3)x)
ii From c i, cot(6x) + tan(3x) =
sin(6x) cos(3x)
cos(3x) 1
= =
sin(6x) cos(3x) sin(6x)
= cosec (6x), as required.

6 a i ∠BAE = ∠BEA (isosceles 4)

∴ 2∠BAE + 36◦ = 180◦
!◦
180 − 36
∴ ∠BAE = = 72◦
2
∠AEC = ∠BEA = ∠BAE = 72◦
∠ACE = ∠AEC = 72◦ (isosceles 4)

ii ∠BAC = ∠BAE − ∠CAE

= ∠BAE − (180◦ − 2∠AEC)
= 72◦ − (180 − 2 × 72)◦ = 36◦

189
b Consider 4ABC C
∠ABC = ∠BAC = 36◦ 1
72°
∴ 4ABC is isosceles with BC = AC = 1
Consider 4ACD
A D
∠CAD = 180◦ − (90 + 72)◦ = 18◦
CD
sin 18◦ =
1
Now BD = BC + CD
= 1 + sin 18◦ , as required.

c Consider 4ADE D
∠DAE = ∠CAE (isosceles 4ACE) = 18◦
DE
sin 18◦ = A E
1 1

Now BE = BD + DE
= (1 + sin 18◦ ) + sin 18◦
= 1 + 2 sin 18◦
Since 4ABE is isosceles, B
AB = 1 + 2 sin 18◦ also. 36°
1 + 2 sin 18°
Now consider 4ABD◦ 1 + sin 18°
1 + sin 18
cos 36◦ =
1 + 2 sin 18◦ A D
as required to prove.

1 + sin 18◦
d cos 36◦ =
1 + 2 sin 18◦
1 + sin 18◦
∴ 1 − 2 sin2 18◦ =
1 + 2 sin 18◦
∴ (1 − 2 sin2 18◦ )(1 + 2 sin 18◦ ) = 1 + sin 18◦
∴ 1 − 2 sin2 18◦ + 2 sin 18◦ − 4 sin3 18◦ = 1 + sin 18◦
∴ 4 sin3 18◦ + 2 sin2 18◦ − sin 18◦ = 0
∴ sin 18◦ (4 sin2 18◦ + 2 sin 18◦ − 1) = 0
∴ 4 sin2 18◦ + 2 sin 18◦ − 1 = 0, as required.

e Let a = sin 18◦ ∴ 4 sin2 18◦ + 2 sin 18◦ − 1 = 0

4a2 + 2a − 1 = 0
Using the general quadratic formula

190
 p
22 − 4(4)(−1)
−2 ±
a=
2×4
√ √
−2 ± 20 −1 ± 5
= =
8 4
√
−1 + 5
∴ sin 18◦ = since sin 18◦ > 0
4
1
7 a i Volume of a pyramid, V = Ah, where A is the area of V
3
the base and h is the height of the pyramid, V X.
Since ABCD is a rectangle,
A = AD × CD = AC cos θ◦ × AC sin θ◦
= 10 cos θ◦ × 10 sin θ◦ θ°
A 5 X
= 100 cos θ sin θ
◦ ◦

1
Consider 4AV X AX = AC = 5
2
VX
tan θ◦ =
5
∴ V X = 5 tan θ◦
∴ h = 5 tan θ◦
1
Therefore V= × 100 cos θ◦ sin θ◦ × 5 tan θ◦
3
500 sin θ◦
= cos θ◦ sin θ◦ ×
3 cos θ◦
500 2 ◦
= sin θ , as required.
3

ii V
200 (90, 500 )
3

100

0
45 90 θ°

iii V is an increasing function. As the angle θ gets larger, so does the volume of the
pyramid. 0 < θ < 90 for the pyramid to exist.

191
 θ◦ V X
b i tan =
2 5
θ◦
θ ◦ 5 sin
∴ V X = 5 tan ∴h= 2
2 θ◦
cos
2
From a i, A = 100 cos θ sin θ
◦ ◦

2 θ θ◦ θ◦
◦
! !
= 100 1 − 2 sin 2 sin cos
2 2 2
θ◦ θ◦ θ◦
!
= 200 sin cos 1 − 2 sin2
2 2 2
1
Now V= Ah
3
θ◦
1 θ◦ θ◦ θ ◦
! 5 sin
= × 200 sin cos 1 − 2 sin 2 × 2
3 2 2 2 θ◦
cos
2
1000 2 θ ◦
θ ◦
!
= sin 1 − 2 sin2 , as required.
3 2 2

ii The maximal domain is θ ∈ (0, 90)

θ◦
iii Let a = sin2
2
1000 −2000 2 1000
∴ V= × a(1 − 20) = a + a
3 3 3
iv V is a concave down parabola with a local maximum tuming point at the axis of
symmetry, when !
−1000 −2000
a= ÷ 2×
3 3
−1000 −4000 −1000 −3 1
=
÷ = × =
3 3 3 4000 4
!2 !
1 −2000 1 1000 1
When a = , V = +
4 3 4 3 4
−2000 1000
= +
48 12
2000 125
= =
48 3

192
 1 θ◦ 1
When a = , sin2 =
4 2 4
θ ◦
1 θ
∴ sin = since 0 < < 45
2 2 2
θ
∴ = 30
2
∴ θ = 60
125
The maximum value of V is cubic units and the value of θ for which this
3
occurs is 60◦ .
1000 2 θ◦ 2 θ
◦
!
v V= sin 1 − 2 sin V
3 2 2 50 (60, 125 )
3
40

30

20

10

0 θ°
30 60 90

1
8 a i V= Ah Y
θ° X
3
As in 7 a i, A = 100 cos θ◦ sin θ◦ and h = vx
Consider 4AY X 5

∠AXY = ∠XAD = θ◦ (alternate angles)

A
XY
cos θ =
◦
5
∴ XY = 5 cos θ◦
Now consider 4VY X V
VX
tan θ◦ =
5 cos θ◦
∴ V X = 5 cos θ◦ tan θ◦
θ°
sin θ◦ Y
= 5 cos θ ×
◦
5 cos θ° X
cos θ◦
∴ h = 5 sin θ◦
1
∴ V= × 100 cos θ◦ sin θ◦ × 5 sin θ◦
3
500
= cos θ◦ sin2 θ◦
3

ii Using a CAS calculator to graph V against θ, 0 < θ < 90, the maximum volume

193
 is given as 64.15 cubic units when θ◦ = 54.74◦ (correct to two decimal places).
V

70 (54.74, 64.15)

50

30

10
0
90 θ°

1
b i V= Ah V
3
As in 7 a i, A = 100 cos θ◦ sin θ◦ and h = V X
As in 8 a i, XY = 5 cos θ◦ θ°
−
2
Consider 4VY X ◦ Y 5 cos θ° X
θ VX
tan =
2 5 cos θ◦
∴ h = VX
θ◦
∴ = 5 cos θ◦ tan
2
1 θ◦
Therefore V= × 100 cos θ◦ sin θ◦ × 5 cos θ◦ tan
3 2
θ◦
500 θ ◦
θ ◦ sin
= cos2 θ◦ × 2 sin cos × 2
3 2 2 θ◦
cos
2
500 θ ◦
= cos2 θ◦ × 2 sin2
3 2
500
= cos2 θ◦ (1 − cos θ◦ ), as required.
3

ii The implied domain is 0 < θ < 90 for the pyramid to exist.

c Let a = cos θ
Since 0 < θ < 90
0 < cos θ < 1
∴ 0<a<1
The CAS calculator gives a maximum volume of 24.69 cubic units when
a = 0.666 66 . . . ≈ 0.67

194
 i.e., cos θ = 0.666 66 . . .
∴ θ = 48.19 (correct to two decimal places)

a+b
9 a tan(θ + α) =
x
a+b
!
∴ θ + α = tan −1
x θ
α
b
tan α =
x
!
b
∴ α = tan −1
x
θ = (θ + α) − α
a+b
! !
−1 b
∴ θ = tan −1
− tan , as required.
x x

a+b
! !!
−1 b
b tan θ = tan tan −1
− tan
x x

−1 a + b
!! !!
−1 b
tan tan − tan tan
x x
=
a+b
!! !!
b
1 + tan tan−1 tan tan −1
x x
a+b b
−
= x x
a+b b
1+ ×
x x
a + b − b x2 + b(a + b)
= ÷
x x2
a x2
= × 2
x x + ab + b2
ax
= , as required.
x2 + ab + b2

195
 π ax
c i If θ = , tan θ =
4 + ab + b2
x2
π ax
becomes tan = 2
4 x + ab + b2
ax
∴ 1= 2
x + ab + b2
∴ x2 + ab + b2 = ax
∴ x2 − ax + ab + b2 = 0
Using the general p
quadratic formula
−(−a) ± (−a)2 − 4(1)(ab + b2 )
∴ x=
2(1)
a ± a2 − 4(ab + b2 )
p
=
2
a ± a2 − 4b(a + b)
p
=
2
√
ii If a = 2(1 + 2) and b = 1,
√ q √ √
2(1 + 2) ± (2(1 + 2))2 − 4(1)(2(1 + 2) + 1)
then x =
2
√ q √ √
2(1 + 2) ± 4(1 + 2)2 − 4(2(1 + 2) + 1)
=
2
√ q √ √
2(1 + 2) ± 2 (1 + 2)2 − (2(1 + 2) + 1)
=
2
√ √ √
q
= (1 + 2) ± 1 + 2 2 + 2 − 2 − 2 2 − 1
√
∴ x=1+ 2

196
 √
d If a = 2(1 +2), b = 1 and x = 1

−1 a + b
! !
−1 b
then θ = tan − tan
x x
√
−1 2(1 + 2) + 1
! !
−1 1
= tan − tan
1 1
√
∴ θ = tan−1 (2 + 2 2 + 1) − tan−1 (1)
√
= tan−1 (3 + 2 2) − tan−1 (1)
π
= 1.400 87 . . . −
4
= 0.615 47 . . .
≈ 0.62

e i a = 1, x = 5
b+1
! !
−1 b
∴ θ = tan −1
− tan
5 5
5
∴ tan θ =
25 + b + b2
θ
−

tan θ

ii a = 1, x = 10
b+1
! !
−1 b
∴ θ = tan−1
− tan
10 10
10
∴ tan θ =
100 + b + b2

197
 θ
−

tan θ

iii a = 1, x = 20
b+1
! !
−1 b
∴ θ = tan−1
− tan
20 20
20
∴ tan θ =
400 + b + b2
θ
−

b+1
! !
−1 b
f In general, the graph of θ = tan −1
− tan has the b axis as a horizontal
x x
!!
+ −1 1
asymptote. The domain is R and the range is 0, tan . The graph approaches
x
!!
1
0, tan−1 as b → 0. The function is decreasing as b increases.
x
θ
−

x
In general, the graph of tan θ = has the b axis as a horizontal asymptote,
x2 + b + b2

198
 !
1
and approaches 0, on the vertical axis. The domain is R+ and the range is
x
!!
1
0, . The function is decreasing as b increases.
x
θ

All the graphs have the same shape.

10 a 4ACD and 4ACB have a common angle ∠CAD and each has a right angle, therefore
they are similar triangles.

b Consider 4OCD
OC = 1
since the hemisphere shown has radius 1
OD = x = cos 2θ
2θ
CD = y = sin 2θ
The coordinates of C are (cos 2θ, sin 2θ)

c i Consider 4ABC
AB = 2
as AB is a diameter of the circle x2 + y2 = 1
CA θ
cos θ = ∴ CA = 2 cos θ
2

CB
ii sin θ = ∴ CB = 2 sin θ
2
d Consider 4ACD
CD
sin θ = θ
2 cos θ
∴ CD = 2 sin θ cos θ θ

From b, CD = sin 2θ
∴ sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ, as required.

AD
e From 4ACD, cos θ =
2 cos θ
∴ AD = 2 cos2 θ
and OD = AD − AO = 2 cos2 θ − 1

199
 since AO is a radius of the circle x2 + y2 = 1
From b, OD = cos 2θ
∴ cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1, as required.

11 a To prove:
sin(16x)
cos(x) cos(2x) cos(4x) cos(8x) =
16 sin(x)
sin(16x)
RHS =
16 sin(x)
2 sin(8x) cos(8x)
=
16 sin(x)
4 sin(4x) cos(4x) cos(8x)
=
16 sin(x)
8 sin(2x) cos(2x) cos(4x) cos(8x)
=
16 sin(x)
16 sin(x) cos(x) cos(2x) cos(4x) cos(8x)
=
16 sin(x)
= cos(x) cos(2x) cos(4x) cos(8x)
= LHS

b To Prove:
n
Y sin(2n x)
cos(2i−1 x) = n
i=1
2 sin(x)
Step 1 First consider P(1).
sin(2x)
cos(20 x) =
2 sin(x)
which is true from the known identity
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
Therefore P(1) is true.
Step 2 Let k be any natural number, and assume P(k) is true.
That is,
k
Y sin(2k x)
cos(2i−1 x) = k
i=1
2 sin(x)
Step 3 We now have to prove P(k + 1) is true.
That is,
k+1
Y sin(2k+1 x)
cos(2i−1 x) = k+1
i=1
2 sin(x)

200
 k+1
Y
LHS = cos(2i−1 x)
i=1
k
Y
= cos(2i−1 x) × cos(2k x)
i=1

sin(2k x)
= × cos(2k x)
2k sin(x)
sin(2k x) × cos(2k x)
=
2k sin(x)
2 × sin(2k x) × cos(2k x)
=
2k+1 sin(x)
sin(2k+1 x)
=
2k+1 sin(x)
= RHS
Therefore if P(k) is true, then P(k + 1) is true for every natural number k.
It follows from the principle of mathematical induction that P(n) is true for every
natural number n.

12 a t1 = sin2 θ and tn = 4tn−1 (1 − tn−1 )

t2 = 4t1 (1 − t1 )
= 4 sin2 θ(1 − sin2 θ)
= 4 sin2 θ cos2 θ
= sin2 (2θ)
t3 = 4t2 (1 − t2 )
= 4 sin2 2θ(1 − sin2 2θ)
= 4 sin2 2θ cos2 2θ
= sin2 (4θ)

b To prove tn = sin2 (2n−1 θ)

Step 1 First consider P(1).
t1 = sin2 θ
Therefore P(1) is true.
Step 2 Let k be any natural number, and assume P(k) is true.
That is,
tk = sin2 (2k−1 θ)
Step 3 We now have to prove P(k + 1) is true.

201
 That is,
tk+1 = sin2 (2k θ)
tk+1 = 4tk (1 − tk )
= 4 sin2 (2k−1 θ)(1 − sin2 (2k−1 θ))
= 4 sin2 (2k−1 θ) cos2 (2k−1 θ)
= sin2 (2k θ)
Therefore if P(k) is true, then P(k + 1) is true for every natural number k.
It follows from the principle of mathematical induction that P(n) is true for every
natural number n.
sin A + sin B A+B A−B
13 a = sin cos
2 2 2
A+B
≤ sin
2
A+B
since ∈ [0, π]
2
b To prove
sin A + sin B + sin C + sin D A + B + C + D
≤ sin
4 4
sin A + sin B + sin C + sin D 1  A+B A−B C+D C + D
= sin cos + sin cos
4 2 2 2 2 2
1 A+B C + D
≤ sin + sin
2 2 2
A + B + C + D
≤ sin
4
1
14 a x + = 2 cos θ
x
!2
1 1
i x + = 2 cos θ x + = 4 cos2 θ
x x
1
x2 + 2 + 2 = 4 cos2 θ
x
1
x2 + 2 = 2(2 cos2 θ − 1)
x
= 2 cos 2θ

202
 1
ii x+ = 2 cos θ
x
!3
1
x+ = 8 cos3 θ
x
3 1
x3 + 3x + + 3 = 8 cos3 θ
x x
1 1
x3 + 3 = 8 cos3 θ − 3(x + )
x x
= 8 cos θ − 3(2 cos θ)
3

= 2(4 cos3 θ − 3 cos θ)

= 2 cos 3θ

b Step 1 First consider P(1).

1
x + = 2 cos θ Therefore P(1) is true.
x
Step 2We use strong induction. That is Let k be any natural number, and assume
P(1), P(2), . . . P(k − 1), P(k) are true.
That is,
1
xi + i = 2 cos(iθ); i ≤ k
x
Step 3 We now have to prove P(k + 1) is true.
That is,
1
xk+1 + k+1 = 2 cos((k + 1)θ)
x
First note:

1 1 1 1
(xk + )(x + ) = x k+1
+ + x k−1
+
xk x xk−1 xk+1
We can write:
1 1
2 cos(kθ)2 cos θ = (xk+1 + k+1 ) + ( k−1 + xk−1 )
x x
Use the strong induction to write:
1
2 cos(kθ)2 cos θ = (xk+1 + k+1 ) + 2 cos((k − 1)θ)
x
Hence,
1
xk+1 + k+1 = 2 cos(kθ)2 cos θ − 2 cos((k − 1)θ)
x
= 2[2 cos(kθ)2 cos θ − cos((k − 1)θ)
= 2[cos((k − 1)θ + cos((k + 1)θ) − 2 cos((k − 1)θ)
= 2 cos((k + 1)θ)
Therefore if P(i) is true for i ≤ k, then P(k + 1) is true for every natural number k.

203
 It follows from the principle of mathematical induction that P(n) is true for every
natural number n.

15

16 a Using the product to sum identity:

2 sin A cos(kA) = sin(k + 1)A − sin(k − 1)A

b 2 sin A (cos A + cos 3A + · · · + cos((2n − 1)A))

= 2 sin A cos A + 2 sin A cos 3A + · · · + 2 sin A cos((2n − 1)A)
= sin 2A + sin 0 + sin 4A − sin 2A + sin 6A − sin 4A + · · · + sin(2nA) − sin((2n − 2)A)
= sin(2nA)

c For each natural number n let P(n) be the proposition.

2 sin A(cos A + cos 3A + · · · + cos((2n − 1)A) = sin(2nA)
Step 1 First consider P(1).
2 sin A cos A = sin 2A
Therefore P(1) is true.
Step 2 Let k be any natural number, and assume P(k) is true.
That is,
2 sin A(cos A + cos 3A + · · · + cos((2k − 1)A) = sin(2kA)
Step 3 We now have to prove P(k + 1) is true.
That is,
2 sin A(cos A + cos 3A + · · · + cos((2k − 1)A) + cos((2k + 1)A) = sin((2n + 2)A)
LHS = 2 sin A(cos A + cos 3A + · · · + cos((2k − 1)A) + cos((2k + 1)A)
= sin(2kA) + 2 sin A cos((2k + 1)A)
= sin(2kA) + sin(2k + 2)A − sin(2kA)
= sin(2k + 2)A
Therefore if P(k) is true, then P(k + 1) is true for every natural number k.
It follows from the principle of mathematical induction that P(n) is true for every
natural number n.

17 a Using the product to sum identity:

2 sin A sin(kA) = cos(1 − k)A − cos(k + 1)A
That is
2 sin A sin(kA) = cos(k − 1)A − cos(k + 1)A

204
 We first observe that an equivalent identity is
sin A sin A + sin A sin 3A + sin A sin 5A + · · · + sin A sin((2n − 1)A) = sin2 (nA)

b LHS = sin A sin A + sin A sin 3A + sin A sin 5A + · · · + sin A sin((2n − 1)A)
1
= (1 − cos 2A + cos 2A − cos 4A + cos 4A − cos 6A + · · · cos(2n − 2)A − cos(2nA))
2
1
= (1 − cos(2nA))
2
1
= (1 − (1 − 2 sin2 nA))
2
= sin2 nA
= RHS

c For each natural number n let P(n) be the proposition.

sin A + sin 3A + sin 5A + · · · + sin((2n − 1)A) = sin2 (nA)cosec A
Step 1 First consider P(1).
sin A = sin2 Acosec A
Therefore P(1) is true.
Step 2 Let k be any natural number, and assume P(k) is true.
That is,
sin A + sin 3A + sin 5A + · · · + sin((2k − 1)A) = sin2 (kA)cosec A
Step 3 We now have to prove P(k + 1) is true.
That is,
sin A + sin 3A + sin 5A + · · · + sin((2k − 1)A) + sin((2k + 1)A) = sin2 ((k + 1)A)cosec A
LHS = sin A + sin 3A + sin 5A + · · · + sin((2k − 1)A) + sin((2k + 1)A)
= sin2 (kA)cosec A + sin((2k + 1)A)
= (sin2 (kA) + sin((2k + 1)A) sin A)cosec A
1
= (sin2 (kA) + (cos(2kA) − cos(2k + 2))cosec A
2
1
= (sin2 (kA) + (1 − 2 sin2 (kA) − (1 − 2 sin2 ((k + 1)A)))cosec A
2
= sin ((k + 1)A))cosec A = RHS
2

Therefore if P(k) is true, then P(k + 1) is true for every natural number k.
It follows from the principle of mathematical induction that P(n) is true for every
natural number n.

18 a Use of the identity to show:

2 sin A cos(2kA) = sin((2k + 1)A) − sin(2(2k − 1)A)

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b We use this repeatedly.
LHS = sin A cos(2A) + sin A cos(4A) + · · · + sin A cos(2nA)
1
= (sin(3A) − sin(A) + sin(5A) − sin(3A) + · · · + sin((2k + 1)A) − sin((2k − 1)A)
2
1
= (− sin(A) + sin((2k + 1)A))
2
= sin((kA) cos((k + 1)A)
sin((kA) cos((k + 1)A)
∴ cos(2A) + cos(4A) + · · · + cos(2nA) =
sin A
c For each natural number n let P(n) be the proposition.
sin(nA) cos((n + 1)A)
cos(2A) + cos(4A) + · · · + cos(2nA) =
sin A
Step 1 First consider P(1).
sin A cos(2A)
cos(2A) =
sin A
Therefore P(1) is true.
Step 2 Let k be any natural number, and assume P(k) is true.
That is,
sin(kA) cos((k + 1)A)
cos(2A) + cos(4A) + · · · + cos(2kA) =
sin A
Step 3 We now have to prove P(k + 1) is true.
That is,
sin((k + 1)A) cos((k + 2)A)
cos(2A) + cos(4A) + · · · + cos(2kA) + cos((2k + 2)A) =
sin A
LHS = cos(2A) + cos(4A) + · · · + cos(2kA) + cos((2k + 2)A)
sin(kA) cos((k + 1)A)
= + cos((2k + 2)A
sin A
sin(kA) cos((k + 1)A) + sin A cos((2k + 2)A
=
sin A
1
(sin((2n + 1))A − sin A + sin((2n + 3)A) − sin((2n + 1)A))
= 2
sin(A)
1
(− sin A + sin((2n + 3)A))
= 2
sin(A)
sin((n + 1))A cos((n + 2)A)
=
sin(A)
= RHS
Therefore if P(k) is true, then P(k + 1) is true for every natural number k.
It follows from the principle of mathematical induction that P(n) is true for every
natural number n.

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19 For each natural number n let P(n) be the proposition.
n
X cos A − cos((2n + 1)A)
sin(2rA) =
r=1
2 sin(A)
Step 1 First consider P(1).
cos A − cos(3A) −2 sin 2A sin(−A) 2 sin 2A sin(A)
sin(2A) = = =
2 sin A 2 sin A 2 sin A
Therefore P(1) is true.
Step 2 Let k be any natural number, and assume P(k) is true.
That is,
k
X cos A − cos((2k + 1)A)
sin(2rA) =
r=1
2 sin(A)
Step 3 We now have to prove P(k + 1) is true.
That is,
k+1
X cos A − cos((2k + 3)A)
sin(2rA) =
r=1
2 sin(A)
k+1
X
LHS = sin(2rA)
r=1
k
X
= sin(2rA) + sin((2k + 2)A)
r=1
cos A − cos((2k + 1)A)
= + sin((2k + 2)A)
2 sin(A)
cos A − cos((2k + 1)A) + 2 sin((2k + 2)A sin(A)
=
2 sin(A)
cos A − cos((2k + 1)A) + cos((2k + 1)A) − cos((2k + 3)A)
=
2 sin(A)
cos A − cos((2k + 3)A)
=
2 sin(A)
= RHS
Therefore if P(k) is true, then P(k + 1) is true for every natural number k.
It follows from the principle of mathematical induction that P(n) is true for every
natural number n.

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