16-Jan-24

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
(MED) – U.E.T. TAXILA
DR. M. MANSOOR ASHRAF
02
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OHM’S LAW
Ohm’s Law states that the voltage across a resistor is
directly proportional to the current flowing through the
resistor.
Mathematically;

Where ‘R’ is known as resistance of element (Resistor).

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RESISTANCE
Materials in general have a characteristic behavior of
resisting the flow of electric charge.
This physical property, or ability to resist current, is
known as resistance.
The Resistance of an element denotes its ability to resist
the flow of electric current, measured in ohms (Ω).
Mathematically;

RESISTANCE
The resistance of any material depends on cross-
sectional area A and length l.
Mathematically;

Where ρ is resistivity of material, measured in Ωm.

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RESISTOR
The circuit element used to model the current-resisting
behavior of a material, is known as Resistor.
Resistor is passive element.
There are two major types of resistors: fixed resistor
and variable resistor.

FIXED RESISTOR
Fixed Resistor is that which exhibits the constant value of
resistance.
There are two common types
of fixed resistors: wire wound
and composition.
The wire wound resistors are
used for large values of
resistance.

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VARIABLE RESISTOR
Variable Resistor is that which exhibits adjustable value
of resistance.
The variable resistor is also known as Potentiometer.

LINEAR RESISTOR
A resistor that obeys Ohm’s law is known as Linear
Resistor.
Its has a constant resistance and thus its current-voltage
characteristic (i-v graph) is straight line passing through
origin.

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NON-LINEAR RESISTOR
A resistor that does not obey Ohm’s law is known as
Non-Linear Resistor.
Its resistance varies with current its current-voltage
characteristic (i-v graph) is not straight line.

CONDUCTANCE
Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct
electric current; measured in mhos (Ʊ) or siemens (S).

Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance and is a

useful quantity in electric circuit analysis.

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POWER DISSIPATION IN RESISTOR

The power dissipated by a resistor may be expressed in
terms of resistance as well as conductance.

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PROBLEMS
An electric iron draws 2 A at 120 V. Find Resistance?
(60 Ω)
In circuit, calculate current, conductance and power?

(6 mA, 0.2 mS, 180 mW)

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BRANCH
A Branch represents a single element such as a voltage
source, current source or a resistor.
In other words, a branch represents any two-terminal
element.

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NODE
A Node is the point of connection between two or more
branches.
If a short circuit connects two nodes, the two nodes
constitute a single node.

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LOOP
A Loop is any closed path in a circuit.
A loop is a closed path formed by starting at a node,
passing through a set of nodes, and returning to the
starting node without passing through any node more
than once.
A loop is said to be independent if it contains at least
one branch which is not a part of any other loop.

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LOOP
The loop abca with 2 Ω resistor and loop abca with 3 Ω
resistor are examples of independent loops.
A network with b branches, n nodes and l independent
loops will satisfy the fundamental theorem of network
topology.

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PROBLEMS
Determine number of branches and nodes in circuits?
Also identify which elements are connected in series and
parallel?

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KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL)

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) states that the algebraic
sum of currents entering a node is zero.
Mathematically;

The KCL is based on the law of conservation of charge,

which requires that the algebraic sum of charges within
a system cannot change.
To prove KCL, assume set of currents into a node.

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KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL)

Integrating both sides;

By this law, currents entering a node may be regarded

as positive, while currents leaving the node may be
taken as negative or vice versa.

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KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) states that the algebraic
sum of all voltages around a closed path (loop) is zero.
Mathematically;

KVL is based on the law of conservation of energy.

KVL can be applied by taking clockwise or counter-
clockwise trip around the loop.

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KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)

The sign on each voltage is the polarity of the terminal
encountered first as we travel around the loop.

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PROBLEMS
Find the voltages v1 and v2?
(8 V, 12 V)

Find the current io and voltage vo?

(6 A, 24 V)

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PROBLEMS
Find currents and voltages in the circuit?

(3 A, 2 A, 1 A, 24 V, 6 V, 6 V)

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SERIES RESISTORS AND VOLTAGE DIVISION

Voltages across each resistor;

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PARALLEL RESISTORS AND CURRENT DIVISION

Current through each resistor;

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PROBLEMS
Find equivalent resistance?
(14.4 Ω)

(6 Ω)

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PROBLEMS
Find voltages and
currents?
(4 V, 4/3 A)

(5 V, 10 V,
416.7 mA, 250 mA)

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REFERENCES
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits (4th Edition)
Charles K. Alexander, Matthew N. O. Sadiku

Chapter 02 – Basic Laws (2.1 – 2.6)

Exercise Problems: 2.1 – 2.47
Do exercise problem yourself.

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