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Lecture 3-cell cycle

The cell cycle is a sequence of events in which cells duplicate their contents and divide to produce two identical daughter cells, essential for eukaryotic reproduction. It consists of three main stages: Interphase (including G1, S, and G2 phases), Mitosis, and Cytokinesis, with Interphase being the longest phase where cellular growth and DNA synthesis occur. Mitosis involves five phases (prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase) that ensure equal distribution of genetic material to daughter cells, followed by cytokinesis which completes the cell division process.

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2 views

Lecture 3-cell cycle

The cell cycle is a sequence of events in which cells duplicate their contents and divide to produce two identical daughter cells, essential for eukaryotic reproduction. It consists of three main stages: Interphase (including G1, S, and G2 phases), Mitosis, and Cytokinesis, with Interphase being the longest phase where cellular growth and DNA synthesis occur. Mitosis involves five phases (prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase) that ensure equal distribution of genetic material to daughter cells, followed by cytokinesis which completes the cell division process.

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momo ti
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CELL CYCLE

Overview
• When organisms require additional cells,
either for growth or to replace those
normally lost, cell division happens.

• Cells are generated by the division of


existing cells in an orderly sequence of
events.

• They duplicate (double) their contents and then divide to produce two
identical (same) daughter cells.

• This sequence of duplication is known as cell cycle and essential for


eukaryotic reproduction.

• Cell display remarkable variation in their proliferative capacity, depending


on the cell type and the age of the individual.

• Example, neonatally (new-born) derived fibroblasts can complete close to


fifty rounds of division, but fibroblasts isolated from adults can complete
only approximately half as many cell cycles.
Stages of Cell Cycle
• Cell cycle can be broadly divided into three
distinct stages: Interphase, Mitosis and
Cytokinesis.
• Interphase is the period between successive
rounds of nuclear division and is
distinguished by cellular growth and
synthesis of DNA.
• Further subdivided into three phases: G1
phase, S phase and G2 phase.
• Division of genetic information occurs
during mitosis.

• Phases of mitosis are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and


telophase.

• Mitotic stages ensures that each daughter cell will have identical complete
functional copies of the parent cell’s genetic material.

• Third stage cytoplasmic division or cytokinesis culminates(finishes) with


separation into two distinct daughter cells that enter interphase.
Interphase
• All cells spend the vast majority of
their lives in interphase.

• Interphase is an eventful and


important part of the cell cycle and
comprises of G1, S and G2 phases.

• Cellular growth and DNA synthesis


occur during interphase.

• It results in a duplication of cellular


materials so that there are sufficient
materials for two complete new
daughter cells.
G1 and G0 Phases
• The gap that follows mitosis and the next round of
DNA synthesis (replication)- G1 phase.
• G1 is generally both a growth phase and a
preparation time for DNA synthesis of S phase.
• RNA and protein synthesis also take place during
G1 phase.
• Organelles and intracellular structures are
duplicated and the cell grows during this phase.
• Length of G1 phase is the most variable among cell
types.
• Very rapidly dividing cells, such as growing
embryonic cells, spend very little time in G1 phase.
• Mature cells that are no longer actively cycling are
permanently in G1 phase.
• Cells in G1 no longer committed to DNA synthesis
are in a specialized resting state called G0 phase.
Some quiescent cells in G0 may re-enter active phases
upon proper stimulation
• Restriction point is located within G1 phase and if
passed will commit a cell to continuing into DNA
synthesis within S phase.
S Phase
• Synthesis of nuclear DNA also known as
DNA replication occurs during S phase.

• Each of the 46 chromosomes in a human


cell is copied to form a sister chromatid.

• Unwinding of the chromatin structure by


DNA helicase exposes the binding sites for
DNA polymerase that will catalyze
synthesis of new DNA.

• Upon completion of DNA synthesis,


chromosome strands are condensed into
tightly coiled heterochromatin.

• Time for completion of this process is


relatively constant among cell types- 6
hours.
G2 Phase
• It is the gap between the completion of S
phase and the start of mitosis known as
G2.

• It is a time of preparation for the nuclear


division of mitosis.

• This gap allows the cell to ensure that DNA


synthesis is complete before proceeding
to nuclear division in mitosis.

• G2 also has a checkpoint where


intracellular regulation molecules assess
nuclear integrity.

• Typically this phase lasts for


approximately 4 hours.
Mitosis
• Mitosis or nuclear division is a continuous process and can be divided
into five phases.
• Phases are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and
telophase.
• Dividing cells spend about 1 hour in mitosis.
• After completion of nuclear division, cytokinesis occurs.

1 HOUR
Prophase
• Chromatin in the nucleus begins to condense and becomes visible in
the light microscope as chromosomes.

• The nucleolus disappears and nuclear envelope is not apparent.

• Centrioles begin moving to opposite ends of the cell and fibers extend
from the centromeres.

• Some fibers cross the cell to form the mitotic spindle.


Prometaphase
• The nuclear membrane dissolves, marking the beginning of
prometaphase.

• Proteins attach to the centromeres creating the kinetochores.

• Microtubules attach at the kinetochores and the chromosomes begin


moving.
Metaphase
• Spindle fibers line the chromosomes along the middle of the cell
nucleus. This line is referred to as the metaphase plate (half way
between the two poles)

• Kinetochore microtubules extend from the pole to the kinetochores.


It is the phase needed in karyotyping analysis

• This organization helps to ensure that in the next phase, when the
chromosomes are separated, each new nucleus will receive one copy
of each chromosome.
Anaphase
• The mitotic poles are pushed further apart.

• The paired chromosomes separate at the kinetochores and move to


opposite sides of the cell.

• The chromosomes are pulled by the kinetochore microtubules to the


poles and form a "V" shape. Sister chromatids move to opposite pole.

• Motion results from a combination of kinetochore movement along


the mitotic spindle.
Telophase
• Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of cell, and new membranes
form around the daughter nuclei.

• Kinetochore microtubule disassemble and spindle fibers disperse.

• The chromosomes disperse and are no longer visible under the light
microscope.

• Cytokinesis will start.


Cytokinesis-Completion of Cell Cycle
• To create two distinct separate
daughter cells, cytoplasmic division
follows nuclear division.

• Microfilament forms contractile ring


around the outside of the cell which
creates cleavage furrow (groove)that is
seen in the beginning of anaphase.

• Furrow deepens until opposing edges


meet.

• Plasma membrane fuse on each side of


deep cleavage furrow resulting in
formation of 2 separate daughter cells,
each identical to the other.

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