Experiment No 7 AIM:- Analyse the given inorganic salt for one cation and one anion.

Experiment Observations Inference

1. Physical Examination
(a) Colour White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+ may be
(b) Smell Ammonical smell absent
NH4+ may be present
2. Flame test:- Prepared a paste of the salt with No. characteristic colour Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+ may be
conc. HCl & performed flame test of flame absent
3. Dil. Sulphuric test:-
Salt + dil. H2SO4, warm No. gas evolved CO32-, S2-, SO32- and NO2- may be absent
4. Conc. Sulphuric test:- Colourless gas with
Salt + conc. H2SO4, warm pungent smell evolved Cl- may be present
5. Confirmatory test for Cl-:-
(a) Silver nitrate test:- White ppt soluble in
Salt solution + AgNO3 solution ammonium hydroxide Cl- confirmed
(b) Chromyl chloride test:-
(i) Salt + solid K2Cr2O7 + conc. H2SO4, heat Red vapours evolved
(ii) Pass the red vapours into NaOH solution Yellow solution
(iii) The yellow solution + dil. CH3COOH + Yellow ppt Cl- confirmed
lead acetate solution
Reactions :- (i) AgNO3 (aq) + NH4Cl (aq) → AgCl(s) + NH4NO3 (aq)

6. Test for ammonium ion:-

Salt + NaOH solution, heat Ammonical smell NH4+ may be present
7. Confirmatory test for NH4+
(a) Bring rod dipped in dil. HCl near the White fumes NH4+ confirmed
mouth of the above test tube

(b) Pass above gas to Nessler’s reagent Brown ppt NH4+ confirmed
Reactions:- (i) NH4Cl + NaOH → NH3 + NaCl + H2O (ii) NH3 + HCl + NH4Cl
2K2HgI4 + NH3 + 3KOH  HgO.Hg(NH2 )I (Brown precipitate) + 7KI + 2H2O
Result:- The given inorganic salt contains:- Cation- NH4+and anion Cl-

Experiment No 8 AIM:- Analyse the given inorganic salt for one cation and one anion.

Experiment Observations Inference

1. Physical Examination
(a) Colour White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+,
Ni2+ may be absent
(b) Smell Vinegar like CH3COO- may be present
2. Flame test:- Prepared a paste of the salt with Dull bluish white flame Pb2+ present
conc. HCl & performed flame test
3. Dil. Sulphuric test:- No. gas evolved CO32-, S2-, SO32- and NO2- may
Salt + dil. H2SO4, warm be absent
4. Conc. Sulphuric test:- Colourless vapours with CH3COO- may be present
Salt + conc. H2SO4, warm Vinegar like smell evolved
5. Confirmatory test for CH3COO-:-
(a) Oxalic acid test:-
Make a paste of salt and solid oxalic acid with Vinegar like smell CH3COO- confirmed
water, rub and smell it
(b) Salt solution + neutral FeCl3 Solution Deep red colour CH3COO- confirmed
(i) CH3COOPb + H2C2O4  CH3COOH (Vinegar smell ) + Pb2C2O4
(ii) CH3COOH + C2H5OH  CH3COOC2H5 (Fruity odour) + H2O
6. Test for ammonium ion:-
Salt + NaOH solution, heat No Ammonical smell NH4+ may be absent
7. Salt solution + dil. HCl White ppt Pb2+ may be present
2+
8. Confirmatory test for Pb :-
 Dissolve the white ppt in hot water & divide the
solution into two parts
(a) First part + KI solution Yellow ppt Pb2+ confirmed
(b) Second part + K2CrO4 solution Yellow ppt Pb2+ confirmed
(i) Pb(CH3 COO)2 + 2KI  PbI2 (Yellow precipitate) + 2 CH3 COOK
(ii) Pb(CH3 COO)2 + K2CrO4  PbCrO4(Yellow precipitate) + 2KCl
Result:- The given inorganic salt contains:- Cation- Pb2+and anion CH3COO- . Hence Salt is (CH3COO)2Pb

Experiment No 9 AIM:- Analyse the given inorganic salt for one cation and one anion.

Experiment Observations Inference

1. Physical Examination
(a) Colour White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+ may be
(b) Smell Ammonical smell absent
NH4+ may be present
2. Flame test:- Prepared a paste of the No. characteristic colour Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+ may be
salt with conc. HCl & performed of flame absent
flame test
3. Dil. Sulphuric test:- CO32-, S2-, SO32- and NO2- may be absent
Salt + dil. H2SO4, warm No. gas evolved
4. Conc. Sulphuric test:-
Salt + conc. H2SO4, warm No. gas evolved Cl- , Br- , I- , NO3- & CH3COO- are absent
1. Confirmatory Test for
Sulphate A white ppt. obtained SO42-- confirmed
[1] Barium chloride test :-To which was insoluble in dil.
the salt solution barium HCl.
chloride solution was added. A white ppt. was obtained,
[2] To the salt solution lead which was soluble in SO42-- confirmed
excess of hot ammonium
acetate solution was added.
acetate solution.
Reactions :- (i) SO42-- + BaCl2 -- BaSO4 (White precipitate)+ 2Cl-
(ii) SO42-- + (CH3COO)2Pb  PbSO4 (White precipitate) + 2CH3COO-
5. Test for ammonium ion:-
Salt + NaOH solution, heat Ammonical smell NH4+ may be present
6. Confirmatory test for NH4+
(a) Bring rod dipped in dil. HCl near White fumes NH4+ confirmed
the mouth of the above test tube

(b) Pass above gas to Nessler’s Brown ppt NH4+ confirmed

reagent
Reactions:- (i) NH4Cl + NaOH → NH3 + NaCl + H2O (ii) NH3 + HCl + NH4Cl
2K2HgI4 + NH3 + 3KOH  HgO.Hg(NH2 )I (Brown precipitate) + 7KI + 2H2O
Result:- The given inorganic salt contains:- Cation- NH4+and anion SO42-

Experiment No 10 AIM:- Analyse the given inorganic salt for one cation and one anion.
Experiment Observations Inference
1. Physical Examination Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+ may be
(a)Colour White absent
(b)Smell No. characteristic smell NH4+, CH3COO- & S2- may be absent
2. Flame test:- Prepared a paste of the salt Grassy green flame Ba2+present
with conc. HCl & performed flame test
3. Dil. Sulphuric test:- CO32-, S2-, SO32- and NO2- may be
Salt + dil. H2SO4, warm No. gas evolved absent
4. Conc. Sulphuric test:- Reddish brown gas NO3- may be present
Salt + conc. H2SO4, warm evolved which turns
FeSO4 solution black
5. Confirmatory test for NO3-:-
(a) Copper chips test:-salt + conc. H2SO4 + Reddish brown gas
copper chips and heat evolved NO3- confirmed
(b) Ring test:- salt solution + freshly A dark brown ring formed
 prepared FeSO4 solution. Add conc. at the junction of the two NO3- confirmed
H2SO4 along with the sides of the test liquids
tubes
Reactions (i) 2Ba(NO3 )2+ 4H2SO4 + 3Cu  3 CuSO4 + BaSO4 + 4H2O + 2NO 2NO+ O2  2NO2 (Brown fumes)
(ii) Brown Ring Test
Ba(NO3)2+ H2SO4  BaSO4 + HNO3 6 FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 2HNO3  3Fe2 (SO4)3 + 4H2O + 2NO
FeSO4 + NO + 5 H2O  [Fe(H2O)5(NO)]SO4 (Brown Ring)
6. Test for ammonium ion:-
Salt + NaOH solution, heat No Ammonical smell NH4+ may be absent
7. Salt solution + dil. HCl No. White ppt Pb2+ may be absent
8. Pass H2S gas in above solution No ppt II group absent
9. Aq. Solution of salt + solid NH4Cl & boil, cool No ppt III group absent
& add excess of NH4OH
10. Pass H2S gas through the above solution No ppt IV group absent
11. Aq. Solution of salt + solid NH4Cl & boil, cool White ppt V group (Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+) may be
& add excess of NH4OH , add (NH4)2CO3 sol. present
12. Confirmatory test for Ba2+:-
(i) Dissolve the ppt in hot dil acetic
acid and add potassium Yellow ppt Ba2+ confirmed
chromate solution
(ii) Flame Test Apple Green Flame Ba2+ confirmed
REACTIONS 1. Ba + (NH4)2CO3 → BaCO3 (White ppt)+ 2NH4
2+ +

2. Ba2+ + K2CrO4 → BaCrO4 + 2K+

Result:- The given inorganic salt contains:- Cation- Ba2+and anion NO3-

Experiment No 11 AIM:- Analyse the given inorganic salt for one cation and one anion.
Experiment Observations Inference
1. Physical Examination
(a) Colour White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+ may be
absent
(b) Smell Ammonical and vinegar NH4+ & CH3COO- may be present
like smell
2. Flame test:- Prepared a paste of the No. characteristic colour Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+ may be
salt with conc. HCl & performed of flame absent
flame test
3. Dil. Sulphuric test:- CO32-, S2-, SO32- and NO2- may be absent
Salt + dil. H2SO4, warm No. gas evolved
4. Conc. Sulphuric test:- Vinegar type smell CH3COO- may be present
Salt + conc. H2SO4, warm
5. Confirmatory test for CH3COO- :-
(a) Salt + C2H5 OH + conc. H2SO4+ heat Fruity smell CH3COO¯ confirmed
Blood red colour CH3COO¯ confirmed
(b) Salt Solution + neutral FeCl3
REACTIONS
1. CH3COO- + H2SO4  CH3COOH + HSO4-
2. CH3COOH + C2H5OH + H2SO4  CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
3. 3CH3COO- + FeCl3  (CH3COO)3Fe (blood red colour) + 3Cl-
6. Test for ammonium ion:-
Salt + NaOH solution, heat Ammonical smell NH4+ may be present
7. Confirmatory test for NH4+
(a) Bring rod dipped in dil. HCl near White fumes NH4+ confirmed
the mouth of the above test tube

(b) Pass above gas to Nessler’s Brown ppt NH4+ confirmed

reagent
Reactions:- (i) NH4Cl + NaOH → NH3 + NaCl + H2O (ii) NH3 + HCl + NH4Cl
2K2HgI4 + NH3 + 3KOH  HgO.Hg(NH2 )I (Brown precipitate) + 7KI + 2H2O
Result:- The given inorganic salt contains:- Cation- NH4+and anion CH3COO¯ Hence salt is CH3COONH4
Experiment No 12 AIM:- Analyse the given inorganic salt for one cation and one anion.

Experiment Observations Inference

1. Physical Examination
(a)Colour White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+ may be
absent
(b)Smell No. characteristic smell NH4+, CH3COO- & S2- may be absent
2. Flame test:- Prepared a paste of the No. characteristic colour Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+ may be
salt with conc. HCl & performed of flame absent
flame test
3. Dil. Sulphuric test:- CO32-, S2-, SO32- and NO2- may be absent
Salt + dil. H2SO4, warm No. gas evolved
4. Conc. Sulphuric test:-
Salt + conc. H2SO4, warm Brown Gas evolved Conc. H2So4 Group present maybe NO3-
Confirmatory test for NO3-
(i) Original solution + Diphenylamine Blue Solution NO3- confirmed
(ii) Ring Test: Salt solution + freshly Brown ring is formed at the NO3- confirmed
prepared FeSO4 solution add juncture of two liquid
Conc H2SO4 along the wall of test
tube
REACTIONS
(i) NO3 - + H2SO4  NO2 (brown fumes) + SO4 2- + H2O
(ii) .Ring Test: NO3 + 4H + 3Fe  3Fe + NO + 2 H2O
- + 2+ 3+

Fe2+ + 5H2O + NO  [Fe(H2O)5NO]2+ brown ring

5. Test for ammonium ion:-
Salt + NaOH solution, heat No Ammonical smell NH4+ absent
6. O.S + dil. HCl White ppt formed Ist group present (Pb2+ may be present)
7. Confirmatory test for Pb2+ :
(i) O.S + Potassium Iodide (KI) Yellow ppt Pb2+ is confirmed
(ii) O.S. + Potassium A yellow ppt obtained Pb2+ is confirmed
Chromate. which is soluble in NaOH
and insoluble in
ammonium acetate
Reactions:-
1. Pb2+ + HCl → PbCl2 Lead Chloride (White ppt)+ 2H+
2. Pb2+ + 2KI → PbI2 Lead Iodide(Yellow precipitate) + 2K+
3. Pb2+ + K2CrO4 → PbCrO4 Lead chromate(Yellow precipitate)+ 2K+
Result:- The given inorganic salt contains:- Cation- Pb2+and anion No3¯ Hence salt is Pb(NO3)2

Experiment No 13 AIM:- Analyse the given inorganic salt for one cation and one anion.

Experiment Observations Inference

2. Physical Examination
(a)Colour White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+ may be
absent
(b)Smell No. characteristic smell NH4+, CH3COO- & S2- may be absent
3. Flame test:- Prepared a paste of the salt No. characteristic colour Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+ may be
with conc. HCl & performed flame test of flame absent
4. Dil. Sulphuric test:-
Salt + dil. H2SO4, warm No. gas evolved CO32-, S2-, SO32- and NO2- are absent
5. Conc. Sulphuric test:-
Salt + conc. H2SO4, warm No. gas evolved Cl- , Br- , I- , NO3- & CH3COO- are absent
6. Confirmatory Test for Sulphate
[1] Barium chloride test :-To the salt A white ppt. obtained SO42-- confirmed
solution barium chloride solution which was insoluble in
was added. dil. HCl.
[2] To the salt solution lead acetate A white ppt. was
solution was added. obtained, which was SO42-- confirmed
soluble in excess of hot
ammonium acetate
solution.
Reactions :- (i) SO42-- + BaCl2 -- BaSO4 (White precipitate)+ 2Cl-
(ii) SO42-- + (CH3COO)2Pb  PbSO4 (White precipitate) + 2CH3COO-
 7. Test for ammonium ion:-
Salt + NaOH solution, heat No Ammonical smell NH4+
8. O.S.+ dil. HCl No White ppt I group absent
9. Pass H2S gas in the above sol. No ppt II group absent
10. O.S. + conc. HNO3 & Heat then cool + White gelatinous ppt III group present may be Al3+
solid NH4Cl + NH4OH (excess)
11. Confirmatory Test :
Dissolve the ppt with NaOH solution
and divide into two part
(i) Part 1 + NH4Cl White gelatinous ppt Al3+ confirmed
(ii) Lake Test: Part 2 acidify in dil HCl Blue ppt floating in the
add two drops of blue litmus to it colorless solution Al3+ confirmed
then drop wise NH4OH is added to it.
Reactions:- (i) Al(OH)3 + 3HCl  AlCl3 (White ppt.) + 3 H2O
(ii) Al3+ + 3 NH4OH + 3HCl  Al(OH)3 (Blue colour adsorbed on ppt.) + 3 NH4Cl + 3 H+

Result:- The given inorganic salt contains:- Cation- Al3+and anion SO42—Hence salt is Al2(SO4)3

Experiment No 14 AIM:- Analyse the given inorganic salt for one cation and one anion.

Experiment Observations Inference

1. Physical Examination
(a)Colour White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+ may be
absent
(b)Smell No. characteristic smell NH4+, CH3COO- & S2- may be absent
2. Flame test:- Prepared a paste of the salt No. characteristic colour Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+ may be
with conc. HCl & performed flame test of flame absent
3. Dil. Sulphuric test:- Colourless gas evolve Dilute H2SO4 group present
Salt + dil. H2SO4, warm with brisk effervescence may be CO3 2--
Confirmatory test for CO3 2-
(i) Pass the gas through lime water. Gas turns the lime water CO3 2- confirmed.
milky.
(ii) Salt solution + MgSO4 White ppt. soluble in CO3 2- confirmed.
acid
(iii) Salt solution + BaCl2 White ppt. soluble in CO3 2- confirmed.
acid
Reactions :- (i) ZnCO3 + dil. H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2O + CO2 (ii) CO2 + Ca(OH)2  CaCO3( milky)+ H2O
(iii) ZnCO3 + MgSO4  MgCO3 (White ppt)+ ZnSO4 (iv) ZnCO3 + BaCl 2  ZnCl2 + BaCO3 (White ppt)
4. Test for ammonium ion:-
Salt + NaOH solution, heat No Ammonical smell NH4+
5. O.S.+ dil. HCl No White ppt I group absent
6. Pass H2S gas in the above sol. No ppt II group absent
7. O.S. + conc. HNO3 & Heat then cool + No ppt III group absent
solid NH4Cl + NH4OH (excess)
8. O.S. + solid NH4Cl + NH4OH +H2S White ppt IV group Zn2+may be present
9. Confirmatory Test for Zn2+:-
Dissolve the ppt in Dil. HCl and boil & divide the
solution in two parts-
(a) I part + NaOH dropwise White ppt soluble in Zn2+ confirmed
excess of NaOH
(b) II part + potassium ferrocyanide sol. Bluish white ppt Zn2+ confirmed
Reactions:- 1.ZnS + 2 HCl → ZnCl2 + H2S  2.ZnCl2 + 2 NaOH → Zn(OH)2 White ppt + 2 NaCl
3. Zn(OH)2 + 2 NaOH → Na2[Zn(OH)4] soluble complex
4. 2 ZnCl2 + K4[Fe(CN)6] → Zn2[Fe(CN)6] bluish white ppt + 4KCl
Result:- The given inorganic salt contains:- Cation- Zn2+and anion CO32—Hence salt is ZnCO3