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Other documents randomly have
different content
BLACK WILLOW
Black Willow
 BLACK WILLOW
(Salix Nigra)

he willows and the cottonwoods belong to the same family of

T trees, Salicaceæ, and the family is fairly numerous, and it has

some well-defined traits of character. The quinine-bitter of the
bark is ever present, but more marked in willows than in
cottonwoods. Though quite unpleasant to the taste, it is
harmless. The leaves never grow in pairs, and in most instances they
fall early in autumn, and some without changing color. Male and
female flowers are borne on different trees, and fertilizing is done by
insects, often by honey bees and bumblebees. Fruit ripens in late
spring, and the seeds are equipped for flight by being provided with
exceedingly fine silky hairs. The wind carries them long distances.
The trees generally grow in the immediate vicinity of streams or in
situations where the soil is damp, but there are exceptions.
The willow family consists of two genera, one the cottonwoods or
poplars, the other the willows proper. There are about seventy-five
species of willow in America, twenty of them trees. Some, however,
are quite small and only occasionally attain sizes which place them in
the tree class. The willows are old residents of this continent. They
grew in the central portion of what is now the United States in the
Cretaceous age, as is proved by their leaf prints in the rocks. They
have held their ground ever since, and there is no likelihood that
they are about to give it up. Few species are better fitted for holding
what they have. A few trees are capable of seeding a large region in
a few years, and if soil and situation are suitable, reproduction will
be abundant. The willows’ tenacity of life is often remarkable. It
sometimes seems next to impossible to kill them by cutting off their
tops. There are said to be instances in Europe where willows have
been pollarded successively during hundreds of years, the crops of
sprouts being used for wickerwork and other purposes. No such
records exist in this country, but the willow’s sprouting habit is well
known. A shoot stuck in the ground will grow, and a fence post will
sprout. Many willows develop large stools, or roots, and repeatedly
send up numerous sprouts, and it makes little difference how often
they are cut, others will come up.
Comparatively few willows that start in life ever become trees. They
are suppressed by crowding, or meet misfortunes of one kind or
another which keep them small, but occasionally a tree of good size
results. Willow trees are usually not old. Probably few reach an age
exceeding 150 years. Large trunks, in old age, are apt to be hollow
or otherwise defective, though a willow tree will live many years
after much of its trunk has disappeared. A little green bark on the
side, and sprouts from the stump will maintain life long after all
usefulness has ceased.
Young willows are usually pliant and tough, old are stiff and brash.
They range from sea level up to 10,000 feet or more; grow profusely
in the wet lands about the gulf of Mexico, and likewise on the bleak
coasts of the Arctic ocean. Commander Peary found willows
blooming in considerable profusion on the extreme northern shore of
Greenland, where they produce enough growth during the few
weeks of summer sunshine to afford the muskox the means of eking
out a living during his sojourn in those inhospitable regions.
The identification of willows is one of the most difficult tasks that fall
to the botanists. Black willow is unquestionably the most important
willow in this country from the lumberman’s standpoint. It is the
common tree willow that attains size suitable for sawlogs. If a forest
grown willow of large size is encountered east of the Rocky
Mountains in the United States, it is pretty safe to class it as black
willow. There are some others which grow large, but not many.
Planted willows, both large and small, may be foreign species, and
white willows, which are not native in this country, but have been
widely planted, and are running wild, may be occasionally found of
ample size for saw timber.
Black willow’s range extends from New Brunswick to Florida, west to
the Dakotas, and south to Texas, thence passing into Mexico, New
Mexico, Arizona, and California. It attains its best size in the Ohio
and Mississippi valleys, though large trees are found in other parts of
its range. It is difficult to say what its average size is, for some black
willows are only a few feet high and an inch or two in diameter. The
largest trees exceed 100 feet in height and three in diameter. An
extreme size of seven feet in diameter has been reported. It is not
unusual to see willow logs three feet in diameter in mill yards in
Louisiana, Mississippi, and Arkansas, and logs four feet in diameter
are not so unusual as to excite much comment. The average sizes,
however, of willow sawlogs in that region are from eighteen inches
to two feet.
The wood of black willow is pale reddish-brown. When freshly cut it
is sometimes purple, almost black. When sawed in lumber and
exposed to the air the dark color fades. The wood is soft but firm. It
has about fifty per cent of the strength of white oak, and forty per
cent of its stiffness. It weighs 27.77 pounds per cubic foot; and
considering its weight, it is tolerably strong and stiff.
Probably no other wood in the United States is as systematically
cheated out of its just credit as this one. Many of the oaks are
seldom given their proper names, but they are listed as oak in
sawmill output, and thus the genus, if not the species is given credit.
But willow is almost totally ignored. The United States census in
1910 credited to all the willow lumber in this country an amount less
than a million and a half feet; yet a single mill in Louisiana, and not
a large mill at that, cut and sold four times that much during that
year. The wood was cut by hundreds of other mills, some a few logs
only, others considerable quantities.
It is sold for various purposes, and much of it goes as cottonwood.
In some instances it is called brown cottonwood. Probably ninety per
cent is made into boxes, but it has many other uses. It is cut into
excelsior, made into rotary cut veneer, and finds place in the
manufacture of furniture; it is a common woodenware material;
slack coopers make barrels of it; and it is turned for baseball bats.
The supply of black willow in this country is not small. It is usually
found in wet situations along streams. Sometimes islands and low
flats are taken possession of and pure stands result. The growth is
sometimes phenomenal. Trunks may add nearly or quite an inch to
their diameter per year when conditions are exceptionally favorable.
Instances, apparently well authenticated, are reported of abandoned
fields along the Mississippi, which in sixty years grew 100,000 feet of
willow per acre.
Longstalk Willow (Salix longipes) sometimes grows to a height of thirty feet with a
diameter of six or eight inches. Its range extends from Maryland to Texas, and is
at its best in the Ozark region of southwestern Missouri and northwestern
Arkansas.
Almondleaf Willow (Salix amygdaloides) grows across northern United States and
southern Canada from New York to Oregon, and occurs as far south as Missouri
and Ohio, and is abundant in the lower Ohio valley. At its best it is seventy feet
high and two feet in diameter. The wood is light, soft, and the heartwood is
brown.
Smoothleaf Willow (Salix lævigata) attains a diameter of one foot and a height of
forty or fifty. It is a Pacific coast tree, occurring in California on the western slopes
of the Sierra Nevadas up to an altitude of 3,000 feet. It is known as black willow.
The wood is pale reddish-brown.
Silverleaf Willow (Salix sessilifolia) looks like longleaf willow, and though usually a
shrub it sometimes is twenty-five feet high and ten inches in diameter. It grows
from the mouth of the Columbia river to southern California.
Yewleaf Willow (Salix taxifolia) ranges from western Texas, through southern
Arizona into Mexico and Central America. Trees are occasionally forty feet high and
more than one foot in diameter. A little fuel and fence posts are cut from this
willow.
Bebb Willow (Salix bebbiana) is nearly always shrubby, but occasionally reaches a
trunk diameter of six or eight inches and a height of twenty feet. Its northern limit
lies within the Arctic circle, its southern in Pennsylvania, Nebraska, and Arizona.
West of Hudson bay it forms almost impenetrable thickets, and in Colorado it
ascends mountains to elevations of 10,000 feet.
Glaucous Willow (Salix discolor), commonly known as silver or pussy willow,
ranges from Nova Scotia to Manitoba, and southward to Delaware, West Virginia,
Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri. It is one of the best known willows within its range,
on account of its flowers which are among the earliest of the season, and very
showy. The largest specimens are scarcely twenty-five feet high and twelve inches
in diameter.
Mackenzie Willow (Salix cordata mackenzieana) is not abundant, and is one of the
smallest of the tree willows. It is nearly always a shrub. Its range extends from
California nearly to the Arctic circle, where it occurs in gravelly soil on the borders
of mountain streams.
Missouri Willow (Salix missouriensis) is so named because it occurs principally in
Missouri, but its range extends into Kansas and Iowa. It is occasionally forty feet
high and a foot in diameter. It is used for fence posts.
Bigelow Willow (Salix lasiolepis) is generally called white willow on account of its
gray bark. It occurs in California and Arizona, and at its best it is twenty-five feet
high and ten inches in diameter. Some use is made of it as fuel, where other wood
is scarce.
Nuttall Willow (Salix nuttallii), called also mountain willow in Montana, ranges
from British America, east of the Rocky Mountains, to southern California. Its usual
height is twenty or twenty-five feet, and its diameter six or eight inches. In
southern California it grows 10,000 feet above sea level.
Hooker Willow (Salix hookeriana) occurs in the coast region from Vancouver island
to southern Oregon, and varies in height from a sprawling shrub to a height of
thirty feet and a diameter of one. Little use is made of it.
Silky Willow (Salix sitchensis), known also as Sitka willow, ranges from Alaska to
southern California. The largest specimens are twenty-five feet high and ten
inches in diameter. Trunks are largely sapwood and are of little commercial
importance.
Broadleaf Willow (Salix amplifolia), known also as feltleaf willow, was discovered in
Alaska in 1899. The leaves are woolly. The largest trees rarely exceed a height of
thirty feet and a diameter of six inches. Its range extends to the valley of the
Mackenzie river.
A number of foreign willows have become naturalized in the United States. Among
them is white willow (Salix alba), which grows to large size, probably as large as
black willow; crack willow (Salix fragilis), so named on account of the brittleness of
its twigs; and weeping willow (Salix babylonica). The botanical name is based on
the supposition that it was this willow, growing by the rivers near Babylon, on
which the captive Hebrews hung their harps. Basket willow is planted for its osiers
in several eastern states. It is not a single species, but a group of varieties
developed by cultivation.
HARDY CATALPA

Hardy Catalpa
 HARDY CATALPA
(Catalpa Speciosa)

his tree belongs to the family Bignoniaceæ which has its name

T from Abbé Bignon, librarian of Louis XV. About one hundred

genera belong to this family, only three of which reach the size
of trees in the United States. These include the catalpas, the
desert willow, and the black calabash tree.
Seven species of catalpa are known, two of them occurring in the
United States. Others are found in China and the West Indies. The
name is an Indian word and was first heard among the tribes of the
Carolinas. It seems probable that the name catalpa as applied to a
tree and catawba, applied to a grape, have the same origin, and in
some way refer to the Catawba Indians, a small tribe—said to be
Sioux—that lived two hundred years ago in the western part of the
Carolinas and neighboring regions where one of the catalpa species
was first heard of by Europeans. The tree in that region is still often
called catawba.
The two catalpas of this country are known to botanists as Catalpa
speciosa and Catalpa catalpa. Much confusion has resulted from
attempts to distinguish one from the other. Botanists are able to
clear the matter up among themselves, but the general public has
not been so successful. John P. Brown, of Connersville, Indiana,
specialized on catalpas during many years, and published numerous
tracts, pamphlets, and books for the purpose of educating the public
to the point where the differences between common catalpa and
hardy catalpa could be distinguished. His labor was likewise directed
toward inducing land owners to plant catalpa for commercial
purposes. Due to his efforts, and otherwise, catalpa was for a time
the most advertised plantation tree in this country. Some supposed
that hardy catalpa was the wood which was to save the country
from a threatened timber famine. Claims made for it were wide and
far reaching.
The judgment of history has been—if it may be classed as a matter
of history—that the tree fell short of expectation. This does not imply
an inferiority of the wood itself, or a slower rate of growth than was
claimed for it; but exceptional cases were interpreted as averages,
and for that reason the whole situation was overestimated. When all
conditions are perfect, hardy catalpa grows rapidly and grows large,
but it demands nearly perfect conditions or it will disappoint. It
wants ground rich enough and damp enough to grow good crops of
corn, and farmers are not generally willing to put that class of land
to growing fence posts and railroad ties.
The range of hardy catalpa before the species was spread by
artificial planting, was through southern Illinois and Indiana,
southeastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas, western Louisiana
and eastern Texas, and western Kentucky and Tennessee. Its
position on the fertile banks of streams, and on flood plains subject
to frequent inundation, indicates that the spread of the species was
effected by running water. In that case, the dispersal of seeds would
be down stream, implying that the starting place of the species was
along the lower reaches of the Wabash river.
The catalpa may reach a height of 100 or 120 feet and a diameter of
four feet; but few trees attain that size. The leaves are ten or twelve
inches long and seven or eight wide, and are considerably larger
than those of common catalpa. The flowers appear late in May or
early in June, and are showy. The prevailing colors are white and
purple, and the blossoms are about two inches long and two and a
half wide.
The fruit is a pod from eight to twenty inches long, and the enclosed
seeds are nearly an inch long, shaped like beans. The trees are
prolific bearers.
The tree is known by several names in different parts of its range,
including the territory where it is known only from plantings. It is
called western catalpa to distinguish it from the other species found
farther east and south. In Missouri and Iowa it is known as cigar
tree. The name Indian bean is an allusion to the large seeds.
Shawneewood is another name referring to the supposed interest of
Indians in the tree. Shawnee was the name of a tribe of Indians in
the Ohio valley in early times.
The wood weighs less than twenty-six pounds per cubic foot, and is
soft and weak. It is rated very durable in contact with the soil, and
this is one of the chief advantages claimed for it. The annual rings
are clearly marked by several bands or rows of large open ducts,
and the denser summerwood forms a narrow band. The medullary
rays are numerous and obscure. The heartwood is brown, the
sapwood lighter. In appearance, the heartwood suggests butternut,
but it is coarser, and lacks the gloss shown by polished butternut.
Quarter-sawing produces no figure, but when sawed at right angles
to the radial lines, the annual rings are cut in a way to give figure
resembling that of ash or chestnut.
The wood of this catalpa has been thoroughly tried out for a number
of purposes. Furniture and finish have been made of it with varying
success, and molding and picture frames are listed among its uses.
It is not a sawlog tree. Statistics of lumber cut seldom mention it,
though now and then a log finds its way to a mill. Efforts have been
made to pass the wood as mahogany, but with poor success. The
counterfeit is easily detected, since the artificial color which may be
imparted to catalpa is about the only resemblance to mahogany.
In the lower Mississippi valley some success, but on a very small
scale, has resulted from attempts to induce catalpa to grow in
crooks suitable for small boat knees. The young trunk, after being
hacked on one side, is bent and induced to grow the crook or knee.
Natural crooks have been utilized in the manufacture of knees for
small boats in Louisiana.
Probably ninety per cent of all the catalpa ever cut has gone into
fence posts. It is habitually crooked. A straight bole is the exception;
though in plantations trees are crowded and pruned until they grow
fairly straight, and sometimes trunks of forest grown trees of large
size are nearly faultless in their symmetry.
It was once believed in some quarters that catalpa would solve the
railroad tie problem by growing good ties quickly. It must be
admitted, however, that in spite of extensive plantings, the railroad
tie problem has not yet been solved by catalpa.
Common Catalpa (Catalpa catalpa) originated many hundred miles
outside the range of hardy catalpa, to judge by the localities in
which it was first found by white men. It is supposed to have been
indigenous in southwestern Georgia, central Alabama, and
Mississippi, and northwestern Florida. Its range has been greatly
extended by planting, and it grows in most parts of the country east
of the Rocky Mountains, as far north as New England. It has been
planted in many parts of Europe. Its leaves, flowers, fruit, and the
tree itself are smaller than hardy catalpa. The pods hang unopened
all winter. The trunks sometimes are three feet in diameter and sixty
high, but are generally small, crooked, rather angular, and poor in
appearance, but the leaves and flowers are ornamental. The wood is
durable in contact with the ground, and its largest use has been for
posts, crossties, and poles.
Desert Willow (Chilopsis linearis) does not even belong to the willow
family, notwithstanding its names, all of which are based on the
presumption that it is a willow. The shape and size of its leaves are
responsible for that misapprehension. The very narrow leaves may
be a foot long. It is called flowering willow and Texas flowering
willow. Its flowers are always emphasized when it is compared with
willow, for they are totally different from the willow’s characteristic
catkins. The flowers appear in early summer in racemes three or
four inches long, and continue open during several months in
succession. The fruit is a pod seven or nine inches long, and as
slender as a lead pencil. It is this pod which gives the plainest hint of
its relationship to the catalpas, for it is in good standing in the family
with them. The seeds resemble very small beans with wings at each
end. They are light, and the wind disperses them. The tree is a
prolific seeder.
The range of this small tree extends across western Texas, New
Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, into San Diego county, California.
The tree occurs in dry, gravelly, porous soil near the banks of
streams and in depressions in the desert. The wood is weak and
soft, the heart brown, streaked with yellow. No use has been found
for it. The tree is cultivated for ornament in Mexico and sometimes
in the southern states. The flowers look well when they are
encountered in the desert. They are white, faintly tinged with purple,
with bright yellow spots inside. They are funnel shaped and have the
odor of violets.
CUCUMBER

Cucumber
 CUCUMBER
(Magnolia Acuminata)

his tree is a member of the magnolia family which has ten

T genera in North America, two of them, magnolia and

liriodendron, being trees. The family has its name from Pierre
Magnol, a French botanist who died in 1715. The genus
magnolia has seven species in the United States, all of which
are of tree size. They are evergreen magnolia (Magnolia fœtida),
sweet magnolia (Magnolia glauca), cucumber (Magnolia acuminata),
largeleaf umbrella (Magnolia macrophylla), umbrella tree (Magnolia
tripetala), Fraser umbrella (Magnolia fraseri), and pyramidal magnolia
(Magnolia pyramidata). The remaining member of the magnolia family
is the yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). Though of the same
family it is of a different genus from the seven other magnolias.
The cucumber is the hardiest member of the magnolia family. It is
found in natural growth farther north than any other, yet it has the
appearance of a southern tree. All magnolias look like trees belonging
in the South. Their large leaves indicate as much, and some of them
do not venture far outside of the warm latitudes. It is one of the
oldest of all the families of broadleaf trees, and it has been a family
that during an immense period of the earth’s history has clung near
the old homestead where it came into existence countless ages ago.
There were magnolias growing in the middle Appalachian region, and
eastward to the present Atlantic coast, so far in the past that the time
can be measured only by hundreds of thousands of years. Leaf prints
in rocks, which were once mud flats, tell the story—though but a page
here and there—of the magnolia’s ancient history, doubtless
antedating by long periods the earliest appearance of man on earth.
Next to the yellow poplar, the cucumber tree is the most important
species of the magnolia family, at least as a source of lumber. As an
ornamental tree it may not equal some of the others, particularly
certain of the southern species which are evergreen and produce
large, showy flowers.
The cucumber tree receives its name from its fruit, which looks like a
cucumber when seen at a distance, but it is far from being one. Its
intense bitter makes it safe from the attacks of birds and beasts. So
far as known, it is not eaten, tasted, or touched by any living creature
—except man. Some of the pioneer settlers, in the days when there
was precious little to eat on the frontiers, discovered a way of
extracting the bitter from the wild cucumber, and making some sort of
a pickle of the remainder; but the art seems to have been lost with
the passing of the pioneers of the Daniel Boone type, and the wild
cucumber now hangs untouched, and tempts nobody. It is three
inches or less in length, generally slightly curved, and is green in color
until fully ripe. Even the flowers which produce the fruit are green,
with the merest suggestion of yellow. They are so inconspicuous that
few persons ever notice them, even though cucumber trees stand in
door yards. The ripe cucumbers are dark red or scarlet, or rather the
seeds are, which grow on the surface like grains of corn on a cob,
though fewer in number and farther apart. Something seems to be
lacking in the machinery by which the flowers are fertilized, with the
result that often nearly half the seeds which ought to cover the
surface of the cucumber, fail to materialize. There are many blank
spaces representing flowers which the pollen missed.
There is likewise something missing in the modus operandi of
scattering the seeds. They have no wings, and the wind is powerless
to carry them. They are as bitter as quinine and no bird, squirrel, or
mouse will plant, carry, or touch them. Nature appears to have
forgotten to provide any other means for dispersing the seeds of this
remarkable tree. When seeds are fully ripe, they drop away from the
parent fruit—the cucumber—but the fall of each seed is arrested by a
small thread which suspends it from one to three inches below the
fruit. There the seeds hang, swinging and dangling in the wind. What
part the threads play in the economy of nature is not apparent, unless
their purpose is to expose the seeds to a chance of becoming
entangled with the wings, feet, or feathers of flying birds, whereby
they may be carried away and dropped in suitable places for growing.
There can be no doubt that this happens occasionally, and constitutes
one of the methods of seed dispersal. Others are transported by
flowing water.
The chances seem to be greatly against the survival of the cucumber
tree in competition with maples, birches, pines, and cottonwoods,
whose winged seeds are wind-borne; or with oaks, hickories, and
walnuts whose heavy, wingless nuts are planted hither and thither by
accommodating squirrels which are intent only on providing for their
own winter wants, but in reality are industrious and effective forest
planters. Notwithstanding the disadvantages under which the
cucumber tree is placed, it has managed to hold its ground in the
forest during immense periods of time, and it seems to be as firmly
established now as ever.
The leaves of this tree are from seven to ten inches long, and four to
six wide. In autumn before they fall they turn a blotched yellow-brown
color. The first severe frost brings them all down in a heap. At sunset
the tree may be laden with leaves, and by the next noon all will be on
the ground. They are so heavy that the wind does not move them far,
and they drop in heaps beneath the branches. In color they resemble
owl feathers, and the suggestion that comes to one’s mind, who
happens to pass under a cucumber tree the morning following the
first frost, is that during the night some prowler picked a roost of owls
and scattered the feathers on the ground.
The range of cucumber extends from western New York to Alabama,
following the Appalachian mountains; and westward to Illinois and
Mississippi, appearing west of the Mississippi river in Arkansas. It
occurs on low rocky slopes, the banks of mountain streams, and on
rich bottom land. It is of largest size and is most abundant in the
narrow valleys in eastern Tennessee and the western parts of the
Carolinas. The tree is from two to four feet in diameter, and sixty to
ninety feet high. The trunk is of good form for sawlogs. Among its
local names are pointed-leaf magnolia, black lin, magnolia, and
mountain magnolia.
The wood of cucumber resembles that of yellow poplar in appearance
and in physical properties, except that it is ten per cent heavier than
poplar. It usually passes for that wood at sawmill and factory. The
Federal census credits it with less than a million feet a year as lumber.
That is much too small. It is valuable and finds ready sale.
Manufacturers of wooden pumps regard it as the best material for the
bored logs. It is worked into interior finish for houses, flooring for
cars, interior parts of furniture, woodenware, boxes and crates, slack
cooperage, including veneer barrels.
The tree is planted for ornament in the northern states and Europe.
The chief value lies in its large, green leaves and symmetrical crown.
The red fruit adds to the tree’s attractiveness late in summer.
Largeleaf Umbrella (Magnolia macrophylla) is valuable chiefly as a sort of ornamental
curiosity, on account of its enormous leaves and flowers. The leaf is from twenty to
thirty inches long and ten to twelve wide. It drops in autumn before its green color
has undergone much change. The leaves lack toughness, and the wind whips them
into strings long before the summer is ended. Thus what otherwise would be highly
ornamental becomes somewhat unsightly. When well protected from wind by
surrounding objects, the leaves fare better and last longer. The white, fragrant
flowers are likewise remarkable on account of size. They are cup-shaped and some
of them are almost a foot across. They pay a penalty no less severe than the leaves
pay, on account of large size, and are liable to be thumped and bruised by swinging
leaves and branches.
The largeleaf umbrella is a tree of the southern Appalachian mountains although its
range extends southwest to Louisiana, and northward from there to Arkansas. It is
at its best in deep rich soil of sheltered valleys, occurring in isolated groups, but
never in pure forests. It is known as large-leaved cucumber tree, great-leaved
magnolia, large-leaved umbrella tree, and long-leaved magnolia. The fruit is nearly a
sphere, from two to three inches in diameter, and bright rose color when fully ripe.
The seeds are two-thirds of an inch long. The smooth, light gray bark is usually less
than a quarter of an inch thick. Large trees are forty or fifty feet high and twenty
inches in diameter. It is not considered valuable for lumber, because of scarcity and
small size. The wood is considerably heavier than yellow poplar, and is hard but not
strong; light brown in color with thick, light yellow sapwood. Reports do not show
that the wood is put to any use. Planted trees are hardy as far north as
Massachusetts, and success has attended the tree’s introduction in the parks and
gardens of southern Europe.
Yellow Flowered Cucumber Tree (Magnolia acuminata cordata) is usually considered a
variety of the common cucumber tree, rather than a separate species. The most
noticeable feature is the yellow blossom which gives the names by which it is
generally known, among such being yellow-flowered magnolia, and yellow cucumber
tree. It is not a garden variety, for it grows wild; but it has been cultivated during
more than a century, and has undergone changes which are not matched by wild
trees. The finest forms of the forest variety are found on the Blue Ridge in South
Carolina, and in central Alabama. The cultivated tree is distinguished by its darker
green leaves, and by its smaller, bright, canary-yellow flowers. The variety has no
value as a timber tree, but is widely appreciated as an ornament. Cultivated trees
generally remain small in size, and do not develop the long, clean trunks common
with the cucumber tree under forest conditions.
Umbrella Tree (Magnolia tripetala) is one of the magnolias and should not be
confounded with the Asiatic umbrella tree often planted in yards. The flower is
surrounded by a whorl of leaves resembling an umbrella, hence the name. It is also
known as cucumber, magnolia, and elkwood. The range of the tree extends from
Pennsylvania to Alabama and west to Arkansas. It prefers the margins of swamps
and the rich soil along mountain streams. Leaves are eighteen inches long and half
as wide. They fall in autumn. Flowers are cup-shaped and creamy-white. The fruit
somewhat resembles that of the common cucumber tree, but is rose colored when
fully ripe. Trees are thirty or forty feet high and a foot or more in diameter. The
brown heartwood is light, soft, and weak, and is used little or not at all for
commercial purposes. The tree is cultivated for ornament in the northern states and
in Europe.
YELLOW POPLAR

Yellow Poplar
 YELLOW POPLAR
(Liriodendron Tulipifera)

n diameter of trunk the yellow poplar is, next to sycamore, the

I largest hardwood tree of the United States, and if both height

and trunk diameter are considered, it surpasses the sycamore in
size. It belongs to a very old group of hardwoods which have
come down from remote geological ages, and the species is now
found only in the United States and China. Mature trees are from
three to eight feet in diameter and from 90 to 180 in height.
It has many names in different parts of its range, but it is never
mistaken for any other tree. The peculiar notched leaf is a sure means
of identification. The resemblance of the flower to the tulip has given
it the name tulip tree in some localities, and botanists prefer that
name. It is so called in Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Virginia,
West Virginia, District of Columbia, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Georgia, Arkansas, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Ontario.
Wood users in New England and in some of the other northern states
prefer the name whitewood and it is so known, in part at least, in
New England, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, South Carolina,
Kentucky, Ohio, Michigan, and Illinois. Yellow poplar is the name
preferred by lumbermen in nearly all regions where the tree is found
in commercial quantities, notably in New York, Pennsylvania, New
Jersey, Delaware, Virginia, West Virginia, North and South Carolina,
Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and
Tennessee. The name is often shortened to poplar, which is used in
Rhode Island, Delaware, North and South Carolina, Florida, Virginia,
West Virginia, Ohio, and Indiana. The name tulip poplar is less
frequently heard, and blue poplar and hickory poplar are terms used
in West Virginia, Virginia, and North Carolina, but generally under the
impression that they refer to a different form or species. In Rhode
Island it is called popple, in New York cucumber tree, and canoe wood
in Tennessee and in the upper Ohio valley.
The botanical range of yellow poplar is wider than its commercial
range; that is, a few trees are found in regions surrounding the
borders of the district where the tree is profitably lumbered. The
boundaries of its range run from southwestern Vermont, westward to
Lake Michigan near Grand Haven, southward to northern Florida, and
west of the Mississippi river in Missouri and Arkansas. The productive
yellow poplar timber belt has never been that large but has clung
pretty closely to the southern Appalachian mountain ranges and to
certain districts lying both east and west of them. The best original
stands were in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia,
western North Carolina, eastern Kentucky and Tennessee, and in
some parts of Ohio and Indiana. However, considerable quantities of
good yellow poplar have been cut in other regions.
The physical properties of the wood of yellow poplar fit it for many
purposes but not for all. It is not very strong and is tolerably brittle. It
is light in weight, medium soft, and is easily worked. The annual rings
of growth are not prominent compared with some of the oaks, yet
select logs show nicely in quarter-sawing. The medullary rays are
numerous, but small and not prominent, for which reason bright
streaks and flecks are not characteristic of the wood. Yellow poplar is
fairly stiff and elastic, but is not often selected on account of those
qualities. In color it is light yellow or brown. The color gives name to
the tree. The sapwood is whiter, and it is the abnormally thick
sapwood of some trees which causes them to be called white poplar.
The wood has little figure, and it is seldom employed for fine work
without stain or paint of some kind. It is not usually classed as long
lasting when exposed to the weather, yet cases are known where
weather boarding of houses, and bridge and mill timbers of yellow
poplar have outlasted the generation of builders.
The quantity of yellow poplar in the country is but a remnant of the
former enormous supply that covered the rich valleys and fertile coves
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