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Cell-cell interaction

The document discusses the concept of control systems in living cells, focusing on feedback mechanisms in cell signaling and gene regulation, particularly in bacteria. It outlines the cell cycle, its phases, and the importance of DNA replication for cell division, highlighting the consequences of failure in this process. Additionally, it includes examples of synthetic circuits for lactose metabolism and the role of transcription factors in gene expression.

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pkitu951
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15 views19 pages

Cell-cell interaction

The document discusses the concept of control systems in living cells, focusing on feedback mechanisms in cell signaling and gene regulation, particularly in bacteria. It outlines the cell cycle, its phases, and the importance of DNA replication for cell division, highlighting the consequences of failure in this process. Additionally, it includes examples of synthetic circuits for lactose metabolism and the role of transcription factors in gene expression.

Uploaded by

pkitu951
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Concept of control system in

living cell

Course instructor: Asim Bikas Das


Dynamics of a feedback system

Schematic diagrams representing


models in different disciplines. Each
diagram is used to illustrate the
dynamics of a feedback system: (a)
electrical schematics for a power
system (b) a biological circuit diagram
for a synthetic clock circuit (c) a
process diagram for a distillation
column (d) a Petri net description of a
communication protocol.
feedback in cell signalling pathway
Concept of Transcription control
DNA

Transcription factor
(protein)
Control system in bacteria (gene regulation)
Lactose metabolism in bacteria
Logic Gates
Truth table
Input Output
Truth (1) False (0)
False (0) Truth (1)

Input (A) Input (B) Output(Y)

AND Y= A.B 0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Truth table for lac operon
Transcription of
Carbohydrates LacI Repressor RNA Polymerase
Lac Operon
+ Glucose, + Lifted off operator Keeps falling off Very low
Lactose site promoter site transcription
+ Glucose, - Bound to operator Blocked by
No transcription
Lactose site repressor
- Glucose, - Bound to operator Blocked by the
No transcription
Lactose site repressor
- Glucose, + Lifted off operator Sits on promoter
TRANSCRIPTION
Lactose site site

Input (1)-glucose Input(2)-lactose Output


1 1 0
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 1 1
Construction of Synthetic circuit of lactose metabolism

Table 1 Glucose NOT Gate


Input (Glucose) Output
1 0
0 1

Glucose and Lactose AND Gate


Input 1 (Table 1
Input 2 (Lactose) Output
Output)
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Autoregulation of gene expression
The cell as a system: The major subsystems are sensing,
signaling, regulation, and metabolism
Cell cycle
Cell cycle and cell division
• Cells are formed by the splitting of preexisting cells—that is, by cell division.
• Cells cycle is required for cell division or generating new cells.

Cell Division or replication

The basic steps in cellular replication are


(1) copying the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid),
(2) separating the copies, and
(3) dividing the cytoplasm to create two complete cells
Instructor : Dr. Asim Bikas Das, Section: G
Engineering Biology
Life on Earth to exist cell cycle is a critical process

What happens to a cell if it does not copy DNA /Chromosomes before it divides?

1. Stop the cell division

(No growth)

2. Can lead to tumor formation and cancer. In fact, many cancers are caused by
mutations in the cell cycle proteins.

Tumor growth
Instructor : Dr. Asim Bikas Das, Section: G
Engineering Biology
Phases of cell cycle and check points
The division of eukaryotic cells is like a well-choreographed stage performance. The most
visually stimulating part of the show occurs when cells are in the process of separating
their chromosomes, called M (mitotic or meiotic) phase. The rest of the time, the cell is in
Interphase (“betweenphase”).

S : Synthesis phase
G1: First gap ( all organelles
duplicated and cell prepare for DNA
synthesis
G2: Second gap ( synthesis of all
protein and enzyme required for cell
division)

Instructor : Dr. Asim Bikas Das, Section: G


Engineering Biology
Phases of cell cycle
Division of nucleus and cytoplasm
M (Mitosis)-Phase

Biologists have identified five subphases within M phase based on distinctive events
that occur: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Instructor : Dr. Asim Bikas Das, Section: G


Engineering Biology
Control of cell cycle

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