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 Relations & Functions

2. Distributive property : (i) A x (B  C) = (A x B)  (A x C)

(ii) A x (B  C) = (A x B)  (A x C)
3. Important Result :

(i) A×B  B×A, but n(A×B) = n(B×A)

(ii) A×B= if and only if A =  or B = 
(iii) If n(A) = p , n(B) =q then n(A×B) = pq
(iv) If n(A) = p , n(B) =q , then
the total number of Relations =

2. Representation of functions
a set of ordered pairs, a table , an arrow diagram, a graph
3. Types of functions
Sl
no Name of the Function Definition Diagram

1
Every element in A has an image in B.
One-One function

Two or more elements of A have same

2 many-one function image in B.

Onto function
3 [surjection.] Every element in B has a pre-image in A.

At least one element in B which is not

4 into function the image of any element of A.

s
etip
One-One and onto Both a one-one and an onto function. cbs
5
function[ bijection]
 Every element of A has the same image
6 Constant function in B.
s
b esteiptsips
b
cc

An identity function maps each element

7 Identity function
of A into itself.

The range of f is a subset of the set of

8 Real valued function all real numbers.

One of the element b is associated

9 Not a function
with two elements

10 Not a function One of the element 8 is no image in Q

Vertical line test:

Every vertical line intersects the curve in at most one point in X axes

Horizontal Line Test :

Every horizontal line intersects the curve in at most one point in Y axes

4. COMPOSITION OF FUNCTION

Let : → and : → be two functions. Then the composition of and

denoted by ∘ is defined as the function ∘( ) = [ ( )] for all ∈ .

Not Commutative property

Associative property

1 Linear function : , m 0
2 Modulus or Absolute

valued Function : =
–
3 Quadratic function : 
teiptsips
efunction
s
4 Cubic
c bcsb : 
5 Reciprocal function :
6 Constant function :

3
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 2. NUMBERS AND SEQUENCES
1. : a =bq +r, 0 r <b
2. : a = bq + r , where 0  r < /b/
3. If a, b are two positive integers with a > b  G.C.D of (a,b) = G.C.D of (a -b,b)
4. Highest Common Factor of three numbers
Let a, b, c be the given positive integers.
(i) First H.C.F ( a,b )  d = (a,b)
(ii) Next H.C.F ( d , c)
5.Congruence Modulo:
If two integers and are congruence modulo
then b − = n for some integer .
or ≡ (mod )
Here, the number is called modulus. (or) − is divisible by .
6.Theorem:
1. a, b, c and d are integers and m is a positive integer such that
If a b (mod m) and c d (mod m) then
(i) (a +c) (b +d) (mod m)
(ii) (a −c) (b −d) (mod m)
(iii) (a×c) (b×d) (mod m)

2. c is any integers and m is a positive integer such that

If a b (mod m) then
(i) ac bc (mod m)
(ii) a c b c (mod m)
7. Arithmetic sequence or Arithmetic Progression (A.P.)
1. General form : a , a + d , a+2d , a+3d , . . . .a + nd+….. .
2. Three consecutive terms :a-d ,a ,a+d
3. Common difference :
4. Condition for 3 nos. to be in A.P: 2b = a +c
5. To check A.P : =
6. General term : tn = a + (n - 1 )d

7. The number of terms : n= +1

8. The sum of the first n terms :

(i) Sn = [common difference d is given]

(ii) Sn = [ last term l is given ]
9. Total amount for compound interest :

4
8.Geometric Sequence or Geometric Progression (G.P.)

1. General form :
2. Three consecutive terms :
3. Common ratio :

4. To check G.P.` : =
5. Condition for 3 nos. to be in G.P. :
6. General term :
7. The sum of the first n terms :

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

8. The sum of infinite terms :

9 Special series
1. The sum of the first n natural numbers,
1

2. The sum of the first n odd natural numbers,

3. The sum of first n odd natural numbers (when the last term l is given)

4. The sum of squares of first n natural numbers,

5. The sum of cubes of the first n natural numbers,

3. ALGEBRA
A system of linear equations in three variables will according to one of the
following cases.
(i) Unique solution [x  y z]
(ii) Infinitely s
psipmany solutions [ 0 = 0 ]
c bcsbestei t
(iii) No solution [ 0=1]

5
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1. Algebraic Identies
1 (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
2 (a - b) 2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
3 (a + b)3 = a3 + 3ab (a + b) + b3
4 (a - b)3 = a3 - 3ab (a - b) - b3
5 a2 - b2 = (a + b) (a -b)
6 a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
7 a3 - b3 = (a - b) (a2 + ab + b2)
8 (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 +c2 + 2(ab + bc +ca)
9 (x +a) (x+b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
10 (x +a)(x+b)(x+c) = x3 + (a +b + c) x2 + (ab+bc+ca) x + abc
2 Relation between LCM and GCD : f(x) x g(x)= LCM [f(x),g(x)] x GCD [f(x),g(x)]

3. Rational Expressions are two rational expressions

(i) Addition

(ii) Subtraction

(iii) Multiplication

(iv) Division

4. Quadratic polynomials p(x) = and and are zeros

(i) sum of zeros (  = =

(ii) product of zeros (  = =

(iii) General form p(x) = x2 - (  x( 

5. Quadratic Equation and and earetipsthe roots
c b s
(i) sum of roots (  = =

(ii) product of roots (  = =

(iii) General form x2 - (  x( 

6 Solution of quadratic equation by formula method x =

7 Nature of roots Δ = b2 - 4ac
Δ > 0 Real and unequal
Δ = 0 Real and equal.
Δ < 0 No real roots. (It has imaginary roots)

8. If + bx + c = 0 and and are the roots then

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
9. Quadratic Graphs
1.The Nature of Solution of Quadratic Equations
Sl. Nature of
intersect the X axis Solution Graphs
No Solution

Two real and

1 two distinct points 2
unequal roots

Two real and

2 only one point, 1
equal roots.

does not intersect

3 0 no real root
the X axis

2. Solving quadratic equations through intersection of lines

Sl. The straight line intersects

Solution Graphs
No the parabola

two distinct
1 2
points

2 only one point, 1

3 0
parabola
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10.Types of Matrix
Order of a matrix:
If a matrix has rows and columns, then the order of is ×

Sl. No Name of the Definition Example

Matrix
1 Row matrix A matrices has only one row.

2 Column matrix A matrices has only one column.

A matrix in which the number of

3 Square matrix rows and the number of columns are s
etip
equal cbs
A square matrix in which all the
elements above and below the leading
4 Diagonal matrix diagonal are equal to zero

A diagonal matrix in which all the

elements along the leading diagonal
5 Scalar matrix areequal to a non-zero constant

6. Identity matrix A diagonal matrix in which all the

(Unit matrix) leading diagonal entries are 1

7
Null matrix A matrices has each of its elements
(Zero-matrix) is zero.

8 Transpose of a A matrices has interchanging rows

matrix and columns of the matrix

Upper A square matrix in which all the

9 Triangular entries below the leading diagonal are
Matrix zero
Lower A square matrix in which all the
10 Triangular entries above the leading diagonal are
Matrix zero
Two matrices are same order and
each element of A is equal to the
11 Equal matrix corresponding element of B

12 Negative of a Eevery element of –A is the negative

matrix of the corresponding element of A.

11. Operations on Matrices

1.Addition and subtraction of matrices
Two matrices can be added or subtracted if they have the same order.
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 2. Multiplication of Matrix by a Scalar
multiply the elements of the given matrix A by a non-zero number k to
obtain a new matrix kA whose elements are multiplied by k.
3. Multiplication of Matrices
If A is a matrix of order m x n and B is a matrix of order n x p,
then the product matrix AB is m x p.
12 Properties of matrix
1. matrix addition
Commutative A +B = B + A
Associative A + (B + C) = (A + B) +C
Additive identity A + O = O + A =A
Additive inverse A + (-A) = (-A) + A = O
2. Scalar Multiplication
Associative p q (A) = p (qA)
Distributive property p (A + B) = p A+ p B
(p + q)A = p A +q A
3. matrix multiplication
Not commutative in general A B  BA
Associative A(BC) = (AB)C
distributive over addition A(B + C) = AB + AC
(A + B)C = AC + BC
Multiplicative identity AI=IA =A
Multiplicative inverse AB = BA = I
13. Importartent Result
(i) (AT)T = A (ii) (AB)T = BT AT
(iii) (A +B)T = AT + BT (iv) (A - B)T = AT - BT (v)
4 GEOMETRY
1. Congruency and similarity of triangles

Congruent triangle: Similar triangle:

Same shape but not same size

Same shape and same size. If three angles of two triangles are same and their
If three angles and their corresponding corresponding sides are proportional,
sides of two triangles are same. ABC PQR
ABC PQR A = P , B = Q , C = R .
A = P , B = Q , C = R . AB  PQ , BC  QR , AC  PR
AB = PQ , BC = QR , AC = PR
2. Criteria of Similarity

Sl.
No
Criteria Statement Result Diagram
1 If two angles of one triangle A = P = 1
Angle - are respectively equal to two B = Q = 2
Angle angles of another triangle, then 
the two triangles are similar. ABC PQR

2 If one angle of a triangle is A = P = 1

equal to one angle of the other
Side- triangle and if the corresponding
Angle- sides including these angles are
Side proportional, then the two
triangles are similar. ABC PQR
3 In two triangles, if the sides of
Side- one triangle are proportional (in the
Side- same ratio) to the sides of the other
Side triangle, then their corresponding
angles are equal ABC PQR

3. Some useful results on similar triangles

Sl.No Statement and Result Diadram

1 A perpendicular line drawn from the vertex of a right
angled triangle divides the triangle into two triangles
similar to each other and also to original triangle.
ADB BDC , ABC ADB , ABC BDC

2 If two triangles are similar, then the ratio of the

corresponding sides are equal to the ratio of their
corresponding altitudes. If ABC PQR then

3 If two triangles are similar, then the ratio of the

corresponding sides are equal to the ratio of the
corresponding perimeters. If ABC DEF then

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4 The ratio of the area of two similar triangles are equal
to the ratio of the squares of their corresponding



5 If two triangles have common vertex and their bases

are on the same straight line, the ratio between their
areas is equal to the ratio between the length of their
bases.


4.Important Theorem

Sl.
No
Statement and Result Diadram
1 Basic Proportionality Theorem (BPT) or Thales theorem:
A straight line drawn parallel to a side of triangle
intersecting the other two sides, divides the sides in
the same ratio.
ABC , DE // BC 

2 Converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem:

If a straight line divides any two sides of a triangle in the
same ratio, then the line must be parallel to the third side.
 DE // BC , ABC

Angle Bisector Theorem:

3 The internal bisector of an angle of a triangle divides
the opposite side internally in the ratio of the corresponding
sides containing the angle.
AD bisects A 

4 Converse of Angle Bisector Theorem:

If a straight line through one vertex of a triangle
divides the opposite side internally in the ratio of the other
two sides, then the line bisects the angle internally at the
vertex  AD bisects A

5 Pythagoras theorem (Bandhayan

iptsips iptsips
theorem)
iptsips
ete ete sbestesquare of the hypotenuse
cInbcsbasright angled
cbcsbs triangle,cbcthe
is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
ABC , A = 90° 
 Alternate Segment theorem
6 If a line touches a circle and from the point of contact
a chord is drawn, the angles between the tangent and the
chord are respectively equal to the angles in the
corresponding alternate segments.
QPB = PSQ and QPA = PTQ

7
Let ABC be a triangle and let D,E,F be points on lines
BC,CA, AB respectively. Then the cevians AD, BE, CF are
concurrent if and only if

8 Menelaus Theorem
A necessary and sufficient condition for points P, Q, R on
the respective sides BC, CA, AB (or their extension) of a
triangle ABC to be collinear is

5 Some results on circles and tangents

Sl.No Theorem Result Diagram

s
A tangent bat
sbes eiptsip point on a circle
tany
cc
and the radius through the point are
1 ABOP
perpendicular to each other.

No tangent can be drawn from an

2 0
interior point of the circle

Only one tangent can be drawn at

3 1
any point on a circle.

Two tangents can be drawn from any

4 2
exterior point of a circle.

The lengths of the two tangents

drawn from an exterior point to a circle
5 PA = PB
are equal

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 If two circles touch externally the
6 distance between their centers is equal
to the sum of their radii.

If two circles touch internally, the

7 distance between their centers is equal
to the difference of their radii

The two direct common tangents

8 AB = CD
drawn to the circles are equal in length

5. COORDINATE GEOMETRY
1 Distance between Two points d =

2. The midpoint of the line segment = ( , )

3 Section Formula 1.internally

2. Externally

4 The centroid of the triangle

5 Area of a triangle sq. unit

Or sq. unit

6 Collinearity of three points (i) Area of a triangle = 0

(ii)

(iii) –
(iv) Slope of AB = Slope of BC or slope of AC.
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7 Area of the Quadrilateral sq. unit

8 The slope of the straight line m = tan


9 Slope [two points form] m=
10 Two non vertical lines are parallel 
11 Two non vertical lines are perpendicular 

Equation of straight lines

12 The equation of x axis y=0

13 The equation of y-axis x=0
14 The equation of Parallel to x-axis
15 The equation of Parallel to y-axis x
16 Passing through the origin
17 Slope m, y-intercept c
18 Slope m, a point (x1 , y1)

19 Passing through two points

20 x-intercept a , y-intercept b

21 Parallel to
22 Perpendicular to

23 The straight line ax + by + c =0 is

(i) Slope

(ii)
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 6. Trigonometry

1. Trigonometric Ratios
1

2. Trigonometric Reciprocal
1 sinθ cosecθ=1 ; ;
2 cosθ ; ;
3 tanθ ; ;

4 5.
3.Trigonometric identities
1 ; ;
2 ; ;
3 ; ;
4.Complementary angle
1 sin (90 – θ) = cos θ : cosec (90 – θ) = sec θ
2 cos (90 – θ) = sin θ : sec (90 – θ) = cosec θ
3 tan (90 – θ) = cot θ : cot (90 – θ) = tan θ
5.Table of Trigonometric Ratios

angle

Sin 0 1

Cos 1 0

Tan 0 1
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 7.MENSURATION

Curved Total Surface

Sl. Name of Volume
Surface Area Area
No Solid Figure (cu.units)
(sq.units) (sq.units)

1 Cuboid ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs

2 Cube

Right
3 Circular
Cylinder

Right
4 Circular
Cone

Frustum of
5 right circular
cone.

6 Sphere

7 Hemisphere

8 Hollow
cylinder

9 Hollow
sphere

10
Hollow π (R3 - r3)
2π(R2 + r2) π(3R2 + r2)
hemisphere
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 8. STATISTICS and PROBABILITY
1 Range R= –

2 coefficient of range Q=

3 Mean
4 Standard deviation (Ungrouped)

1. Direct method –

2. Actual mean method

3. Assumed mean method –

4. Step deviation method – xC

5 Standard deviation (Grouped )

1. Actual mean Method

2. Assumed mean method –

3. Step deviation method xC

6 S.D of first n natural numbers,

7 Standard deviation of a collection of data remains unchanged

when each value is added or subtracted by a constant.
8 Standard deviation of a collection of data gets multiplied or divided by the quantity k,
if each item is multiplied or divided by k.
9 Variance

10 Variance

11 Coefficient of variation, C.V =

12 If the C.V. value is less, then the corresponding data are consistent.
13 If the C.V. value is more, then the corresponding are inconsistent
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PROBABILITY

1 Tossing an unbiased coin once S = { H, T }

2 Tossing an unbiased coin twice S = { HH, HT, TH, TT }

3 Tossing an unbiased coin trice S = { HHH, HTH, THH, TTH, HHT, HTT, THT, TTT }

4 Rolling an unbiased die once S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }

5 Probability of event E is

6 The probability of an event A

lies between 0 and 1,both inclusive
7 The probability of the sure event is 1. P(S)= 1
8 The probability of an impossible event is 0. P( ) = 0
9 The probability that the event A will not occur

10 P(A) + =1

11 (i)

12 Addition theorem on probability

(i) P(AUB) = P(A) +P(B) - P(AB) [If A and B are not mutually exclusive event]
(ii) P(AUB) = P(A) +P(B) [If A and B are mutually exclusive events ]

(iii)       
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