Short Answers for Oral Questions on NumPy, Functions, and Lambda

Functions

NumPy Arrays

1. NumPy is a Python library for numerical computing, offering efficient array

operations.
2. np.array([1, 2, 3]) creates a NumPy array.
3. NumPy arrays are faster, memory-efficient, and support vectorized operations.
4. np.zeros((2,2)) → matrix of zeros, np.ones((3,3)) → matrix of ones,
np.eye(3) → identity matrix.
5. Use +, -, *, / for element-wise operations.
6. Use .sum(), .min(), .max() for sum, min, max values.
7. Cumulative sum: np.cumsum(arr), returns running sum of elements.
8. Sorting: np.sort(arr).
9. Concatenation: np.concatenate((arr1, arr2)).
10. Unique elements: np.unique(arr).
11. np.square(arr) for squares, np.sqrt(arr) for square roots.
12. np.log(arr), computes natural log (ln) of elements.
13. Dot product: np.dot(arr1, arr2).
14. Mean: np.mean(arr), Standard deviation: np.std(arr).

Built-in Functions

15. Functions like max(), min(), len(), sorted(), etc.

16. max(lst) and min(lst).
17. sorted(lst), returns a sorted list.
18. all() returns True if all elements in an iterable are True.
19. str.upper() → converts to uppercase, str.lower() → lowercase.
20. str.isalnum() checks if string contains only letters and numbers.
21. str.find('word') returns index of the first occurrence of 'word'.

Lambda (Anonymous) Functions

22. Lambda functions are small, single-expression functions without a name.

23. Lambda functions are one-liners; regular functions use def.
24. even_check = lambda x: x % 2 == 0
25. map(lambda x: x*2, [1,2,3]) doubles each element.
26. filter(lambda x: x>5, [3, 7, 2, 8]) filters elements greater than 5.
27. leap = lambda year: (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0) or
(year % 400 == 0)
28. [lambda x: x**2 for x in range(5)] → lambda in list comprehension.
29. Pros: Concise, useful for small tasks. Cons: Hard to read/debug.
User-Defined Functions

30. Functions defined by users using def.

31. def greet(name): return "Hello " + name
32. return sends back a value from a function.
33. Positional (fixed order), Default (pre-set values), Keyword (named arguments).
34. *args for multiple positional arguments, **kwargs for key-value pairs.
35. def power(x, n): return x ** n
36. If no return, function returns None.
37. Yes, return a, b returns multiple values as a tuple.

Let me know if you need more details! 😊

4o

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in easy languge and understandble

ChatGPT said:
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Simple and Easy Answers for Oral Questions on NumPy, Functions, and
Lambda Functions

NumPy Arrays

1. NumPy is a Python library used for working with numbers and arrays.
2. We create a NumPy array using: np.array([1, 2, 3]).
3. NumPy arrays are faster and use less memory than Python lists.
4. np.zeros() makes a zero matrix, np.ones() makes a matrix of ones, np.eye()
creates an identity matrix.
5. We can add +, subtract -, multiply *, and divide / arrays directly.
6. To find sum, min, and max: array.sum(), array.min(), array.max().
7. Cumulative sum adds elements step by step: np.cumsum(array).
8. To sort an array: np.sort(array).
9. Join arrays using np.concatenate((arr1, arr2)).
10. Find unique values: np.unique(array).
11. Square numbers: np.square(array), Square root: np.sqrt(array).
12. Logarithm gives the natural log of each number: np.log(array).
13. Dot product (multiplication of two arrays): np.dot(arr1, arr2).
14. Mean (average): np.mean(array), Standard deviation: np.std(array).
Built-in Functions

15. Built-in functions are ready-to-use functions like max(), min(), len(), and
sorted().
16. Find the biggest and smallest number: max(list), min(list).
17. Sort a list in order: sorted(list).
18. Check if all values are true: all(list).
19. Convert text to uppercase: "hello".upper(), to lowercase:
"HELLO".lower().
20. Check if a string has only letters and numbers: "Hello123".isalnum().
21. Find position of a word in a string: "hello world".find("world").

Lambda (Anonymous) Functions

22. Lambda functions are short, one-line functions without a name.

23. Difference: Lambda functions are single-line, while normal functions use def.
24. Check if a number is even: lambda x: x % 2 == 0.
25. Use lambda with map(): map(lambda x: x * 2, [1, 2, 3]) → Doubles
each number.
26. Use lambda with filter(): filter(lambda x: x > 5, [2, 6, 8]) →
Keeps numbers > 5.
27. Leap year check: lambda year: (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0)
or (year % 400 == 0).
28. Lambda in list comprehension: [lambda x: x ** 2 for x in range(5)]
→ Squares numbers.
29. Good things: Short and quick. Bad things: Hard to understand if too complex.

User-Defined Functions

30. User-defined functions are functions that we create using def.

31. Example function:

python
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def greet(name):
return "Hello, " + name

32. return is used to give back a result from a function.

33. Function arguments:
● Positional: add(2,3).
 ● Default: def power(x, y=2).
● Keyword: add(x=2, y=3).
34. *args allows multiple values, **kwargs allows key-value pairs.
35. Power function:

python
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def power(x, n):
return x ** n

36. If no return, function gives None.

37. Yes, a function can return multiple values:

python
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def values():
return 1, 2, 3

This is a simple and easy-to-understand version of the answers. Let me know if you need
any more explanations! 😊

4o

You said:
in detail ans but simple english language

ChatGPT said:
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Detailed but Simple Answers for Oral Questions on NumPy, Functions,

and Lambda Functions

NumPy Arrays
1. What is NumPy, and why is it used in Python?

NumPy (Numerical Python) is a library in Python that helps to work with numbers and arrays.
It makes calculations faster and more efficient compared to normal Python lists.

2. How do you create a NumPy array?

We create a NumPy array using the np.array() function. Example:

python
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import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print(arr)

3. What are the advantages of NumPy arrays over Python lists?

● Faster: NumPy arrays are optimized for performance.

● Less Memory: They use less memory than lists.
● Supports Math Operations: We can do direct addition, multiplication, etc.

4. Explain the difference between zeros(), ones(), and eye()

functions in NumPy.

● np.zeros((2,2)) → Creates a 2x2 matrix filled with zeros.

● np.ones((3,3)) → Creates a 3x3 matrix filled with ones.
● np.eye(3) → Creates a 3x3 identity matrix (diagonal ones, rest are zeros).

5. How do you perform element-wise addition, subtraction,

multiplication, and division on NumPy arrays?

NumPy allows simple math operations directly:

python
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arr1 = np.array([1, 2, 3])
arr2 = np.array([4, 5, 6])

print(arr1 + arr2) # [5 7 9]
print(arr1 - arr2) # [-3 -3 -3]
print(arr1 * arr2) # [4 10 18]
print(arr1 / 2) # [0.5 1.0 1.5]

6. How can you find the sum, minimum, and maximum values of a
NumPy array?
python
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arr = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40])
print(arr.sum()) # 100
print(arr.min()) # 10
print(arr.max()) # 40
7. What is a cumulative sum, and how is it computed in NumPy?

Cumulative sum means adding numbers step by step. Example:

python
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arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
print(np.cumsum(arr)) # [1 3 6 10]

First element stays the same, then we add each next value.

8. How can you sort a NumPy array?

We use the np.sort() function. Example:

python
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arr = np.array([5, 2, 8, 1])
print(np.sort(arr)) # [1 2 5 8]

9. Explain how to concatenate two NumPy arrays.

Concatenation means joining arrays together:

python
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arr1 = np.array([1, 2, 3])
arr2 = np.array([4, 5, 6])
print(np.concatenate((arr1, arr2))) # [1 2 3 4 5 6]

10. What function is used to find unique elements in a NumPy array?

We use np.unique():

python
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arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 4])
print(np.unique(arr)) # [1 2 3 4]

11. How do you compute the square and square root of elements in an
array?
python
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arr = np.array([1, 4, 9])
print(np.square(arr)) # [1 16 81]
print(np.sqrt(arr)) # [1. 2. 3.]

12. Explain how the logarithm function works in NumPy.

It calculates the natural log (ln) of each number:

python
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arr = np.array([1, 2, 3])
print(np.log(arr)) # [0. 0.6931 1.0986]

13. What is the dot product of two arrays, and how is it calculated?

Dot product is a special multiplication of two arrays:

python
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arr1 = np.array([1, 2, 3])
arr2 = np.array([4, 5, 6])
print(np.dot(arr1, arr2)) # (1*4 + 2*5 + 3*6) = 32

14. How do you compute the mean and standard deviation of a NumPy
array?

● Mean is the average: np.mean(arr).

● Standard deviation shows how much values vary: np.std(arr).

Built-in Functions in Python

15. What are built-in functions in Python? Give examples.

Built-in functions are functions that Python provides. Examples: max(), min(), sorted(),
len().

16. How do you find the maximum and minimum values in a list?
python
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numbers = [10, 20, 5, 40]
print(max(numbers)) # 40
print(min(numbers)) # 5

17. Explain how sorting works in Python.

Sorting arranges values in order:

python
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numbers = [10, 3, 8]
print(sorted(numbers)) # [3, 8, 10]

18. What does the all() function do in Python?

It checks if all values are True:

python
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print(all([True, True, False])) # False

19. How do you convert text to uppercase and lowercase in Python?

python
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text = "Hello"
print(text.upper()) # "HELLO"
print(text.lower()) # "hello"

Lambda (Anonymous) Functions

22. What is a lambda function in Python?

A lambda function is a small, one-line function without a name.

23. How is a lambda function different from a regular function?

● Lambda function: One-line, used for short tasks.

● Regular function: Uses def, can have multiple lines.
24. Write a lambda function to check if a number is even or odd.
python
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even = lambda x: x % 2 == 0
print(even(4)) # True

25. How can you use lambda functions with map()?

map() applies a function to each value in a list:

python
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numbers = [1, 2, 3]
print(list(map(lambda x: x * 2, numbers))) # [2, 4, 6]

26. How does filter() work with lambda functions?

It keeps values that match a condition:

python
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numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]
print(list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, numbers))) # [2, 4]

27. Write a lambda function to check if a year is a leap year.

python
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leap = lambda year: (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0) or (year %
400 == 0)
print(leap(2024)) # True

This is detailed but simple so that you can understand easily. Let me know if you need
more help! 😊

4o