sustainability

Review
Artificial Intelligence in Logistics Optimization with Sustainable
Criteria: A Review
Wenwen Chen 1 , Yangchongyi Men 1 , Noelia Fuster 1 , Celia Osorio 1 and Angel A. Juan 1,2, *

1 Research Center on Production Management and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València,

Plaza Ferrandiz-Carbonell, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; [email protected] (W.C.); [email protected] (Y.M.);
[email protected] (N.F.); [email protected] (C.O.)
2 Department of Business Analytics, Euncet Business School, Cami Mas Rubial, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
* Correspondence: [email protected]

Abstract: In recent years, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into logistics optimization has
gained significant attention, particularly concerning sustainability criteria. This article provides an
overview of the diverse AI models and algorithms employed in logistics optimization, with a focus
on sustainable practices. The discussion covers several techniques, including generative models, ma-
chine learning methods, metaheuristic algorithms, and their synergistic combinations with traditional
optimization and simulation methods. By employing AI capabilities, logistics stakeholders can en-
hance decision-making processes, optimize resource utilization, and minimize environmental impacts.
Moreover, this paper identifies and analyzes prominent challenges within sustainable logistics, such
as reducing carbon emissions, minimizing waste generation, and optimizing transportation routes
while considering ecological factors. Furthermore, the paper explores emerging trends in AI-driven
logistics optimization, such as the integration of real-time data analytics, blockchain technology,
and autonomous systems, which hold immense potential for enhancing efficiency and sustainability.
Finally, the paper outlines future research directions, emphasizing the need for further exploration of
hybrid AI approaches, robust optimization frameworks, and scalable solutions that accommodate
dynamic and uncertain logistics environments.

Keywords: logistics; artificial intelligence; sustainability; optimization

Citation: Chen, W.; Men, Y.; Fuster, N.;

Osorio, C.; Juan, A.A. Artificial
Intelligence in Logistics Optimization 1. Introduction
with Sustainable Criteria: A Review. Sustainable development is a philosophy of development that aims to meet the needs
Sustainability 2024, 16, 9145. https:// of the present while protecting the rights of future generations. It seeks to achieve a balance
doi.org/10.3390/su16219145 between the society, economy, and environment [1]. The United Nations established the
Academic Editor: Giada La Scalia Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a framework of global development goals, in
2015, with the aim of achieving a better and sustainable future by 2030. It covers a total
Received: 23 August 2024
of 17 goals in three main areas: social, economic, and environmental. According to the
Revised: 6 October 2024
Sustainable Development Goals Report 2024, only 17% of the SDGs are on track, nearly half
Accepted: 18 October 2024
are making little or average progress, and more than a third are stagnating or even regress-
Published: 22 October 2024
ing. In modern business, optimizing supply chains is essential for a company’s success
and growth [2]. An efficient and optimized supply chain is required to meeting evolving
customer demands and staying competitive. At the national level, logistics and supply
Copyright: © 2024 by the authors. chain networks are key drivers of overall economic and social development. The World
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Bank publishes the Logistics Performance Index (LPI), a global indicator used to assess the
This article is an open access article efficiency and performance of logistics across countries. It reflects the impact of a country’s
distributed under the terms and logistics environment, policies, and investments on logistics efficiency and is an important
conditions of the Creative Commons indicator of international trade and economic development. The index is based on six
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// key dimensions: customs, infrastructure, international shipments, logistics quality and
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ competence, tracking and tracing, and timeliness. The significant and far-reaching impacts
4.0/).

Sustainability 2024, 16, 9145. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219145 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

Sustainability 2024, 16, 9145 2 of 22

of the logistics and transportation industries on social and economic as well as environmen-
tal sustainability underscore the importance of integrating sustainable development into
logistics and supply chain practices. Logistics optimization, therefore, becomes a relevant
endeavor in achieving sustainability goals [3,4]. The aim is to balance operational efficiency
with environmental responsibility, a challenge that many authors believe can be addressed
through the integration of AI [5–7]. AI’s potential to transform supply chain management
is significant, enabling companies to forecast demand more accurately, optimize transport
routes, and manage inventories in a way that reduces emissions and resource use. This
not only enhances efficiency by reducing costs, but also aligns with the broader objective
of minimizing the environmental impact of logistics operations [8]. In other words, the
utilization of AI in logistics might enable the achievement of sustainability, fundamentally
altering the management of supply chains and their environmental footprints.
Furthermore, the consistent annual increase in number of academic articles published
within the intersecting fields of AI and sustainable logistics reflects a growing research
interest. As Figure 1 shows, over recent years, the number of articles including the terms
“artificial intelligence” and “logistics” has experienced a noticeable increase in databases
such as Google Scholar or Elsevier Scopus.

Figure 1. Number of publications related to AI and logistics between 2015 and 2023.

Researchers emphasize the need for cleaner transportation options, sustainable produc-
tion, and eco-friendly logistics to meet the challenges presented by a growing population
and finite natural resources [9]. In this context, AI-based solutions offer the tools necessary
for companies to achieve unparalleled advancements in supply chain management. Early
implementers of AI in supply chain management have seen significant benefits, reducing
logistics expenses by 15%, decreasing stock levels by 35%, and increasing service efficiency
by 65% when compared to their less advanced competitors [10]. Given these advancements,
the establishment of the SDGs, and the LPI, several research questions arise, as follows:
• How do SDGs relate to the LPI?
• How do the main challenges in sustainable logistics impact the effective implementa-
tion of optimization strategies?
• How can AI technologies be implemented in logistics and supply chain management
for sustainable development?
• How do emerging trends and best practices in AI-driven logistics optimization im-
prove sustainability in the supply chain?
In order to answer these questions, this research is structured as follows:
Sustainability 2024, 16, 9145 3 of 22

Section 2 describes the methodological approach adopted for this review. It highlights a
detailed explanation of the correlation analysis methods between sustainable development
and logistics, as well as the process and evaluation criteria for reviewing literature on
artificial intelligence models and algorithms for logistics optimization. Then, Section 3
emphasizes the importance of sustainability criteria and details the process used to delineate
the study, including how the specific SDGs are defined and addressed within the scope
of the review. Next, Section 4 provides an overview of AI models and algorithms for
logistics optimization and their integration with optimization and simulation methods.
It addresses key sustainability issues and challenges, while exploring AI solutions. The
section also examines AI integration in logistics, discussing its impact on decision-making,
resource optimization, real-world applications, and limitations. Emerging trends and best
practices in AI-driven logistics are also explored. Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper by
summarizing the key findings from the review.

2. Methodology
The methodology was organized into two main phases: (i) the selection of the most
relevant Sustainable Development Goals, with their relationship to logistics determined
using correlation analysis; and (ii) identifying the relevant literature on AI in logistics
optimization, taking into account the selected SDGs. For the first phase, we used correlation
analysis, which is a statistical method used to determine the strength and direction of the
relationship between two variables, to help us determine how one variable changes in
relation to another. It is commonly employed to identify linear relationships between
features and to assess the impact of variables on a target. The formula is expressed in (1),
as follows:
∑( Xi − X̄ )(Yi − Ȳ )
r= p (1)
∑( Xi − X̄ )2 ∑(Yi − Ȳ )2
where Xi represents the i-th value of variable X, Yi represents the i-th value of variable Y,
X̄ is the mean of variable X, and Ȳ is the mean of variable Y.
The Pearson correlation coefficient r ranges from −1 to 1, indicating a positive cor-
relation, a negative correlation, or no correlation. The magnitude of the correlation co-
efficient indicates the strength of the relationship, with values closer to +1 or −1 repre-
senting a stronger association, while values near 0 suggest a weaker or no relationship.
In this study, a sample of countries with complete data for Sustainable Development
Goals (https://dashboards.sdgindex.org/explorer, accessed on 23 August 2024) and Logis-
tics Performance Index (https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/logistics-
performance-index-by-country, accessed on 23 August 2024) for 2023 was selected, ex-
cluding any countries with missing data. Data completeness and analytical accuracy were
ensured through this process. By calculating the correlation coefficients between logistics
and Sustainable Development Goals, and ranking the results, this method helped to iden-
tify which goals were most strongly affected by logistics performance, providing valuable
insights for subsequent research.
After delimiting the extent of the research to the SDGs most correlated with logistics,
the second phase of the methodology focused on conducting a literature search related to
these specific SDGs. The keywords considered were “AI in logistics” “logistics optimization”
and “sustainable logistics” The search was then carried out in the ScienceDirect, Springer
Link, and Google Scholar databases, limiting the results to journal articles published
between 2015 and 2024. For each database, the top 20 relevant articles were selected based
on these criteria. This resulted in an initial pool of 180 papers. After compiling this initial
pool, duplicates that were present in multiple databases were identified and removed,
resulting in 150 unique articles. Then, inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to
these articles. The inclusion criteria included studies focusing on the application of AI,
machine learning (ML) or optimization methods within logistics (1), research addressing
sustainability in logistics concerning the identified SDGs (2), publications available in full
text (3), and articles published in English (4). The exclusion criteria excluded studies not
Sustainability 2024, 16, 9145 4 of 22

directly related to logistics or the specified SDGs (1), theses (2), dissertations (3), book
chapters (4), and non-peer-reviewed articles (5), as well as publications without accessible
full texts (6).
Following the application of these criteria, the titles and abstracts of the remaining
articles were reviewed, which lead to the exclusion of 50 articles due to irrelevance, incorrect
publication type, or language barriers. This left 110 articles for full-text review. During the
full-text review, 30 articles were further excluded because they did not sufficiently focus on
logistics applications of AI or optimization methods, lacked alignment with the identified
SDGs, or had inaccessible full texts despite reasonable efforts to obtain them. A consensus
was reached on including 40 articles in the final selection, with any discrepancies between
reviewers resolved through discussion to ensure objective selection. An overview of some
of the selected papers is presented in Table 1, which includes key details such as the titles,
authors, publication years, methodologies applied, application areas, relevant SDGs, and
the databases from which they were sourced.

Table 1. Overview of selected papers on AI and sustainable logistics

No. Title Authors Year Application Area Relevant SDG(s) Database

1 Low Carbon Logistics: Tang et al. [11] 2015 Transportation SDG 13 ScienceDirect
Reducing Shipment management
Frequency to Cut Carbon
Emissions
2 Mixed Fleet-Based Green Islam et al. [12] 2021 Transportation SDG 12, SDG 13 ScienceDirect
Clustered Logistics Problem management
Under Carbon Emission Cap
3 A Hybrid Artificial Bee Li et al. [13] 2017 Reverse logistics SDG 12 Springer Link
Colony for Optimizing a
Reverse Logistics Network
System
4 A Simulation Study for the Burinskiene et al. [14] 2018 Warehouse SDG 12 Springer Link
Sustainability and Reduction operations
of Waste in Warehouse
Logistics
5 Analysis of Parcel Lockers’ Iwan et al. [15] 2016 Last-mile delivery SDG 11 ScienceDirect
Efficiency as the Last Mile
Delivery Solution—Results
from Poland
6 Inventory Management and Granillo-Macías [16] 2020 Inventory SDG 12 Google
Logistics Optimization: A management Scholar
Data Mining Practical
Approach
7 Impact of Warehouse Goyal and Sharma 2016 Warehouse SDG 9 Google
Management System in a [17] management Scholar
Supply Chain
8 Significant Applications of Haleem et al. [18] 2023 Sustainable SDG 12, SDG 13 Google
Artificial Intelligence practices Scholar
Towards Attaining
Sustainability

3. Impact of Sustainability on Logistics

Building on the methodology previously outlined, this section explores the correlation
between logistics performance and the 17 individual SDGs, as well as the overall SDG score.
The results of the analysis are presented, followed by a discussion on the influence of the
strongly correlated SDGs on logistics optimization.
Sustainability 2024, 16, 9145 5 of 22

3.1. Correlation Analysis Between Sustainable Development and Logistics

A correlation analysis was employed to explore the impact of the LPI on the SDGs. The
objective was to measure the linear relationship between LPI and various SDG indicators,
identifying which SDG factors were most influenced by changes in logistics performance.
The results are summarized in Table 2. Goals with correlation coefficients greater than 0.7
or less than −0.7 were selected for analysis.

Table 2. Correlation coefficients between SDGs and LPI.

SDGs Goal Name Correlation Coefficient

SDG_Index_Score Overall SDG Index 0.758
Goal 1 No poverty 0.601
Goal 2 Zero hunger 0.536
Goal 3 Good health and well-being 0.743
Goal 4 Quality education 0.658
Goal 5 Gender equality 0.694
Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation 0.696
Goal 7 Affordable and clean energy 0.568
Goal 8 Decent work and economic growth 0.640
Goal 9 Industry, innovation, and infrastructure 0.902
Goal 10 Reduced inequality 0.383
Goal 11 Sustainable cities and communities 0.675
Goal 12 Responsible consumption and production −0.808
Goal 13 Climate action −0.729
Goal 14 Life below water 0.104
Goal 15 Life on land 0.233
Goal 16 Peace, justice and strong institutions 0.747
Goal 17 Partnerships for the goals 0.273

As Table 2 shows, there is a strong positive correlation between the LPI and overall
SDG index, with a coefficient of 0.758, indicating that countries with better logistics perfor-
mance tend to perform well across sustainable development. Among the individual goals,
SDG 9 (industry, innovation, and infrastructure) showed the highest positive correlation
with LPI (0.902), highlighting that improved logistics systems enhance industrialization,
technological innovation, and infrastructure development. Similarly, SDG 3 (good health
and well-being) and SDG 16 (peace, justice, and strong institutions) have high positive
correlations of 0.743 and 0.747, respectively, suggesting that efficient logistics contributes to
better healthcare access, emergency response systems, and strong governance capacities.
However, the analysis also indicated significant negative correlations with SDG 12 (respon-
sible consumption and production) and SDG 13 (climate action) at −0.808 and −0.729,
respectively. These findings suggest that, while enhanced logistics can drive economic
growth, they may also lead to overconsumption, resource wastage, and environmental
challenges, such as increased carbon emissions. Consequently, there is a need to incor-
porate sustainable practices within logistics systems, such as promoting green logistics,
adopting low-emission transportation modes, and utilizing renewable energy sources to
mitigate environmental impacts. Policymakers and stakeholders must prioritize sustain-
able logistics development and international cooperation to balance economic growth with
environmental protection, thereby advancing the achievement of the SDGs.

3.2. Influence of Sustainability Criteria on Logistics Optimization

The SDGs and their associated regulations have imposed new requirements on lo-
gistics. Logistics optimization enables businesses to meet the growing demand for fast
and efficient supply chain operations. This involves effectively planning, organizing, and
executing the movement of goods and services in an efficient manner. The influence of the
Sustainable Development Goals (specifically, SDG 3, SDG 9, SDG 12, SDG 13, and SDG 16)
on logistics optimization is focused on in this study.
Sustainability 2024, 16, 9145 6 of 22

Good health and well-being (SDG 3) aims to ensure healthy lives and promote well-
being for all ages. Regulations like the Clean Air Act in the United States, European
Union (EU) Air Quality Standards, and China’s Green Logistics Promotion Plan push for
reduced emissions and pollution, promoting public health. Logistics operations have been
identified as significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 13% of
global emissions, as highlighted by the World Economic Forum in 2016 [19]. Reducing
emissions by adopting cleaner technologies and optimizing transport routes [20,21] can
help logistics companies to minimize their negative impact on public health. Additionally,
transportation and warehousing management play a critical role in the timely delivery of
medical supplies during health crises, ensuring effective distribution during emergencies.
Likewise, effective risk management [22] entails identifying and mitigating risks in the
supply chain, such as disruptions in transportation, natural disasters, or geopolitical issues,
to ensure the continuity of operations. This capacity strengthens global health systems’
resilience and enhances the industry’s contribution to public well-being.
Industry, innovation, and infrastructure (SDG 9) emphasizes the development of
sustainable and resilient infrastructure, promoting inclusive and sustainable industrial-
ization, and fostering innovation. It is supported by initiatives like the Fixing America’s
Surface Transportation Act (FAST Act), the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-
T), and China’s Belt and Road Initiative, all of which enhance sustainable transport in-
frastructure. Logistics relies heavily on robust infrastructure, such as roads, ports, and
airports, to ensure the efficient movement of goods. Investments in infrastructure develop-
ment and the adoption of innovative technologies like smart warehousing, green supply
chains, and inventory management enhance the efficiency and sustainability of logistics
operations [16,23]. By driving technological advancements and improving connectivity,
logistics supports sustainable industrial growth and contributes to economic development.
Responsible consumption and production (SDG 12) focuses on ensuring sustainable
consumption and production patterns. It is addressed through policies like the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), the EU’s Circular Economy Action Plan, and
China’s Green Supply Chain Initiative, focusing on resource efficiency and waste reduc-
tion. Through optimizing transportation and packaging processes, logistics can minimize
resource consumption and reduce their environmental footprint. Goyal and Sharma [17]
showed that it is also imperative to ensure efficient warehouse layout and design, as well
as optimize picking, packing, and shipping processes to streamline operations and reduce
cycle times. Additionally, by implementing circular economy principles—such as recy-
cling, reuse, and waste reduction—logistics operations can significantly decrease waste
generation, contributing to more sustainable production and consumption practices.
Climate action (SDG 13) calls for urgent measures to combat climate change and
its impacts. Carbon dioxide emissions are a major contributor to global climate change.
According to data from Our World in Data (https://ourworldindata.org/, accessed on
17 October 2024), global CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry have reached a total
of 37.15 billion tonnes. Figure 2 illustrates the annual CO2 emissions from the following
four major regions: China, the United States, India, and the European Union (EU), spanning
from 1990 to 2022. Projections until 2030 were generated using Holt’s double exponential
smoothing, a method specifically designed for time series data that exhibit a trend but lack
seasonality [24]. The data reveals several important points, as follows:
• China has seen a large increase in CO2 emissions since the early 2000s, reaching nearly
12 billion tonnes per year, making it the largest global emitter. Despite this, China
has committed to climate action with a target to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and
achieve carbon neutrality by 2060 [25].
• The United States has maintained high but relatively stable emission levels, with a
slight decline over the past decade. Currently, U.S. emissions stand at approximately
5 billion tonnes annually. Together, China and the United States are responsible for
almost half of global CO2 emissions [26].
Sustainability 2024, 16, 9145 7 of 22

• India has shown a steady growth in emissions, surpassing 3 billion tonnes per year.
As an emerging economy, India’s emissions trajectory is expected to continue rising.
• The 27 member states of the European Union (EU-27) have successfully reduced their
emissions over the past three decades, currently emitting around 2.7 billion tonnes
per year. The European Climate Law mandates that Europe achieve climate neutrality
by 2050, with an intermediate target of reducing net greenhouse gas emissions by at
least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels [27].

Figure 2. CO2 emissions forecast for China, the United States, India, and the EU-27.

These trends highlight the need for strong climate policies and global cooperation,
especially among the largest emitters. In the logistics sector, key activities like manufac-
turing, packaging, transportation, and procurement contribute significantly to the overall
carbon footprint, estimated to be 80–90% [28]. Using low-carbon technologies, like electric
vehicles [29] and renewable energy [30], can greatly reduce emissions. Additionally, in-
cluding climate change strategies in logistics operations, such as risk management and
emergency response, can help the industry be more resilient to climate-related risks [23].
These efforts not only reduce climate change but also make logistics businesses more
sustainable and competitive.
Lastly, peace, justice, and strong institutions (SDG 16) focuses on promoting peaceful
and inclusive societies, providing access to justice, and building accountable and transpar-
ent institutions. They are promoted through laws like the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
(FCPA) from the United States, the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and
China’s Anti-Unfair Competition Law, fostering transparency and ethical practices in global
supply chains. The global nature of the logistics industry exposes it to challenges such as
corruption, fraud, and unfair competition. By enhancing transparency, accountability, and
ethical standards, logistics can reduce corruption and ensure fair trade practices [31,32]. Es-
tablishing strong legal and institutional frameworks helps improve supply chain credibility
and efficiency, thereby supporting global peace and prosperity.

4. Findings
With global concerns about climate change, resource depletion, and social well-being
growing in recent years, sustainable logistics, as an integral part of realizing global con-
nectivity, is critical to addressing environmental challenges, mitigating climate change,
and increasing resilience. AI, with its ability to process data autonomously to generate
Sustainability 2024, 16, 9145 8 of 22

predictions or prescriptions, is recognized as a powerful tool to help achieve the Sustainable

Development Goals [33,34]. This section provides insights into AI-driven approaches in sus-
tainable logistics, explores the effectiveness of AI in sustainable logistics, and investigates
the potential benefits and limitations of AI integration in logistics operations.

4.1. Top Issues Driving Sustainable Logistics

In order to achieve the SDGs, logistics needs to improve its overall efficiency, reduce
costs, and minimize its environmental impact, in order to become sustainable logistics. The
hot topics in sustainable logistics research are analyzed in this section. Figure 3 presents
the strength of the associations between the keywords of 1362 publications related to
sustainable logistics between 2019 and 2023 and was made using VOSviewer, which is
a scientific literature data visualization and analysis tool. The results indicate different
degrees of association and attributes through the color shades of the nodes and the colors
themselves. Notice that, in recent years, the most relevant research topics have been
emissions, vehicle routing problems, waste management, digital transformation, and
environmental sustainability.

Figure 3. Network visualization and association strengths of keywords from sustainable logistics studies.

With the increasing prosperity of global trade and the continuous growth of logistics
activities, greenhouse gas emissions generated during transport have become an envi-
ronmental issue that cannot be ignored. This not only contributes to the trend of global
warming, but also has an impact on the operating costs and reputation of logistics compa-
nies. Reducing emissions is a key measure for sustainable logistics, as shown in Figure 3,
where it can be seen that transportation and carbon emissions have attracted a great deal
of attention. The transport sector’s primary reliance on fossil fuel-powered vehicles is the
main sources of carbon emissions from logistics operations [11]. One major development in
this regard is the use of electric vehicles for urban distribution. The rise of e-commerce and
the increased demand for last-mile delivery has made electric vehicles effective in reducing
Sustainability 2024, 16, 9145 9 of 22

carbon footprints, especially in urban logistics operations [29]. In addition, the use of
route optimization techniques, such as clustered logistics and optimized routes, have made
a significant contribution to sustainable transport [12]. Additionally, logistics activities
produce various types of waste. For instance, packaging has led to the over-consumption of
resources, environmental pollution, ecological damage, and an increased energy demand,
due to their extensive use of disposable materials and generation of large quantities of
waste [30]. Minimizing the waste generated during logistics operations requires multi-
faceted measures, including sustainable packaging materials, reverse logistics, and waste
management. Li et al. [13] proposed a hybrid discrete artificial bee colony algorithm for
solving the location allocation problem in reverse logistics network systems.
With the rise of the e-commerce industry, vehicle routing problems and last-mile
delivery have attracted widespread attention which is a critical task for sustainable logis-
tics. Burinskiene et al. [14] conducted an extensive simulation analysis and found that
optimizing transportation routes within the warehouse can reduce warehouse waste by
approximately 67%. Innovative solutions such as parcel lockers [15], reception boxes and
pick-up points [35], and drones [36] effectively improve the efficiency of last-mile deliveries,
thereby reducing the carbon footprint. Digital transformation facilitates greater supply
chain transparency and collaboration. Tijan et al. [31] state that blockchain technology can
guarantee transparency in logistics and supply chain management by creating immutable
records of transactions and asset movements. Consequently, this enhances the ability to
track products and reduces occurrences of deceit. Additionally, the utilization of RFID
technology in IoT devices has also facilitated the instantaneous monitoring of goods [32].

4.2. Key Challenges in Achieving Sustainable Logistics

The green logistics framework by McKinnon et al. [1] illustrates the complex relation-
ship between logistics activities and their environmental impacts and costs. This subsection
uses the framework to identify the main challenges in sustainable logistics and examine key
strategies to address them, such as reducing carbon emissions, minimizing waste, and opti-
mizing transportation routes. Furthermore, the role of AI in overcoming these challenges is
also explored. The key challenges are categorized into four groups: (i) uncertainty; (ii) net-
work complexity; (iii) logistics collaboration; and (iv) the need for technological innovation.
Table 3 summarizes these challenges and their sources within sustainable logistics.

Table 3. Challenges in sustainable logistics.

Challenge Category Challenge Sources

Demand Volatility
Supply complexity
Uncertainty
Unpredictability of technological advances
Volatility of regulations and policies
Lack of assessment indicators
Network Architectures
Insufficient consideration of uncertainty and risk
Complexity
Regional technological differences
Data privacy and security
Logistics Collaboration Diversity of logistics systems
Variability of logistics operations
Green packaging technologies
Technology and Optimizing transport routes
Innovation Needs The promotion of electric and hybrid vehicles
Shared logistics platforms

Uncertainty is a complex and multidimensional challenge in the field of sustainabil-

ity logistics. It involves not only volatility on the demand side and complexity on the
supply side, but also the unpredictability of technological advances and the volatility of
regulations and policies. Demand-side and supply-side uncertainties have always been
Sustainability 2024, 16, 9145 10 of 22

central challenges in logistics and supply chain management [37]. Additionally, delays,
demand changes/lack of information, delivery constraints, and insufficient supply chain
integration are the main sources of logistics uncertainty [38]. Dat et al. [37] optimized the
waste electrical and electronic products (WEEPs) model by considering the characteristics
of each type of waste in different recycling processes. Focusing on the perishability of
food products, Soysal et al. [39] examined the inventory pathway problem for multiple
suppliers and customers, and the results showed that horizontal cooperation between
suppliers led to better energy savings and cost reductions. However, these challenges in
the context of sustainability are further amplified by the development of new technologies
and changes in regulations and policies. The introduction of new technologies has brought
efficiency gains and environmental sustainability to the logistics industry, but it has also
triggered challenges in terms of technology investment and staff training [40]. Legislative
and regulatory uncertainty is also one of the challenges. The case study presented in
Abbasi and Nilsson [41] revealed that companies are reluctant to take risks in terms of
increasing investment in clean transportation and seeking cleaner alternatives due to the
lack of clear and long-term guidance from regulators.
The logistics network design problem (LNDP) is a crucial issue in the field of supply
chain management and logistics. It involves making decisions about the number, loca-
tion, and capacity of facilities, as well as the flow of products in a logistics system. A
well-organized logistics network is crucial to the sustainable development of enterprises
and society, as it can improve transportation efficiency, reduce operating costs, minimize
environmental pollution, and enhance the resilience of the supply chain. Research by You
and Wang [42] has shown that the field of sustainable logistics network design is confronted
with a multifaceted set of challenges that encompass the comprehensive integration of
environmental and social objectives, the management of uncertainty and risk, and the
expansion of industry applications. First, the three pillars of sustainable development
are social, economic, and environmental, but current models tend to focus excessively on
single environmental indicators such as economic efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions,
ignoring important social aspects such as equity and worker welfare. However, the lack
of indicators for social assessment makes their inclusion in the network a serious chal-
lenge. Secondly, the treatment of uncertainty and risk within existing models is insufficient,
affecting the reliability and robustness of decision-making [43]. To make more holistic deci-
sions under conditions of uncertainty, there is a need to employ enhanced multi-objective
methodologies that balance the trade-offs between environmental, social, and economic
objectives. Furthermore, despite advancements in specific sectors like manufacturing and
retail, the universality and practicality of models could be improved by testing and validat-
ing them across a broader range of industries [42]. For instance, Yang et al. [44] showed
that certain areas are at the forefront of technology while others are falling behind, due to
the performance disparity at the city level.
The study of Soysal et al. [39] suggested that horizontal collaboration between suppli-
ers can lead to better energy savings and cost reductions. Digital transformation facilitates
greater logistics collaboration. In the era of Logistics 4.0, advanced technologies like the
internet of things (IoT), blockchain, and AI are playing a significant role in enhancing
collaboration in logistics and various other domains [45]. However, achieving collaboration
in sustainable logistics is not without obstacles. An important obstacle is the matter of data
privacy and security. According to Soumpenioti and Panagopoulos [46], the growing use of
digital technology in logistics has led to heightened worries regarding the protection and
confidentiality of data. The biggest issue is balancing transparency with protecting sensitive
information from unwanted access. The diversity of logistics systems and the variability of
logistics businesses also present substantial obstacles to attaining transparency throughout
the supply chain. According to McGrath et al. [47], the presence of different systems creates
obstacles that prevent the smooth sharing of data and transparency among stakeholders.
The ever-changing nature of the logistics business requires a sustainable management
Sustainability 2024, 16, 9145 11 of 22

strategy that can effectively respond to market uncertainties and the numerous adverse
circumstances that come with transportation operations.
The logistics industry faces the challenge of increasing efficiency, reducing costs, and
minimizing environmental impact. In order to meet these challenges, logistics companies
and related organizations need to continuously develop and apply new technologies and
innovative approaches. These include the adoption of green packaging technologies [30],
optimizing transport routes [14], the promotion of electric and hybrid vehicles [29], and the
establishment of shared logistics platforms [45]. However, the application of technology and
innovation to sustainable logistics faces challenges such as high research and development
costs, problems with technology adaptation, difficulties in transforming enterprises, and
regulatory and competitive market pressures [48]. In addition, inadequate infrastructure
makes it difficult to implement new technologies [49]. For example, Ewedairo et al. [50]
showed that challenges facing urban freight last-mile logistics include the difficulty of adapting
existing road networks and urban loading and unloading facilities to the increase in freight
traffic, as well as space and access constraints. Overcoming these challenges requires multiple
efforts, among them managing policy support, financial assistance, technological innovation,
education and training, etc.

4.3. Integration of AI in Sustainable Logistics

The evolving complexity of global logistics has created a demand for sophisticated op-
timization techniques. Extensive data and continuously improving computing power have
enhanced the ability of AI to process large amounts of information and derive actionable
insights that enable the improvement of traditional logistics practices [33]. This subsection
provides an overview of different AI models and algorithms for logistics optimization
and explores the potential benefits and limitations of AI integration in logistics operations,
taking into account the sustainable challenges found in the previous subsection.

4.3.1. AI for Solving Sustainable Logistics Challenges

In the field of sustainable logistics, AI can help in addressing challenges such as
reducing uncertainty, optimizing network structure, enhancing supply chain transparency,
and improving overall efficiency. The functions of AI at each stage of sustainable logistics
are illustrated in Figure 4.

Figure 4. AI in sustainable logistics.

Sustainability 2024, 16, 9145 12 of 22

Pal [51] illustrated how AI-powered predictive analytics plays a crucial role in helping
logistics organizations to accurately predict demand and optimize inventory levels. This not
only reduces waste but also ensures the effective utilization of resources, hence promoting
sustainability. Cui et al. [52] utilized a rich dataset consisting of detailed operational and
retailer information for each product to develop a data-driven model for predicting returns
at the retailer, product type, and cycle level. In addition, AI assesses potential risks and
provides early warnings, enabling organizations to adjust their strategies in response to
possible supply chain disruptions.
Emergencies such as COVID-19 provided new objectives for logistics systems in order
to meet various economic needs in times of crisis and uncertainty. Companies utilize
AI-based innovations to provide a wide range of solutions that allow them to address the
complexity of activities, increase efficiency, and ensure sustainable financial growth and
resource utilization [33,53]. AI and, in particular, ML help supply chain operators to quickly
make informed decisions on streamlining processes and quickly identifying inefficiencies,
in order to reduce them [18,54]. Furthermore, organizations that use AI-driven technologies
to optimize aspects of the supply chain, such as demand forecasting, energy management,
and waste reduction, can improve operational efficiency while achieving cost savings and a
reduced ecological footprint [34]. The benefits of AI-driven demand forecasting, customer
behavior analysis, and supply chain network design support more rational production
planning, purchasing, inventory management, and transportation scheduling, directly
easing environmental strain. AI-driven forecasting also reduces the need for excessive safety
stock, particularly for perishable items. Additionally, economies of scale from bundling
goods promote a shift to more eco-friendly transportation modes. By refining supply chain
networks, AI further boosts transportation efficiency, directly reducing environmental
impacts [33].
AI also improves logistics traceability and transparency, allowing companies to moni-
tor carbon emissions and enhance accountability. This is supported by AI-driven supplier
auditing and selection tools from providers like EcoVadis (https://ecovadis.com/, accessed
on 17 October 2024) and Intelex (https://www.intelex.com/, accessed on 17 October 2024),
which offer sustainability insights based on vast datasets across multiple dimensions [33].
The ways in which AI intelligence-driven approaches can improve sustainable logistics are
summarized in Figure 5.
Modern logistics optimization relies on various AI models and algorithms to address com-
plex operational challenges. Zaher and Bányai [55] showed the rapid progress in the research
for the development of metaheuristic algorithms in logistics, and Boute and Udenio [33] sum-
marized the opportunities that AI brings to logistics. ML, a subset of AI, can be applied to
all aspects of logistics optimization. Supervised learning predicts factors like demand, ar-
rival times, customs throughput, and downtime. Unsupervised learning identifies patterns
for customer clustering and market basket analysis. Reinforcement learning determines
the best action based on current conditions, supporting multi-source replenishment and
multi-modal shipping decisions [33]. Singh et al. [56] found that supervised learning
solves most logistics problems, including multi-modal transportation, demand uncertainty,
and user behavior. In addition, AI-driven metaheuristic approaches provide promising
solutions for sustainable logistics systems. These approaches demonstrate the potential to
address difficulties linked to transparency by utilizing advanced analytical and predictive
capabilities. For instance, Zhang et al. [57] developed a ML-based risk assessment model
using historical data to assess risks in the strawberry cold chain, achieving an average
accuracy of 90.4%. Others AI models and algorithms found in the recent literature are
shown in Table 4, where GA refers to genetic algorithms, PSO refers to particle swarm
optimization, IWO refers to invasive weed optimization, CDAP refers to the Cross-Dock
Door Assignment Problem, and ACO refers to ant colony optimization. These methods
have been instrumental in advancing efficient solutions to complex problems in supply
chain management and transportation systems. Each entry details the algorithmic approach
employed, the problem it addresses, and the main contributions of the authors.
Sustainability 2024, 16, 9145 13 of 22

Figure 5. AI-driven approaches to enhancing sustainable logistics.

Table 4. Supply chain and logistics optimization algorithms.

Algorithm/Approach Problem Author

Hybrid GA and PSO Supply chain network design Zaher and Bányai [55]
Two-stage heuristic Cost-efficient material delivery Fathi and Ghobakhloo [58]
Hybrid ant colony optimization Closed-loop location-inventory-routing Deng et al. [59]
Metaheuristic GA and IWO Location–allocation decisions in a three-stage supply chain Atabaki et al. [60]
Flower pollination algorithm Just-in-sequence supply chain optimization Bányai et al. [61]
Improved PSO Reverse logistics inventory control Yang et al. [62]
Heuristic swarm optimization Cold chain logistics optimization Chen et al. [63]
Modified model for CDAP Minimizing handling machines travel distance Tarhini et al. [64]
Hybrid ACO and Floyd-Warshall Minimizing pickers’ travel distance Santis et al. [65]
GA Service selection and load balancing Brajevic and Ignjatovic [66]

4.3.2. Real-World Applications: Case Studies

Case studies offer valuable insights and lessons derived from real-world scenarios of
AI integration on logistics and supply chain operations. Tsolakis et al. [67] introduced a
case study quantifying the environmental benefits of different types of automated guided
vehicles (AGVs) associated with routing schemes using the Europe’s port of Piraeus. They
showed how the implementation of smart logistics significantly reduced the total dis-
tance traveled by the loaded AGVs by 18% and improved the environmental impact of
approximately 18% of the loaded vehicles. Zubovich [68] discussed a case study where
more than 350,000 trucks were fitted with IoT sensors to monitor conditions, analyze, and
troubleshoot. The Swedish automaker Volvo has used IoT and AI to reduce the time it takes
to repair trucks by 25% and to diagnose them by 70%, maximizing the vehicle’s travel time
through more proactive and efficient maintenance. Shinkarenko [69] provided a case study
Sustainability 2024, 16, 9145 14 of 22

regarding the California-based company Plus. This company has developed enhanced
trucks with self-driving systems that can perform stop-and-go traffic, pass other vehicles,
change lanes, and other things that need to be handled on the road with the help of a
proprietary multimodal sensor system that notably optimizes fuel usage and saves about
10% in energy costs. This company has partnered with some of the largest companies in
the industry, including IVECO, FAW, and Amazon. Pourhejazy et al. [70] employed an
evolutionary algorithm to incorporate sustainability into the optimization of fuel logistics
networks. Through testing at a Korean company, they demonstrated that decentralization
could significantly enhance the sustainability of logistics networks. Optimizing transport
routes also reduced distances, times, and fuel consumption. For instance, Okyere et al. [71]
improved a high-cost transportation system using a genetic algorithm (GA), lowering costs
by 4.5% and saving USD 97.03 million. Real-time tracking ensures product traceability, and
Tijan et al. [31] highlighted AI’s ability to manage large logistics data efficiently, enabling
better decision-making. This feature is essential for dynamic routing and scheduling to
minimize delays and decrease the environmental impact of logistics operations.
In real-world logistics optimization, various AI techniques are applied and com-
bined. An improved multi-objective particle swarm-based algorithm was proposed by
Yang et al. [62] and proved to be effective as an inventory control method for reverse lo-
gistics in shipping e-commerce. Scalar methods and evolutionary algorithms can handle
vehicle routing problems with several conflicting objectives or performance measures in
real-life last-mile logistics [72]. AI and data analytics capabilities have enabled flexible
and intelligent logistics handling. AGVs have become smarter and more widely used
in different applications in production areas such as material handling, assembly lines,
etc. [67,73]. A powerful solution based on the long short-term memory (LSTM) model was
proposed by Issaoui et al. [74] and verified to be effective in optimizing resource allocation
and enhancing task scheduling in logistics frameworks. Tufano et al. [75] presented a
real-world environment application of unsupervised learning clustering algorithms to
collect data available to third-party logistics providers through input datasets, defining
product families to assign workloads to processing resources represented by a third-party
logistics packaging plant in the automotive industry. Businesses are using applications
such as chatbots in daily operations to develop data collection and inventory methods,
improving purchasing efficiency and market forecasting while addressing key challenges
in logistics operations [76]. Although current generative language models are not yet able
to solve highly complex problems, their strong understanding of logistics systems and the
rapid advancements in natural language processing suggest that frameworks based on
models like GPT-4 may soon overcome limitations related to model parameters, training
data, and contextual understanding, enabling solutions for increasingly complex logistics
challenges in the near future [77].
Moreover, Helo and Hao [78] presented an analysis of AI’s practical applications
within various aspects of supply chain and operations management. They exemplified a
case of transition from traditional manual processes to AI-driven solutions in a manufactur-
ing and distribution company, focusing on the configuration, pricing, and quoting process.
The implementation of AI in this context aimed to automate the quotation process, reduce
manual labor, and enhance the accuracy of documents provided to customers. Another
case focused on the use of AI for quality control in a food production facility. The company
employed deep neural networks for real-time visual inspection of packaging processes [78].
This AI-driven approach enabled the reduction of waste and the enhancement of the overall
quality control process. By training the AI system on various product features and defects,
the company was able to automate the quality assurance process, allowing human inspec-
tors to concentrate on more strategic tasks. Another relevant case study of application
of AI was described by Shinkarenko [69]. Kortical (https://kortical.com/, accessed on
17 October 2024), a London software development company, worked with the team at the
National Healthcare Service Blood and Transplant (NHSBT) to develop a demand-planning
system for blood products with a short shelf-life, in order to forecast demand for 40 blood
Sustainability 2024, 16, 9145 15 of 22

products across 15 distribution centers. NHSBT used Kortical’s ML-based tool, built by
analyzing large amounts of historical supply data, to predict platelet supply, resulting in a
54% reduction in expired platelets and a 100% reduction in costly temporary shipments.
More examples of AI-driven logistic optimization across different sectors are summarized
in Table 5.

Table 5. Summary of AI applications in various sectors.

Company Sector Applications Author

Anheuser-Busch InBev Brewing Developing an analytics platform for the optimization of Reyes and Patel [79]
the supply chain
Amazon E-commerce Manual scanning replacement by building an ML model Amazon Web Services [80]
trained on millions of video examples of stowing actions
Target Retailer Inventory optimization by developing demand forecasting Reyes and Patel [79]
systems that maximize sales and profitability
Rhenus Logistics Logistics Automation of tendering strategies and processes such as Nataraj et al. [81]
pricing
Zenrobotics Robotics Development of AI-driven robots for material recovery Zen Robotics [82]
facilities which can sort 4000 items per hour

4.3.3. Limitations of AI Integration in Logistics Operations

Some potential limitations also exist for AI integration in logistics. At present, sustain-
ability may be seen more as a positive side effect on logistics operations in the beginning
stages of AI applications in the supply chain. Measuring the impact of AI solutions on
sustainability is not yet a priority for some companies because of barriers including lack
of integration between systems and processes, the need for advanced technologies and
analytics, the development of data governance frameworks, and changes in the organiza-
tion of the company. Likewise, in the absence of government intervention, the incentive to
invest in sustainable AI models depends on the financial complementarity of operational
benefits [33,83]. The use of AI by big business to improve productivity and efficiency may
not yet outweigh the increase in profitability in terms of reducing environmental impacts,
when considering the growth in demand and consumption stimulated by productivity
and efficiency improvements [84]. In addition, the widespread adoption of AI and the
requirement for computerized equipment to accelerate natural resource extraction have
been criticized by some political economists as justification for transnational corporations’
exaggerated claims that the gains of AI contribute to environmental sustainability [84].

4.4. Emerging Trends and Best Practices

After analyzing the integration of AI in sustainable logistics and real-world applica-
tions in logistics operations, in this subsection, emerging trends and best methodologies in
AI-driven approaches will be discussed.

4.4.1. Current and Future Trends in AI-Driven Logistics Optimization

Abduljabbar et al. [85] highlighted two major trends in AI-driven logistics: (i) the
use of AI for optimizing corporate decision-making and resource allocation, particularly
in addressing demand forecasting and roadway constraints; and (ii) the development
of connected and autonomous vehicles to enhance efficiency and safety on highways.
These trends reflect a broader shift towards employing AI technologies to tackle complex
logistical challenges and improve operational outcomes. Emerging technologies such as
blockchain, reverse logistics, and data analytics are also gaining prominence within the
logistics arena. Blockchain, for instance, offers enhanced transparency and efficiency in
supply chain management, while reverse logistics focuses on the movement of goods back
through the supply chain to capture value and reduce waste [86]. Real-time data analytics,
powered by advancements in big data processing and storage solutions, are enabling
Sustainability 2024, 16, 9145 16 of 22

logistics companies to optimize route planning, reduce fuel consumption, and minimize
greenhouse gas emissions [87]. It is also worth mentioning the emergence of green logistics,
which aims to reduce total costs associated with economic and environmental challenges.
This is driven by the fact that present logistics strategies are unsustainable in the long
term [88]. In this sense, the concept of reverse logistics is relevant, which emphasizes the
movement of goods from their consumption point back to previous stages in the supply
chain for the purposes of re-capturing value, re-manufacturing, proper disposal, costs
savings, etc. [86].
Another emerging trend is the use of real-time data analytics within logistics. The
logistics sector is facing challenges related to the continuous generation of big amounts of
unstructured data from diverse sources, including road and vehicle sensors, log files, GPS
systems, and traffic cameras [89]. This proliferation of data sources presents a significant
challenge for traditional data processing methods, emphasizing the need for advanced
analytical solutions to analyze real-time traffic information [90]. Furthermore, this increase
in data availability requires better computational capabilities and storage solutions. It
also shows the inadequacy of current data processing strategies, due to the dependence
on outdated data processing methods [91]. As a result, traditional logistics information
systems are not equipped to efficiently manage the constant flow of information from
sensors in real-time. In this context, solutions like Apache Hadoop emerge as a frequently
employed solution for big data analytics across various industries, including logistics and
transportation, because of its distributed storage and parallel processing for handling vast
datasets efficiently [89].
Given these challenges, logistics companies are using data to predict delays by using
information from accidents and traffic jams found on social media to analyze and predict delays
as they happen [91]. This skill to forecast delays right away complements the benefits of using
software like Apache Hadoop, Spark, and Storm and lets businesses quickly change their plans,
like updating routes instantly in order to avoid possible delays or bottlenecks, making them work
more smoothly and respond faster to any issues [79]. In this topic, Chen et al. [90] present an
innovative data-centric strategy for enhancing logistics through the utilization of real-time traffic
data. Their goal is to improve the precision of freight travel time predictions, thereby increasing
freight logistics’ reliability. They propose the gradient boosting partitioned regression tree for
forecasting stochastic travel times. Following the trend of data analytics and AI in logistics, it is
also relevant to mention blockchain technology. The adoption of this technology within logistics
and supply chain management enables a higher level of transparency, reliability, and operational
efficiency in logistics frameworks. As noted by Khan et al. [92], blockchain technology allows
transactions that are both secure and transparent, reducing the need for intermediaries and
lowering transaction costs. It also enables the monitoring of products throughout their journey,
from the sourcing of the materials to the delivery of the final product [31]. In recent years,
researchers have concentrated on the implementation of blockchain technology in areas like
supply chain finance, supply chain management, and logistics [93]. For its implementation in
the latter, Abeyratne and Monfared [94] proposed a distributed, decentralized logistic system
that uses blockchain technologies to collect and manage the most important data of every
product throughout its life cycle using barcode or QR code tags, being this a unique digital
identifier that links a physical product to its virtual identity on the network.

4.4.2. Best Practices and Methodologies

Over time, tools from various scientific areas (e.g., business intelligence and operations
research, among others) have been instrumental for logistics managers to make decisions
based on data and have promoted the optimization of supply chains [95]. However, despite
these advances, designing supply chains that are efficient and robust remains a challenge,
especially given the complexity and dynamic diversity of these systems [96]. For this rea-
son, it is important to consider different options for implementing AI solutions in logistics
operations, depending on the nature of the problem. Peffers et al. [97] explained a design
science methodology which focuses on information systems development and research
Sustainability 2024, 16, 9145 17 of 22

through a practical, solution-oriented approach. The described methodology is based on

a process of six interconnected steps, which are as follows: (i) the identification of the
problem; (ii) the determination of the objectives of the proposed solution; (iii) the design
and development of the solution; (iv) the demonstration of the solution in an operational
environment; (v) the evaluation of the impact and effectiveness of the solution; and (vi) the
dissemination of the results and knowledge gained. This structured approach is essential
for effectively addressing complex challenges, especially in areas such as logistics, where
technology-based solutions can offer significant improvements in efficiency and sustainabil-
ity. In their paper, Zhu et al. [98] argued that adopting advanced technologies in logistics
can achieve optimization that boots operational efficiency by up to 25%, while simultane-
ously reducing the costs associated with these operations by around 31%, compared to
more traditional logistics approaches.
Following the line of previous sections, which emphasized the importance of sus-
tainability criteria in logistics decision-making, Ali et al. [99] validated through various
hypotheses that the adoption of sustainable practices in logistics has a positive relationship
with low-carbon performance, which in turn contributes significantly to the development
of sustainable societies. In addition, Uygun and Dede [100] introduced a framework of
dimensions with corresponding criteria to assess companies’ green supply chain man-
agement activities more precisely. This framework was utilized to rank companies based
on their green supply chain management practices, providing a detailed analysis of each
firm’s performance in sustainable logistics operations. The dimensions and their criteria
are detailed in Table 6, offering a structured approach to ensure that AI implementations in
logistics are in line with sustainable practices.

Table 6. Dimensions and related criteria of green supply chain management.

Dimension Criteria
D1: Green Design C1: Regulations
C2: Environmental Performances
C3: Economic Performances
D2: Green Purchasing C4: Supplier–Customer Collaboration
C5: Enforcement of Stakeholders
C6: Quality Regulations
D3: Green Transformation C7: Green Manufacturing
C8: Green Packaging
C9: Green Stock Politics
D4: Green Logistics C10: Organization of Logistics Networks
C11: Quality of Service
C12: Quality of Technology
D5: Reverse Logistics C13: Reducing Activities
C14: Re-cycling
C15: Remanufacturing
C16: Reusing
C17: Disposal

5. Conclusions and Future Research

This paper has analyzed the integration of AI in sustainable logistics optimization,
exploring various facets including key challenges, emerging trends, best practices, and
real-world case studies. Through a comprehensive analysis, several key conclusions can
be drawn.
Firstly, the following question has been addressed: How do SDGs relate to the LPI?
This study has demonstrated that the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) is strongly cor-
related with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A higher logistics performance
positively impacts various SDGs, such as SDG 9 (industry, innovation, and infrastructure),
Sustainability 2024, 16, 9145 18 of 22

SDG 3 (good health and well-being), and SDG 16 (peace, justice, and strong institutions).
However, there are significant challenges in aligning logistics performance with SDG 12
(responsible consumption and production) and SDG 13 (climate action), where negative
correlations were identified. This indicates that, while improved logistics efficiency can
drive economic development and institutional strengthening, it may also contribute to
environmental degradation unless sustainability practices are integrated into logistics
operations. This finding underscores the need for logistics stakeholders to prioritize
green logistics, low-emission transportation modes, and the adoption of renewable energy
sources, in order to ensure that improvements in logistics do not come at the expense of
environmental sustainability.
Secondly, the main challenges in sustainable logistics were identified, and their impact
on the effective implementation of optimization strategies was analyzed. These challenges
include demand and supply uncertainties, complex logistics network architectures, issues
with logistics collaboration, and the need for technological innovation. These factors can
affect the application of optimization strategies, requiring tailored approaches such as
optimizing transportation routes, adopting renewable energy sources, reducing carbon
emissions, minimizing waste generation, and enhancing supply chain transparency. These
insights address the question: How do the main challenges in sustainable logistics impact
the effective implementation of optimization strategies? Thirdly, the integration of AI tech-
nologies into logistics and supply chain management was explored, highlighting how these
technologies contribute to sustainable development. AI-driven approaches offer significant
potential in optimizing decision-making processes, enhancing resource utilization, and im-
proving operational efficiency across various aspects of logistics operations. Implementing
predictive analytics for demand forecasting, optimizing inventory levels, real-time risk
assessment, and transportation route optimization are key AI applications that support
sustainability. Real-world case studies highlighted the practical applications and benefits of
AI in logistics, providing valuable examples of how AI-driven solutions can drive positive
outcomes and contribute to the advancement of sustainable logistics practices. These case
studies ranged from supply chain optimization to operational efficiency improvements,
showcasing significant cost savings, waste reduction, and enhanced accuracy in demand
forecasting. This addresses the question: How can AI technologies be implemented in
logistics and supply chain management to enhance sustainable development?
Finally, the emerging trends and best practices in AI-driven logistics optimization
were examined, highlighting how they improve sustainability in the supply chain. Trends
such as the adoption of AI for logistics optimization, real-time data analytics, and the
implementation of blockchain technology can redefine sustainable logistics by enhancing
efficiency and reducing environmental impacts. Best practices, such as adopting green
logistics principles, integrating reverse logistics to capture value and reduce waste, and
utilizing advanced data analytics for real-time traffic management, contribute to these
improvements. These insights address the question: How do emerging trends and best
practices in AI-driven logistics optimization improve sustainability in the supply chain?
Finally, a future research line in this field involves the development of AI algorithms
tailored specifically for logistics applications. By focusing on improving demand forecast-
ing models, optimization algorithms for route planning and scheduling, and predictive
analytics for supply chain management, researchers can provide logistics operators with
more accurate, efficient, and sustainable decision-making tools. Additionally, investigating
the integration of IoT devices with AI systems offers an opportunity to enhance real-time
monitoring, tracking, and decision-making in logistics operations. Another important area
for future research is the exploration of sustainable last-mile delivery solutions based on AI.
With the rise of e-commerce and urbanization, the last-mile delivery segment has become a
critical focus for logistics companies seeking to minimize their environmental footprint.
AI-driven solutions such as autonomous delivery vehicles, drone delivery systems, and
crowd-shipping platforms can contribute to the development of more sustainable and
efficient last-mile delivery networks. These conclusions provide a comprehensive overview
Sustainability 2024, 16, 9145 19 of 22

of how AI can be leveraged to achieve sustainability in logistics, and they outline a path for
future research.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, A.A.J.; methodology, A.A.J.; investigation, W.C., Y.M., N.F.
and C.O.; writing—original draft preparation, W.C., Y.M., N.F. and C.O.; writing—review and editing,
A.A.J.; supervision, A.A.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This work has been partially funded by the Investigo Program of the Generalitat Valenciana
(INVEST/2023/304), Coca-Cola Europacific Partners, and the Spanish Ministry of Science and
Innovation (PID2022-138860NB-I00 and RED2022-134703-T).
Data Availability Statement: No new data were created or analyzed in this study.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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