Chapter 3: Levelling Content of the course Chapter-3 Levelling (10hrs) > Levelling- Basic Definitions and Importance > Types of leveling- Sprit, Trigonometrical and Barometric > Sprit leveling- Basic Definition and Types > Methods of Reducing Levels- HI and Rise & Fall Method. Arithmetic Checks. > Effects of curvature and refraction > Reciprocal leveling » Permissible error in leveling > Sources of errors in leveling > Trigonometrical leveling- Problems of Height and Distance > Practical cases in levelling > Instruction on field works Carries about 20 to 30 marks in final examination question.What is Levelling? + It is the method of surveying used for determination of the differences of elevations or levels of various points on the surface of the earth. The elevation of a point is its vertical distance above or below the reference level called datum. The leveling deals with distances in a vertical plane. Uses Of Levelling * Design highway, railroads, canals, sewers, water supply systems. * Layout construction projects according to planned elevations. + Calculate volume of earthwork, or other materials by taking longitudinal and cross sectioning. + Develop topographical maps showing general ground configuration. + — For fixing precise vertical and control positions. Investigate drainage characteristics of an area by preparing contour map. + Study earth subsidence and crustal motion. rms used in levelling> Vertical line — It is a line from any point on the earth surface to the center of the earth . It is commonly considered to be the line defined by a plumb line. > Level surface - A curved surface that, at every point is perpendicular to the local plumb line (the direction in which gravity acts). > Level line - A line in a level surface.it is perpendicular to plumb line at all points. > Horizontal plane — It is a plane tangential to the level surface at the point under consideration. It is perpendicular to plumb line. > Horizontal line - A line in a horizontal plane. It is a straight line tangential to level line . > Datum - Any level surface to which elevations are referenced. (for example , mean sea level.) >Elevation - The distance measured along a vertical line from a vertical datum to a point or object. >Mean Sea level: It is the average height of sea for all stages of tide.it is derived by averaging the hourly tide height over a period of 19 years.Benchmark (BM) - A relatively permanent object, natural or artificial, having a marked point whose elevation above or below a reference datum is known or assumed. at a PRS TE ask i) | GTS Bench mark (Geodetic Triangulation Survey) : These Bench marks are established by national agency like Survey of Nepal. They are established with highest precision. Their position and elevation above MSL is given in a special catalogue known as GTS Maps ( 100 km. interval). ii) Permanent Bench Mark : They are fixed points of reference establish with reference to GTS Bench mark (10 km. interval). ili) Arbitrary Bench mark: These are reference points whose elevations are arbitrarily assumed for small levelling operations. Their elevation don't refer to any fixed datum. iv) Temporary bench mark: These are the reference point on which a days work is closed and from where levelling is continued to the next day. Such a BM is carefully established or permanent object like kilometer stones, parapets etcv vy Station: A point where the levelling staff is kept. Axis of telescope : it is a line joining the optical center of the objective to the center of eyepiece. Line of sight: It is a line joining the intersection of the cross —hairs to the optical center of the objective and its continuation. Since in levelling the line of sight should remain horizontal while making the sights, the line of sight when horizontal.it is called the line of collimation. Height of instrument: It is the elevation of the plane of sight with respect to assumed datum. It is also known as plane of collimation. Back sight(BS): It is a staff reading taken on a point of known elevation, e.g. a sight on a bench mark (station A) or an a change point i.e. station C . In fig, a & c are back sight. It is the first staff teading taken after level is set up. It is called PLUS sight because it is added to elevation of that point to get height of instrument or plane of collimation. Fore sight(FS): It is a staff reading taken on a point whose elevation is to determined, e.g. a sight on a change point i.e. station C & D .In figure c & d are the fore sight . This is also a MINUS sight. It is the last staff reading and denotes the shifting of the level. A+ Intermediate sights(IS): It is a staff reading taken on a point of unknown elevation between _back sight and fore sighting .e.g. a sight on a station B.in fig. _b is the intermediate sight. These are called MINUS sights. These are subtracted from plane of collimation to find the reduced level of different points. » Change point(CP) or turning point(TP): It is a point denoting the shifting of the levels. Both F.S. & B.S. are taken on this point e.g. point C » Reduced level(RL): The elevations of the points with respect to assumed datum. > Parallax: it is the apparent movement of the image relative to the cross —hairs when the image formed by the objective does not fall in the plane of diaphragm. Basic principle The principle of leveling lies in furnishing a horizontal line of sight and finding the vertical distances of the points above or below the line of sight. The line of sight is provided with a level and a graduated levelling staff is used for measuring the height of line of sight above the staff positions. Line of sight he B (unknown elevation) A(RL=0, known elevation) Here, RL of B= RL of A+ h1—h2 AH= RL of B- RL of ADifferent method of determining levels 1. Direct Levelling 2. Trigonometric Levelling 3. Barometric Levelling 4. Hypsometric Levelling Direct Levelling: Most common method in levelling. In this method a sprit level fixed to the telescope of a levelling instrument is used to make a line of sight horizontal. Vertical distances are measured with respect to this line of horizontal of sight. These various points are used to compute the differences in levelling of various points. * It is also known as sprit levelling. The surveyor deals with direct levelling. This chapter mainly deals with direct levelling. * In levelling it is desired to found out differences in level between points. If the elevation of one point is known the elevation of other point can be found out.Trigonometric Levelling: This is the method of levelling in which the differences of elevation is determined indirectly from the horizantal distances & vertical angle. As trigonometric relation are used to determine the elevations, the method is known as trigonometric levelling. This method is used when direct levelling becomes difficult. For eg. The elevation of inaccessible points such as mountain, peaks, top of towers, etc. can be determined by this method. H= Dtan@ Where, H= the height of the tower above horizontal line of sight D= horizantal distance 8 = Vertical angleTrigonometric Levelling Kod Reading RK Barometric Levelling * In this method the altitude difference is determined by means of a barometer. * Barometric leveling is based on the fact that the atmospheric pressure varies inversely with height. In this method a barometer is used to determine the differences in elevation of points, which differ considerably in heights as in a hilly area or mountainous country.* It is chiefly used on exploratory or reconnaissance surveys. Since the pressure of the atmospheric at any point is constantly changing and barometer reading are affected by the temperature of the air * Types of barometer in use are ¢ Mercury Barometer * Aneroid Barometer Aneroid BarometerMercury Barometer Hypsometric Levelling It is also indirect levelling. In this method, the difference of elevation is determined by noting down the temperature at which water starts boiling. As the altitude of the place increases, the boiling point of water decreases.Hypsometric Levelling ree wel se pa Necro: Sree ep HREHO NERO c= deUoNowS=!Level A level is an instrument giving horizontal line of sight and magnifying the reading at a far away distance. It consists of the following parts: 1. Telescope — to provide a line of sight 2. Level Tube — to make line of sight horizontal 3. Levelling head — to bring the bubble of tube level atthe center of its run TYPES OF LEVELS: i) Dumpy level fi) Tilting level iti) Automatic level iv) Digital Auto level DUMPY LEVEL This is the basic levels used in construction work. The telescope is attached to a single bubble and the assembly is adjusted either by means of a screwed ball-joint or by foot screws which are adjusted first in one direction then at 90 degrees.DUMPY LEVEL ADVANTAGES: + Itis simple compact and stable. * Fewer adjustments to be made. + Simple construction with fewer movable parts. + Longer life of the adjustments. DUMPY LEVELTILTING LEVEL * It consists of a telescope attached with a level tube which can be tilted within few degrees in vertical plane by a tilting screw. * The main peculiarity of this level is that the vertical axis need not be truly vertical, since the line of collimation is not perpendicular to it. The line of collimation, is, however, made horizontal for each pointing of telescope by means of tilting screw i.e :Tilting bubble is made U shaped. It is mainly designed fo precise levelling work. ; TILTING LEVEL Advantages * Helpful in quick levelling. * Ball and socket arrangement permits the head to be tilted and quickly locked nearly level. 545-190AUTO LEVEL + Also termed as self aligning level. It has an compensator which consists of an arrangement of three prisms. The two outer ones are attached to the barrel of the telescope. The middle prism is suspended by fine wiring and reacts to gravity .The instrument is first levelled approximately by the circular bubble ,the compensator then deviate the line of sight by the amount that the telescope is out of sight. AUTO LEVEL ADVANTAGES: i. Much simpler to use ii. High precision — Mean elevation error on staff graduatedto 5mm division varies between +0.5 to 0.8mm per km of forward and backward levelling. iii. High speed : The speed of Dumpy level is about 25% lower than tilting level. iv. Freedom fromerrors— Accuracy is increased by an erect telescope image. Range of application — level can be used on medium and large sized projects and setting bench marks,DIGITAL LEVEL + It uses digital-electronic image processor using a charged-coupled device(CCD) for determining heights and distances. * Its accuracy in rod reading is .5mm and the maximum range is 100m. ADVANTAGE: + Data can be transferred to computer directly. + Error in writing of data and calculations can be minimized. DISADVANTAGE: + It needs clear and better illuminated area for levelling hence not useful in cloudy area. DIGITAL LEVEL BfTripod :- is a portable three-legged frame, used as a platform for supporting the weight and maintaining the stability of some other object Levelling Staff Is a wooden or metal ruler one side runway to meters and centimeters. And is a ruler of solid wood 2,3,4, 5 meters in length and usually 4 meters . wy 3 3 3 2 3 Es. wee Venere aie flTemporary Adjustments of a level * These adjustments are performed at every setup of instrument * Setting up of level * Levelling of telescope * Focusing of the eye peace * Focusing of object glass Temporary Adjustments of a level Setting up the level This includes * A) Fixing the instrument on tripod * B) Levelling the instrument approximately by TripodSetting up the level Temporary Adjustments of a level Levelling Levelling is done with the help of foot screws. The purpose of levelling is to make vertical axis truly vertical. It is done with the help of foot screws * A) Place the telescope parallel to a pair of foot screw then hold the foot screws between thumb and first finger and turn them either inward or outward until the longitudinal bubble comes in the centre. * B)Turn the telescope through 90 ° so that it lies parallel to third foot screw, turn the screw until the bubble comes in the centre.Temporary Adjustments of a level Re c A w 6 A o 8 Temporary Adjustments of a level Focusing the eye piece * To focus the eye piece, hold a white paper in front of object glass, and move the eye piece in or out till the cross hair are distinctly seen. Focusing of object glass Direct the telescope to the levelling staff and on looking through the telescope, turn the focusing screw till the image appears clear and sharp.Method of Booking > Rise fall method >Collimation method or height of instrument method Rise and Fall method * In this method the difference of the present staff teading is subtracted from the previous staff reading. + Previous reading —present staff reading = +ve, denotes RISE + Previous reading —present staff reading = -ve, denotes FALL * Checking: ZBS -ZFS = Last RL-First RL= ZRise “2FallBacksight | Inter Sight | Foresight | Rise Fall] Reduced | Remarks Lerel Tose 3.552 By 1381 907 85.525 O67 1.389 $6.81 Dsl 088 0.188 36998 FET] 0.170 37.165 191 0.580 AEG o512 Ton | 0359 8107 a | 1261 35836 2167 0398 36452 On| | J TBacksights Minus I Foresights = E Rises Minus = Falls = Difference between first and last Reduced Level (86.452 Minus 86.452 = 0) Height of Instrument method The basic equations are * Height of instrument for the first setting = RLof BM + BS(at BM) * Subtract the IS and FSfrom HI to get RL of intermediate stations and change points. * Checking: 2BS -2FS = Last RL—First RL. This is -ve for FALL and +ve for RISE.Tater Sight eight of ae LBacksights minus E Foresights = Difference between first andlast 6.452 Minus 86.452 = 0 Reduced LevelUses of levelling Fly levelling + Performed when the work site is very far away from the bench mark. * The surveyor starts by taking BS at BM and proceed towards worksite till he finds a suitable place for temporary BM. All works are done with respect to temporary BM. * It is carried out to check the accuracy of levelling work. + At the end of the day the surveyor comes back to original BM. Only BS & FS are taken. Fly LevellingProfile levelling:- *Profile levelling, which yields elevations at definite points along a reference line, provides the needed data for designing facilities such as highways, railroads, transmission lines. +Reduced levels at various points at regular interval along the line is calculated. “After getting the RL of various paints the profile is drawn. Normally vertical scale is much larger than horizontal scale for the clear view of the profile. +The object is to determine the undulation of the qround surface along the alignment H1600) V1: 100Cross-section levelling It is the operation to determine the elevation of the point at right angle on either side of the center line of the proposed route and radially on the curve. It is done at an interval of 5m,10m, 20m, 30m, 40m . This is done to find out the vertical sections of the surface of the earth on the ground. it gives the idea to make an estimate of earth work. $aErrors in Levelling The following are the different sources of Errors Personal Error The Instruments may not be levelled The focusing of eye piece and objective glass may not be perfect The parallax may not be eliminated The position of staff may have changed Entry and recording in the field book may not be correct The staff may not be fully extended, may not be held vertical. Errors in Levelling Instrumental Error The Permanent adjustment of the instrument may not be perfect. That is the line of collimation may not be horizontal line. The internal arrangement of focusing tube may not be correct The graduation of the staff may not be perfect Defective bubble tube, if the bubble tube is sluggish, it may apparently be in the mid-position even though the bubble line is not horizontal.Errors in Levelling Errors due to Natural Causes * The Curvature of the Earth may affect the staff readings when the distance of sight is long. * The effect of refraction may cause a wrong staff reading * There are some errors in staff readings due to high velocity wind Common errors in Leveling Foresight and back sight not being taken on exactly the same point * Reading the staff upward instead of downward Reading of stadia hair Reading of wrong number of metre and decimeter Entering backsight in F.S and vice versa Transposing the figures Omitting an entry The leveling staff not being fully extended.Curvature & Refraction Correction Curvature and Refraction Curvature Correction * For long sights the curvature of earth can effect staff readings. The line of sight is horizontal but the level line is curved and parallel to the mean spheroidal surface of the earth. * The vertical distance between the line of sight and level line at particular place is called the curvature correction * The effect of curvature is to cause the object sighted to appear lower than they really are. * Curvature correction is always Subtractive(-) » True staff reading=(Observed staff _reading- 0.0785D7)m * Where D= distance in Km.Refraction Ga) CSTs ton effect Refraction * The ray of light pass through layers of air of different densities and refractor bent down. The effect of refraction is to make the object appear higher then they really are. Refraction varies considerably with climate conditions. However it is taken as, * Cr=0.0112 D?m(+) * Refraction is always additive ¢ True staff reading + =Observed staff Reading+ Refraction correction.Two Peg Test Allinstruments are subject to errors. The checking of the instrument (in this case level) is therefore important. The main error is where the line of sight is not parallel to the horizontal line of collimation. In this case levels willnot be correct. A test for checking the level is known as the two peg test. Two peg test must be carry out before strating the leveling job to insure the instrument in good condition. This test determines the amount of errors and if an error occurs notify the technician (the level must be serviced). Two Peg Test Purpose of Test Purpose of doing this test is to determine the collimation error of a level instrument. Equipments List of equipments and tools need to completing the two peg test: Auto Level Staff Tripod Tapes (50 meters) Marker (Spray) Pen, Paper, and CalculatorSteps for Two peg test Setup (1) thal aul dy ‘Setup (2) - a > +d, —————— Hag Har = Hoa = Hor Steps for Two peg test 1. Establish two points (A and B) approximately 50 meters apart on level ground, and put the level staffs in each point, and the level half way between the two points, 2. Take readings on both pegs, and find the difference in elevation. 3. Move the level as close ass possible to one of the peg (5 meters). Take the two staff readings again. 4. If the differencein height is the same the level is okay. If not, the instrument needs to be serviced. NOTE: IF THE DIFFERENCE IS GREATER THAN 2MM, THEN INSTRUMENT NEEDS TO BE ADJUSTED. OTHERWISE, THE INSTRUMENT CAN BE USED FOR SURVEYING.Example and Conclusion PegA [Peg 6 [Difference Readings a 7 — ~ (from middle 1.473 1.447 E, = 0.026 ——————————— Readings a (from point C) eae ee AE = E2 - E1 = 0.04 m - 0.026 m = 0.014 m For a good or normal level the result from calculation of two peg test must be smaller than 0.002, if the result is greater than 0.002 the level must be serviced. Because the result 0.014 is greater than 0.002 the instrument (level) must be fixed and serviced. Example * The following staff readings were observed successively with a level the instrument is moved by third, sixth and eighth readings. * 2.228 :1.606 :0.988 :2.090 :2.864 :1.262 0.602 :1.982 21.044 :2.684 m * enter the reading in record book and calculate R.L. if the first reading was taken at a B.M of 432.383mH.I. Method SIPC) BS Ls bt Lvs 1 2.228 84612 432.334M BM. 2 1.606 #33.006 3 2.090 0.988 $35.71 433.644 PCR + 2.86+ 432.830 5 0.602 1.262 4$35.03+ 434.452 OCP 6 1.04 1.982 $4116 433.072 sMCP 7 268+ #31432 5.964 6.916 CHECK ¥ B.S-E FS = 5.964-6.916= -0.952 = LAST R.L-FIRST R.L= 431.432-432.384=-" om P Rise and Fall Method NFU Cy SS) AY ay Rise Rall i ENS 1 2.228 $32384M BM. 2 606 0.622 433.006 3 2.090 Noses 0.618 433.624 3™CP + 2.864 0.774 432.850 : ‘ ; 3 0.602 1.262 1.602 34.452 oHCP 6 one 1.982 138 433072, SCP 7 = 2.684 164 431.432 Ci TB.S-1 FS= 5.964-6.916-0.952 = LAST RL-FIRST RL-= 431.432-432.384=-0.952 IRISE-E FALL 2.842-3.794-0.952 1Example * The Following observations were taken with dumpy level and 4 m leveling staff. The instrument were shifted after the 4% and 7" reading. The first reading was taken on a bench mark whose R.L. was 15.575 m. prepare a page of level book and calculate RL of all the points. The observations were taken at every 30 m interval. Also find out the gradient between first and last point. Also draw the profile of ground. Use H.IL Method. Observations are: 0.565, 1.250, 1.675, 3.695,0.125, 2.345, 0.500, 1.785, 2.535. Observations are: 0.565, 1.250, 1.675, 3.695 (CP),0.125, 2.345, 0.500 (CP), 1.785, 2.535. ES a A 0.565 16.14 15.575 BM B 1.250 14.89 ic 1.675 14.46 D 0.125 3.695 12.565 1244 cP E 2.345 10.22 F 1.785, 0.500 13.85, 12.065 cP G 2.535, 11.315 CHECK DBS- EFS LRL-F.RL 2.47 6.73 LBS- F FS= -4.26 L.RL-F. RL= -4.255Le LRL-F, RL= +426 ” £(120m) F(1SOm) 1.785 G(180m) CHECK ERISE- Y FALL LRL-F. RL= 4.26 =4.26GRADIENT * Gradient of line AG = Diff of RLs Length * Gradient of line AG=___4.260 180 = 1 42.25 = 1 in 42.25 Gradient. Profile 0 30 6 8690 120 180m DistanceNunerical: The following consecutive readings were taken with a dumpy level and a 4m staff on a continuously sloping ground on a straight line at a common interval of 30m. 0.680, 1.455, 1.855, 2.330, 2.885, 3.389(Cp1), 1.055, 1.860, 2.265, 3.540(Cp2), 0.835, 0.945, 1.530 and 2.445 The reduced level of the first point was 80.750m. Rule out a page of a level field book and enter above readings. Calculate the reduced levels of the points by the rise and fall method and also the gradient of the line joining first and last point. a (0.680, 1.455, 1.855, 2.330, 2.685, 3.389, 1.055, 1.860, 2.265, 3.540, 0.835, 0.945, 1.530 and 2.445 SOEs EB FS Rise zl ie Remarks) 1_| 0.680 80.750 ist Pt. 2 7.455 0775 79.975 3 1.855, 0.400 79.575 4 2.330 0.475 78.100 5 2.885 0555 78.545 6 | 1.055 3.389 0504 7e.047 CPA 7 1.880 0.805 77.236 8 2.265 0.405 76.831 9 | 0.835 3.540 1.275 75.556 CP2 10 0.945 0.110 75.446 1 1.530 0.585 74.867 12 2.445 Osis | 73.046 | LastPL | t= | 257 gar4 | 0 6.604 ‘Check: IBS-IFS= 2.57) - (9,374 = 4.804 om ‘IRise-LFall= 0 - 6.804 = ~6.804 m LastRL-1stRL 73.946 . 80.750 = ~6.804 m 7————— _ 30X11=330m Difference between RL of Last and first RL Gradient = Horizontal Distance Between two points sd I. 7 ——} 301 = 26] a0 s0n a a a gs eo FOR 30m Ss 2 ¢s * wb So 2£ §& ——] 30m oO 65 3 6 CoN a a ao & 3s £& & 2 ot [30m 6 8 § &§ © ob Oo @ &@ € 2 FE g 3 - & ® n 2 2 c £ @ o @ 8 a Numerical: Explain "two peg test" method of collimation adjustment. The following consecutive reading were taken with a dumpy level: 3.864, 3.346, 2.932, 1.952, 0.854, 3.796, 2.639, 1.542, 1.934, 0.864, 0.665. The level was shifted after the fifth and the eighth readings. The first reading was taken at a bench mark of R.L. 150.250m. Calculate the reduced levels of the change points, and the difference of level between the first and last points.Stn] BS Is FS Rise_| Fall RL Remarks 1 | 3.864 150.250] 1st Pt. 2 3.346 0.518 150.768 3 2,932 0.414 151.182 4 1.952 0.980 152.162 5 | 3.796 0.854] 1.098 153.260| _C.P.1 6 2.639 1.157 154.417 7 aut 1.542| 1.097 155.514] C.P.2 8 0.864 1.070 156.584 9 0.665] 0.199 156.783| Last Pt. k= | 9.594 3.061] 6.533 | 0 Check: EBS-EFS= 9594 - 3,061= 6.533m ERise-3Fall=| 6,533 - 6.533m LastRL-IstRL 156.783 - 150,250= 6.533m , In running fly level from a bench mark of R. L. 1140.602m, the following readings were obtained. Back Sight: 1.543, 2.694, 1.416, 2.923 Fore Sight: 0.574, 1.236, 0.596, 0.665 From the last position of the instrument five pegs at 20m intervals are to be set out on a uniform rising gradient of 1 in 40. The first peg is to have a R. L. of 1140,00m. work out the staff readings required for setting out the pegs on given gradient.RE Remarks 1 | 1.543 1142.145 2 | 2.694 | 0.574 | 1144.265 |1141.571 3 | 1.416 | 1.236 | 1144.445 |1143.029| TP2 4 | 2.923 | 0.596 | 1146.772 |1143.849| TP3 5 0.665 1146.107| Last Pt. E=| 8.576 | 3.071 Check: 2BS-2FS=8.576-3.071 = 5.505 LastRL-1stRL= 1146.107-1140.602= 5.505 From the last position of the instrument five pegs at 20m Here 1meters vertical in 40m Horizontal. So 0.5m Vertical in every 20m horizontal. So Subtract 0.5m to the staff reading for each successive readings. “ 1146.772-1140.000 | .00m Hl=1146.772Numerical: (2009 Spring) Following is the page of a level book. Fill in the missing reading and calculate the reduced level of all the points. Apply the usual checks. Point | B.S. | 15. | FS. | Rise | Fall | RL [Remarks 1 [3150 |: = 5 7 | Start 2 [4770 - 2 = [o7oo[ 7? [| TP 3 =| 2200 [= = ? 7 4 ~__| 4.850 = 2 TP: 5 - | 2440 [= - | 0010 | 7 6 ? - ? 1.100 - ? TP3 7 [ates [= [2010 | ? = |222.200| TPs 8 ~ | 4735 [= : ? ? 9 2 ~ | 4.685 [0.050 [7 - 7 TPs 10 5 -_ | tsi2[ = [080s |? | End ‘Sum = 12,055 Numerical: (2009 Spring) pi] os. ] is. ]FS. | Rise | Fat | RL | Remarks 1 [atso[ - [ - - [220790 | Start 2[1770| - |38s0| - [0700] 220090| TP, 3|- [2200[ - | - [0.430| 219.660 4(2a30] - [1850/0350 | - | 220010] TP: s| - [2aao| - = __[o.0r0 | 220.000 6[3ito] - | 1340] 4400[ - | 221100] TPs 7 [ates[- [2010] 7.100 | - | 222200] Tre B[ - [a7as[ - ~_[0:550 | 221.650 9 | 0.707 : 1.685 | 0.050 - 221.700 TPs tol - | - [15i2[ - [oes | 220805 | EnaNumerical: (2010 Fall) The following staff readings were observed successively with level. The instrument have been moved forward after the second, fourth and eighth readings. 0.875, 1.235, 2.310, 1.385, 2.930, 3.125, 4.150, 0.120, 2.030, 2.765. The first reading was taken at staff held over the bench mark of RL=500.456m. Enter the readings in the level book form and find the elevations of the points by using: a. Rise and fall method b. Collimation method (Height of instrument method) Numerical: (2010 Spring) The following consecutive staff readings were taken by a level and 4m leveling staff on pegs at 15m interval on a continuously sloping ground: 0.895, 1.305, 2.805, 0.965, 2.695, 3.255, 1.120, 2.825, 3.450, 3.895, 1.685, 2.050 (A). If RL of A was 1250.25m, from the last position of the instrument, two stations B and C with RLs 1250.800m and 1251.250m respectively are to be established without disturbing the instrument. Workout the required staff reading at station B and C and complete all the works in level book form. *S1.No | Height of collimation system Rise and fall system It is rapid as it involves few calculation It is laborious involving several calcuation There is no check on the RL of the intermediate sight There is a check on the RL of the intermediate points Errors in the intermediate RLs cannot be detected. Errors in the intermediate RLs can be detected as all the points are correlated longitudinal leveling where there are a number of intermediate sights 4 There are two checks on the accuracy | There are three checks on the of RL calculation accuracy of RL calculation 5 This system is suitable for|This system is suitable for fly leveling where there are no intermediate sights 93