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Introduction-to-Proving

The document outlines fundamental properties of real numbers, including commutative, associative, distributive, and identity properties, as well as properties of equality and inequality. It explains conditional statements, negations, biconditionals, and the process of writing proofs using deductive and inductive reasoning. Additionally, it provides suggested steps for proving statements and describes the two-column proof method commonly used in geometry.

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Nami
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9 views

Introduction-to-Proving

The document outlines fundamental properties of real numbers, including commutative, associative, distributive, and identity properties, as well as properties of equality and inequality. It explains conditional statements, negations, biconditionals, and the process of writing proofs using deductive and inductive reasoning. Additionally, it provides suggested steps for proving statements and describes the two-column proof method commonly used in geometry.

Uploaded by

Nami
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO

PROVING
PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBERS
• Commutative Property
Addition: Two real numbers can be added in either order
Multiplication: Two real numbers can be multiplied in
either order
• Associative Property
Addition: When three real numbers are added, it makes no
difference on either which two are added first.
Multiplication: When three real numbers are multiplied, it
makes no difference on either which two are multiplied first
• Distributive Property
Multiplication distributes over addition
• Additive Identity Property
The sum of zero and a real number equals the number
itself
• Multiplicative Property
The product of 1 and a real number equals the number
itself.
• Existence Property of Addition
For every real number x, there exist –x such that x+(-x)=0
• Existence Property of Multiplication
1
For every real number x, their exist a real number , 𝑥 ≠ 0,
𝑥
1
such that 𝑥 ⋅ =1
𝑥
Zero and Equality
Properties

• Properties of Zero
Let a, b, and c be real
numbers
1. Multiplication Property of Zero:
The product of zero and any real
number is zero.
2. Division Property of Zero: If
zero is divided by any non-zero real
number, the result is zero
Properties of Equality
1. Reflexive Property: Any real number is equal
to itself.
𝑎=𝑎
2. Symmetric Property: If a real number is
equal to another, then that number is equal to
the original number.
If 𝑎 = 𝑏, then 𝑏 = 𝑎
3. Transitive Property of Equality: The
transitive property needs at least two previous
equalities to conclude the equality of two other
quantities.
If 𝑎 = 𝑏 and 𝑏 = 𝑐, then 𝑎 = 𝑐
4. Addition Property of Equality (APE): Adding a real number to
both sides of a true equation produces another true equation.
If 𝑎 = 𝑏, then 𝑎 + 𝑐 = 𝑏 + 𝑐
5. Multiplication Property of Equality (MPE): Multiplying both
sides of a true equation by a non-zero real number produces
another true equation
If 𝑎 = 𝑏, then 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑐 = 𝑏 ⋅ 𝑐
6. Cancellation Property of Addition: Subtracting a real number
from both sides of a true equation produces another true
equation.
If 𝑎 + 𝑐 = 𝑏 + c, then 𝑎 = 𝑏
7. Cancellation Property of Multiplication: Dividing both sides
of a true equation by a non-zero real number produces another
true equation
If 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑐 = 𝑏 ⋅ c, and 𝑐 ≠ 0 , then 𝑎 = 𝑏
8. Substitution Principle: If two quantities are equal, then one can
be replaced by the other in any equation (or inequality)
If 𝑎 = 𝑏, and 𝑎 + 𝑐 = 𝑑, then 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 𝑑
9. Closure Property: If a and b are real numbers, then (𝑎 + 𝑏) and
𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏 are real numbers.
Inequality Properties
1. Trichotomy Property: One and only one of the
following statements can be true at a time, 𝑎 = 𝑏,
𝑎 > 𝑏, or 𝑎 < 𝑏
2. Transitive Property of Inequality: Consider three
quantities for which the first quantity is less than the
second, and the second is less than the third. It
follows that the first quantity must be less than the
third.
If 𝑎 < 𝑏, and 𝑏 < 𝑐, then 𝑎 < 𝑐 or
If 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏, and 𝑏 ≤ 𝑐, then 𝑎 ≤ 𝑐
Inequality Properties
4. Multiplication Property of Inequality
a. Using positive quantities: Multiplying both sides of an inequality
by a positive quantity produces an equivalent inequality
b. Multiplying both sides of an inequality by a negative quantity
produces an equivalent inequality in which the inequality is reversed
• The absolute value of a real
number r, written as 𝑟 , is the
nonnegative distance of the real
number to zero on the number
Absolute line.
Value
If-then statements
A. Conditionals
A conditional statement is a combination of two
statements p and q and by the words if and then. It
comes in the form “ if p, then q”.
The if-statement is called the hypothesis and
the then-statement is the conclusion
For example
p: Two distinct planes intersect
q: The intersection is a line
Example: Express the following
statements in the if-then form

1. Three non-collinear points determine a plane.


2. Two intersecting lines lie in exactly one plane.
3. All even numbers are divisible by two.
4. People named Tom Marvolo Riddle are evil
wizards.
✓Conditionals can either be true or false.
✓ A conditional is true if it can be verified
by a fact, definition, property, postulate or
theorem.
✓A false conditional occurs when the
hypothesis is true while the conclusion is
false.
✓ A way to check if a conditional is true or
false is by stating a counter-example.
1. Negation. Statements are either true or false. A
negation is a transformation of a statement that it
will be the opposite of its truth value. The negation
B. Negations, of a true conditional would yield a false
Converses, conditional.
The only rules of logic for negations are as follows:
Inverses and a. The negation of a true statement is always false
Contrapositive b. The negation of a false statement is always true
c. The negation of a negation of a statement will
result to the original truth value of the statement.
Biconditional
• It is a combination of a conditional and its converse
Example:
Conditional:(If p, then q) If points lie on the same line, then they
are collinear
Converse: ( If q, then p) If points are collinear, then they lie on the
same line
Biconditional: (p if and only if q) Points are collinear if and only if
they lie on the same line
• The truth value of a biconditional is determined by the truth value
of the conditional and the converse
• Here are the rules of logic for biconditionals:
1. A biconditional is true when both its conditional and converse
are true.
2. A biconditional is false when either its conditional or converse,
or both its conditional and converse are false.
WRITING PROOFS
Proof
A proof is a logical argument in which each statement you make
is backed up by a statement that is accepted as true.
TYPES OF REASONING

a. Deductive Reasoning is a type of logical reasoning that uses


accepted facts to reason in a step-by-step manner until we
arrive at the desired statement
b. Inductive Reasoning is a process of observing data, recognizing
patterns, and making generalizations from observations.
• The following is a list of information/reasons we can use in proving
statements
1. Given information
2. Properties of Algebra
3. Undefined Terms
4. Definitions
5. Postulates
6. Previously established theorems
Suggested Steps in Proving statements
1. Draw figure, if not given
2. Analyze what are given, the accompanying figure(if given) and
what is to be proven
3. Recall any postulate , theorem, definition that is related to the
given, the statement to be proven, and the figure
4. Develop a plan
5. Implement your plan
6. Be flexible. During the middle of your implementation you may
realize mistakes. Change the plan accordingly.
• The two-column proof. The two-column
proof is the most common style of proving
in geometry. One of its advantages is that
you can see the development of the proof
with a specific justification for each
statement. The first column is for the
statements and the other column for the
reason why the statement is valid.

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