Nervous System

By:
Dolz, Gwen Karina
Espela, Rey Mari
Plantilla, Janella
Robiene III, Solomon
Santillan, Eirah Belle

Jermaine D. San Agustin

General Biology 2 Teacher

February 18, 2025

 NERVOUS SYSTEM > The part of the nervous
system that lies outside
the brain and spinal cord.
A. Creative introduction of It plays a key role in both
the body system assigned, sending information from
including its functions different areas of the body
back to the brain, as well
as carrying out commands
from the brain to various
B. Parts (organs) of this body
parts of the body.
system and its functions
The human nervous system
consists of two parts:

1. Central Nervous System

(consists of the brain and
spinal cord)

> The brain controls how we

think, learn, move, and
feel. The spinal cord
carries messages back and
forth between the brain and
the nerves that run
throughout the body.

> The central nervous

system works by sending and
receiving messages to CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
various parts of the body.
1. THE BRAIN
The brain is constantly in
contact with all parts of
the body, sending
instructions via the axons
and receiving feedback from
the senses. The axons work
by carrying these messages
as electrical currents or
nerve impulses.

2. Peripheral Nervous System

(includes all the nerves of
the body) - The brain is a complex organ
that controls thought, memory,
emotion, touch, motor skills,
vision, breathing, temperature, brain and are involved in
hunger and every process that sensory integration, control of
regulates our body. Together, voluntary movement, and higher
the brain and spinal cord that intellectual functions, such as
extends from it make up the speech and abstract thought. The
central nervous system, or CNS. thalamus is the main relay
centre between the medulla
oblongata and the cerebrum; the
hypothalamus is an important
control centre for sex drive,
pleasure, pain, hunger, thirst,
THE FOREBRAIN
blood pressure, body
- The forebrain plays a central temperature, and other visceral
role in the processing of functions. The hypothalamus
information related to complex produces hormones that control
cognitive activities, sensory the secretions of the anterior
and associative functions, and pituitary gland, and it also
voluntary motor activities. produces oxytocin and
antidiuretic hormone, which are
- It includes the cerebrum, stored in and released by the
thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland.
pituitary gland, limbic system,
and the olfactory bulb. - The forebrain is involved in
everything from cognitive
processes, like perception and
language, to social functions,
like empathy and understanding.

> FRONTAL LOBE - involves

voluntary movement, reasoning,
impulse control, language, and
speech

- The frontal lobes are the

largest lobes in the human brain
and they are also the most
common region of injury in
traumatic brain injury. The
frontal lobes are important for
voluntary movement, expressive
language and for managing higher
level executive functions.

> PARIETAL LOBE - is mainly

- The cerebral hemispheres make involved with processing the
up the uppermost portion of the
sense of touch, limb position, - It is located within the
and spatial awareness. brainstem and between the two
other developmental regions of
- Damage to the parietal lobe the brain, the forebrain and the
typically involves loss of these hindbrain; compared with those
abilities in the parts of the regions, the midbrain is
body opposite the lesion. This relatively small.
is due to the brain’s
contralateral function, meaning
that the right side of the brain
is responsible for activity on
the left side of the body and
vice versa.

> TEMPORAL LOBE - primarily

processes auditory stimuli. A
region in the temporal lobe
known as Wernicke’s area
comprehends the sounds we hear
by translating different pitches
and frequencies into meaning.
The temporal lobe also
communicates with the
hippocampus to produce long-term
memory.

> OCCIPITAL LOBE - is located at

the rear end of the cerebral
cortex and is known to be the
visual processing center of the
brain. Brodmann Area 17, the
primary visual cortex, is in the
occipital lobe – it determines
the size, shape, and location of
objects in the field of vision.

THE MIDBRAIN
- There are three parts to the
- The midbrain serves important
midbrain: the colliculi, the
functions in motor movement,
tegmentum, and the cerebral
particularly movements of the
peduncles.
eye, and in auditory and visual
processing. > COLLICULI - process visual and
auditory signals before they are
relayed to the occipital and - It is primarily involved in
temporal lobes. breathing, heart rate,
digestion, swallowing, heart
> TEGMENTUM - is involved in rhythms, and sneezing.
movement coordination and
alertness. > MEDULLA - controls the
automatic processes of the
> CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES - play an autonomic nervous system, such
important part in the central as breathing, blood pressure,
nervous system. and heart rate.

THE HINDBRAIN > THE PONS - is located just

beneath the midbrain and just
above the medulla. It is a group
of nerves that are involved in
arousal, sleep, motor control,
and muscle tone.

> CEREBELLUM - receives messages

from muscles, tendons, joints,
and structures in our ear to
control balance, coordination,
and movement, and facilitate
motor learning.

- The cerebellum is also thought

- The hindbrain is located at to be an important area for
the back of the head and looks processing procedural memory.
like an extension of the spinal Most disorders of the cerebellum
cord. It contains the medulla are associated with serious
oblongata, pons, and cerebellum motor impairment.
(collectively known as the
brainstem). 2. SPINAL CORD

- The hindbrain mostly - The spinal cord is a part of

coordinates autonomic functions the central nervous system. It
that are essential to survival. is a long pipe-like structure
arising from the medulla
> MEDULLA OBLONGATA - also oblongata, part of the brain
simply known as the medulla, is consisting of a collection of
the lowest part of the brainstem nerve fibres, running through
and the primary connection to the vertebral column of the
the nervous system. backbone. It is segmented with a
pair of roots (dorsal and
ventral roots) consisting of
nerve fibres joining to form the The spinal cord nerves can be
spinal nerves. grouped as:

● Cervical
● Thoracic
● Sacral
● Lumbar
● Coccygeal

> CERVICAL NERVES - Cervical

means of the neck. There are 8
cervical nerves that emerge from
the cervical spine (C1-C8).

> THORACIC NERVES - Thoracic

means of the chest. There are 12

SPINAL CORD NERVES thoracic nerves that emerge from

the thoracic spine (T1-T12).
- The spinal nerves consist of a
group of 31 nerves. These nerves > LUMBAR NERVES - Lumbar means
are attached to the spinal cord from the lower back region.
by two roots- dorsal sensory root There are 5 lumbar nerves that
and ventral motor root.
emerge from the lumbar spine

- The sensory root fibres carry (L1-L5).

sensory impulses to the spinal

> SACRAL NERVES - Sacral means
cord. The motor roots, on the
contrary, carry impulses from the of the sacrum. The sacrum is a

spinal cord. bony plate at the base of the

vertebral column.
- The spinal nerves carry
messages to and from the skin of - There are 5 sacral nerves that

specific regions of the body emerge from the sacral bone (S1-

called dermatomes. S5).

> COCCYGEAL NERVES - Coccygeal PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
means of the tailbone. There is
1 nerve that emerges from the
coccygeal bone.

IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF SPINAL

CORD:

● Forms a connecting link

between the brain and the
PNS
● Provides structural support
and builds a body posture
● Facilitates flexible
movements
● Myelin present in the white
matter acts as an
electrical insulation
● Communicates messages from
the brain to different
- is the lateral part of the
parts of the body
nervous system that develops
● Coordinates reflexes
from the central nervous system
● Receives sensory
which connects different parts
information from receptors
of the body with the CNS. We
and approaches towards the
carry out both voluntary and
brain for processing.
involuntary actions with the
help of peripheral nerves.
> SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

- The main function of the

somatic nervous system is to
transfer impulses from CNS to
skeletal muscles.

> CRANIAL NERVES - carry

information from the brain to
other parts of the body,
primarily to the head and neck.
These nerves are paired and
present on both sides of the
body. They are mainly > SPINAL NERVES - have their
responsible for facilitating point of emergence as the spinal
cord. There are 31 pairs of
smell, vision, hearing, and spinal nerves. They emerge from
movement of muscles. the spinal cords into dorsal and
ventral roots. At the junction
of these two roots, the sensory
fibres continue into the dorsal
root and the motor fibres into
the ventral root.

> AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

- The autonomic nervous system

relays impulses from the central
nervous system to the
involuntary organs and smooth
muscles of the body.

- There are twelve cranial

nerves which are numbered using
Roman numerals according to the
order in which they emerge from
the brain (from front to back).
 central processing of sensory
stimuli.

Sensory Receptors
These are specialized cells

> SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM -

consists of nerves arising from
the spinal cord between the neck
and waist region. It prepares
the body for violent actions
against abnormal conditions and
is generally stimulated by
adrenaline.

- The sympathetic nervous system (neuronal or non-neuronal) which

(SNS) is a network of nerves detect and respond to specific
that controls the body's "fight- stimuli from the external
or-flight" response. environment and/or within the
body, converting them into
> PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS electrical signals for
SYSTEM - is located anterior in interpretation by the nervous
the head and neck and posterior system. Different types of
in the sacral region. It is stimuli are sensed by different
mainly involved in the re- types of receptors. The neurons
establishment of normal that receives the synaptic input
conditions when violent action from specific sensory neurons,
is over. creates dedicated pathways for
different sensory modalities
C. Mechanisms or Processes
Involved Sensory modalities can concern
general senses, stimulating
1. Sense Stimulus receptors throughout the body, or
special senses, having a specific
Differences between 'sensation' sense organ dedicated to them;
and 'perception' examples include the nose for
Sensation is used to describe the smell/olfaction, the tongue for
stimulation of sensory receptors; taste/gustation, the internal ear
while perception refers to the
for hearing and the eye for
vision.

Reception
The first step in sensation is
reception, which is the
activation of sensory receptors
by stimuli such as mechanical
stimuli (being bent or squished,
for example), chemicals, or Photoreceptors
temperature. The receptor can detecting light
then respond to the stimuli stimuli for vision.
Sensory Transduction
There are two most
It is when a sensory receptor
common types of
converts a sensory signal into an
photoreceptors are rod
electrical signal that the and cone cells, both
nervous system can interpret. located in the retina. They
contain photosensitive proteins,
Encoding and Transmission of
called photopigments.
Sensory Information
● Type - The action
potentials transmitted over Thermoreceptors are free nerve
a sensory receptor's endings which respond to changes
afferent axons encode one
in temperature and are primarily
type of stimulus.
located in skin and mucous
● Location - The location of membranes.
the stimulus is encoded
within the receptive field.
● Duration - Sensory systems
encode the duration of a
stimulus.
● Intensity - The intensity
of a stimulus is encoded by
the rate of action
potentials produced by the
sensory receptor3. A more
intense stimulus produces a
more rapid train of action
potentials
Mechanoreceptors are a class of
Examples
sensory receptors stimulated by
a range of physical stimuli
including pressure, vibration,
stretch, hair follicle position, The CNS enables complex
body position, proprioception reasoning by integrating
and sound. information from various sources
and processing it to generate
appropriate responses.
Chemoreceptors detect chemical
stimuli in the environment or
within the body.
2. Cognitive Skills
Cognitive skills within the
nervous system rely on complex
mechanisms and processes that
enable abilities such as
learning, memory, reasoning, and
problem-solving. These skills
involve intricate interactions
between different brain regions
and neural networks

Central Prefrontal Cortex

Nervous
System The prefrontal cortex,
(CNS) located in the frontal
lobe, is primarily
The CNS responsible for executive
is functions like problem-
solving, decision-making,
planning, and abstract
thinking

Synaptic Transmission
responsible for basic motor and
sensory functions and is crucial
in higher cognitive functions,
such as learning, memory, and
reasoning. These higher-order
processes are essential for
navigating our complex world,
allowing us to adapt, solve
problems, and make informed
decisions.
 emotions, behavior, motivation
Synaptic and memory.

Amygdala
The amygdala assesses the
emotional importance of
situations and plays a crucial
role in processing emotions,
particularly anxiety and fear

Hypothalamus
transmission is the process by Controls emotional responses and
which neurons send signals to physiological responses to the
each other across synapses. It given situation like hormone
involves electrical and chemical release, and regulating body
signals that allow communication temperature
within the nervous system,
forming the neural networks Autonomic Nervous System
responsible for thinking,
learning, memory, and decision-
making. The ANS coordinates and
integrates with somatic
3. Emotions motor activity and
neuroendocrine
regulation in response
to external cues,
internal conditions, or
emotional and cognitive
states. The sympathetic
nervous system triggers the
fight-or-flight response,
leading to physiological
changes such as increased
heart rate, rapid breathing,
and heightened alertness.

Limbic System
The limbic system or the
Emotional Processing Center is a
group of structures in your
brain that regulate your
 regulation and mood
disorders
● Estrogen
Estrogen influences your
emotions by affecting mood
regulation and mental
health. These changes in
hormone levels can cause
irritability, anxiety, and
depression.
● Testosterone
Interoception
This sex hormones are known
Interoception is the process by
to influence mood and
which the nervous system senses,
emotional states, with
interprets, and integrates
imbalances being associated
signals originating from within
with depression and mood
the body, helping the brain
function
interpret bodily states and
assign emotional meaning to
them. D. 5 Common Diseases and
Treatment / Cure

1. Alzheimers
Hormones
Hormones play a crucial role in Definition:
the intricate relationship
between the nervous system and Alzheimer’s disease is a
emotions. They act as progressive neurological
messengers, traveling through disorder that causes memory
the bloodstream to influence loss, cognitive decline, and
mood, energy levels, and stress behavioral changes due to brain
responses cell damage. It is the most
Hormones interact with common cause of dementia, mainly
neurotransmitters, influencing affecting older adults.
mood, stress responses, and
emotional resilience.

Causes:
Examples:
● Cortisol
• Beta-Amyloid Plaques
Often called the "stress
– Protein buildup between
hormone," cortisol plays a
neurons disrupts communication.
critical role in the body's
stress response and is • Tau Tangles –
linked to emotional Abnormal tau proteins block
nutrient transport inside There is no cure, but treatments
neurons, leading to cell death. can help slow progression:

• Genetics – The APOE4 • Medications:

gene increases risk, and family
history plays a role. • Cholinesterase
inhibitors (e.g., Donepezil) –
• Aging – Brain Boost memory and thinking.
shrinkage and reduced blood flow
contribute to neuron loss. • NMDA receptor
antagonists (e.g., Memantine) –
• Cardiovascular Issues Protect neurons from damage.
– High blood pressure, diabetes,
and obesity increase risk. • New drugs (e.g.,
Lecanemab, Aducanumab) – Target
• Lifestyle Factors – beta-amyloid plaques.
Poor diet, lack of exercise, and
low mental stimulation may • Lifestyle Changes:
contribute.
• Healthy diet
(Mediterranean/DASH diet)

Symptoms: • Regular exercise and

mental stimulation
• Memory loss
(especially short-term memory) • Social engagement and
structured routines
• Confusion and
disorientation

• Difficulty with Relation to the Nervous System:

problem-solving and language
Alzheimer’s affects the central
• Personality and mood nervous system, particularly the
changes hippocampus (memory center) and
cerebral cortex (thinking and
• Trouble recognizing reasoning). It leads to:
people and places
• Neuron death and
• Loss of ability to brain shrinkage
perform daily tasks
• Disrupted
neurotransmitter function (low
acetylcholine)
Cure/Treatment:
• Decline in cognitive
and motor abilities
The disease progresses over • Sudden facial
time, eventually leading to weakness/paralysis (one side)
severe memory loss, speech
impairment, and loss of bodily • Drooping of the mouth
functions. or eyelid

• Inability to close
the eye fully on the affected
2. Bell’s Palsy side

• Loss of taste on the

front of the tongue
Definition:
• Increased sensitivity
Bell’s palsy is a sudden, to sound (hyperacusis)
temporary weakness or paralysis
of the facial nerve (cranial • Jaw or ear pain on
nerve VII), which controls the affected side
facial muscles. It usually
affects one side of the face, • Tearing or dry eye
causing drooping and difficulty problems
with facial expressions.

Cure/Treatment:
Causes:
• Corticosteroids
• Viral infections (e.g., prednisone) – Reduce
(e.g., herpes simplex, inflammation and improve
varicella-zoster) recovery.

• Inflammation/swelling • Antiviral medications

of the facial nerve (if caused by a virus).

• Autoimmune reactions • Physical therapy –

Helps regain muscle strength.
• Stress or a weakened
immune system • Eye protection
(artificial tears, eye patch) to
• Cold exposure or prevent dryness and irritation.
facial nerve compression
• Massage and facial
exercises – May aid in muscle
function recovery.
Symptoms:
Relation to the Nervous System: • Medical Conditions –
Chronic pain, asthma, heart
Bell’s palsy affects the facial disease, or acid reflux.
nerve (cranial nerve VII), which
controls facial expressions and • Mental Health
transmits sensory signals from Disorders – Depression, anxiety,
part of the tongue and ear. When or PTSD.
this nerve becomes inflamed or
compressed, it leads to muscle • Medications – Some
weakness, loss of sensation, and antidepressants, decongestants,
difficulty in controlling facial and stimulants.
movements.
• Substance Use –
Most people recover within 3–6 Caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, or
months, but some may experience drug withdrawal.
lingering weakness.

Symptoms:
3. Insomnia
• Difficulty falling or
staying asleep

Definition: • Waking up too early

and not feeling refreshed
Insomnia is a sleep disorder
characterized by difficulty • Daytime fatigue,
falling asleep, staying asleep, irritability, or mood swings
or waking up too early, leading
to poor rest and daytime • Difficulty
fatigue. It can be acute (short- concentrating and reduced
term) or chronic (lasting over performance
three months).
• Headaches and
drowsiness

Causes:

• Stress and Anxiety – Cure/Treatment:

Overthinking, worries, or
• Lifestyle Changes:
emotional distress.
• Maintain a consistent
• Poor Sleep Habits –
sleep schedule (sleep and wake
Irregular sleep schedule,
up at the same time).
excessive screen time, or late
caffeine intake.
 • Avoid caffeine, • Reducing
nicotine, and alcohol before neurotransmitters (like GABA and
bedtime. serotonin) that promote sleep.

• Create a relaxing • Increasing cortisol

bedtime routine (e.g., reading, and adrenaline levels, making it
meditation). harder to relax.

• Reduce screen time Chronic insomnia can lead to

(blue light from phones and TVs memory issues, weakened immune
disrupts melatonin production). function, and increased risk of
mental health disorders.
• Exercise regularly,
but not close to bedtime.

• Medical Treatments: 4. Dimentia

• Cognitive Behavioral Dementia: Overview

Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) –
Helps change negative thoughts Definition:
and behaviors about sleep.
Dementia is a general term for a
• Medications (short- group of neurological conditions
term use only): that cause progressive decline
in memory, thinking, behavior,
• Melatonin supplements and the ability to perform daily
activities. It is not a single
• Sedative-hypnotics disease but rather a syndrome
(e.g., zolpidem, eszopiclone) caused by various disorders
affecting the brain.
• Anti-anxiety or
antidepressants (for underlying Causes:
conditions)
• Alzheimer’s Disease
(most common cause) – Beta-
amyloid plaques and tau tangles
Relation to the Nervous System: damage neurons.
Insomnia affects the central • Vascular Dementia –
nervous system (CNS) by: Reduced blood flow to the brain
due to strokes or heart disease.
• Overactivating the
brain (stress and anxiety keep • Lewy Body Dementia –
the nervous system in a Abnormal protein deposits (Lewy
heightened state). bodies) disrupt brain function.
 • Frontotemporal • Cholinesterase
Dementia – Nerve cell loss in inhibitors (Donepezil,
the frontal and temporal lobes Rivastigmine) – Improve memory
affects personality and and thinking.
language.
• NMDA receptor
• Parkinson’s Disease antagonists (Memantine) –
Dementia – Brain cell damage Protect brain cells from further
related to Parkinson’s disease. damage.

• Other Causes: Brain • Medications for mood

injuries, infections, vitamin and behavior (antidepressants,
deficiencies, and chronic antipsychotics).
alcoholism.
• Lifestyle Changes:
Symptoms:
• Healthy diet
• Memory loss (Mediterranean/DASH diet).
(especially short-term memory)
• Regular exercise to
• Difficulty with improve brain function.
problem-solving and reasoning
• Mental stimulation
• Confusion and (reading, puzzles, socializing).
disorientation
• Routine and structure
• Changes in to reduce confusion.
personality, mood, or behavior
Relation to the Nervous System:
• Language problems
(trouble speaking or Dementia damages neurons in
understanding) different areas of the brain,
especially the hippocampus
• Loss of motor skills (memory) and cerebral cortex
and coordination (in later (thinking and reasoning). It
stages) disrupts:

• Inability to perform • Neurotransmitter

daily activities balance (low acetylcholine and
dopamine).
Cure/Treatment:
• Brain communication
There is no cure, but treatments and cognitive functions.
can help manage symptoms:
• Motor control (in
• Medications: some types, like Parkinson’s
dementia).
Dementia progresses over time, C. Obsessive-Compulsive
leading to severe cognitive Disorder (OCD):
decline, loss of independence,
and eventually, complete loss of • Persistent, unwanted
bodily functions. thoughts (obsessions) and
repetitive behaviors
(compulsions).

5. Mental Health D. Post-Traumatic Stress

Disorder (PTSD):
Common Mental Health Disorders:
• Emotional distress
A. Anxiety Disorders: following a traumatic event,
leading to flashbacks,
• Generalized Anxiety nightmares, and anxiety.
Disorder (GAD) – Excessive worry
about everyday life. E. Eating Disorders:

• Panic Disorder – • Anorexia Nervosa –

Recurrent panic attacks with Extreme restriction of food
sudden intense fear. intake and fear of gaining
weight.
• Social Anxiety
Disorder – Intense fear of • Bulimia Nervosa –
social situations. Binge eating followed by purging
(vomiting, excessive exercise).
• Phobias – Irrational
fear of specific objects or • Binge Eating Disorder
situations. – Frequent episodes of
overeating without purging.
B. Depressive Disorders:
F. Personality Disorders:
• Major Depressive
Disorder (MDD) – Persistent • Borderline
sadness, hopelessness, and loss Personality Disorder (BPD) –
of interest in activities. Difficulty regulating emotions,
impulsive behaviors, and
• Bipolar Disorder – unstable relationships.
Extreme mood swings between
mania (high energy) and • Antisocial
depression. Personality Disorder – Disregard
for the rights of others and
• Seasonal Affective manipulative behavior.
Disorder (SAD) – Depression that
occurs at certain times of the G. Psychotic Disorders:
year, typically winter.
 • Schizophrenia – A interpersonal relationships and
disorder involving distorted communication.
thinking, hallucinations, and
delusions.

Symptoms of Mental Health Medications:

Problems:
• Antidepressants
• Mood changes (e.g., (e.g., SSRIs, SNRIs) for
feeling sad, irritable, or depression and anxiety.
excessively happy)
• Antipsychotics for
• Thought disturbances psychotic disorders like
(e.g., disorganized thinking, schizophrenia.
paranoia)
• Mood Stabilizers for
• Behavioral changes bipolar disorder.
(e.g., withdrawal, excessive
energy) • Lifestyle Changes:

• Physical symptoms • Regular exercise, a

(e.g., fatigue, sleep healthy diet, and adequate sleep
disturbances, appetite changes) can help improve mental health.

• Difficulty • Stress management

concentrating or making techniques (e.g., mindfulness,
decisions meditation) are beneficial.

Treatment: Relation to the Nervous System:

• Psychotherapy (Talk Mental health disorders can

Therapy): involve neurotransmitter
imbalances, changes in brain
• Cognitive Behavioral structure, or dysfunctions in
Therapy (CBT) – Helps change areas of the brain that regulate
negative thinking patterns. mood, behavior, and cognition.
For example:
• Dialectical
Behavioral Therapy (DBT) – • Depression is linked
Focuses on emotional regulation to low levels of serotonin and
and coping strategies. norepinephrine.

• Interpersonal Therapy • Anxiety is associated

(IPT) – Focuses on improving with overactivity in the
amygdala, the brain’s “fear -Practice mindfulness,
center.” meditation, or deep breathing to
reduce stress.
• Psychosis involves -Avoid overstimulation and take
abnormalities in dopamine and regular mental breaks.
serotonin pathways.
E. Avoid Harmful Substances
Mental health is deeply -Limit alcohol consumption and
intertwined with how the brain avoid recreational drugs.
functions, and treatment often Stop smoking to prevent damage
involves addressing these to nerve cells.
biochemical and structural
factors. F. Protect the Brain and Spine
-Wear helmets and seatbelts to
prevent injuries.
-Practice good posture to avoid
E. Proper Care for this Body nerve compression.
System
G. Stay Mentally Active
A. Maintain a Healthy Diet -Engage in puzzles, reading, or
learning new skills to stimulate
-Consume foods rich in omega-3 the brain.
fatty acids (e.g., fish, nuts). -Socialize to keep your mind
-Include antioxidants (e.g., sharp.
berries, leafy greens) to
protect nerve cells. H. Monitor Health Conditions
-Stay hydrated for optimal brain
function. -Control blood pressure,
-Exercise Regularly diabetes, and cholesterol
levels.
B. Engage in aerobic -Seek prompt treatment for
activities to improve blood infections or neurological
flow to the brain. symptoms.
-Practice balance and
coordination exercises to
strengthen neural connections. Resources

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