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The document provides an overview of key Linux concepts including the boot process, package installation commands for different distributions, types of links, SSH troubleshooting steps, permissions management, and file system structure. It also covers partition types, run levels, GRUB bootloader, DNS configuration, filesystem mounting, and various commands for system management. Additionally, it discusses RAID configurations, ACLs, LVM, SELinux, user and group creation, and troubleshooting techniques for system overload.

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rogerfed027
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2 views

Here’s a concise overview of the to

The document provides an overview of key Linux concepts including the boot process, package installation commands for different distributions, types of links, SSH troubleshooting steps, permissions management, and file system structure. It also covers partition types, run levels, GRUB bootloader, DNS configuration, filesystem mounting, and various commands for system management. Additionally, it discusses RAID configurations, ACLs, LVM, SELinux, user and group creation, and troubleshooting techniques for system overload.

Uploaded by

rogerfed027
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Here’s a concise overview of the topics you’ve listed:

### Boot Process of Linux


1. **BIOS/UEFI**: Initializes hardware and loads the bootloader.
2. **Bootloader (GRUB)**: Loads the kernel into memory.
3. **Kernel**: Initializes system hardware and mounts the root filesystem.
4. **Init/Systemd**: Starts system services and user processes.

### Package Installation

- **Red Hat (CentOS, Fedora)**


```bash
sudo dnf install package_name # For Fedora/RHEL 8+
sudo yum install package_name # For older CentOS/RHEL versions
```

- **Debian/Ubuntu**
```bash
sudo apt update
sudo apt install package_name
```

### Soft Link vs. Hard Link

- **Soft Link (Symbolic Link)**: Points to the path of a file. Can span
filesystems. Can break if the target is deleted.
- **Hard Link**: Points to the inode of a file. Cannot span filesystems. Does not
break if the target is deleted.

### Troubleshooting SSH Issues

1. **Check Service**: `sudo systemctl status sshd` or `sudo service ssh status`
2. **Check Port**: Ensure port 22 is open.
3. **Firewall**: `sudo iptables -L` or `sudo firewall-cmd --list-all`
4. **Logs**: Inspect `/var/log/auth.log` or `/var/log/secure`
5. **Configuration**: Check `/etc/ssh/sshd_config`

### Permissions

- **chown**: Change file owner and group


```bash
sudo chown user:group file
```

- **chgrp**: Change group ownership


```bash
sudo chgrp group file
```

- **chmod**: Change file permissions


```bash
chmod 755 file # Example: rwxr-xr-x
```

### Special Permissions

- **Sticky Bit**: Only the file owner can delete the file.
```bash
chmod +t file
```

- **SGID (Set Group ID)**: Files created in the directory inherit the group of the
directory.
```bash
chmod g+s directory
```

- **SUID (Set User ID)**: Executables run with the privileges of the file owner.
```bash
chmod u+s file
```

### Linux File Structure

- **/ (Root)**: Root directory.


- **/home**: User home directories.
- **/etc**: Configuration files.
- **/var**: Variable data (logs, databases).
- **/tmp**: Temporary files.
- **/usr**: User programs and data.

### What is Shell - UI

- **Shell**: Command-line interface for interacting with the OS.


- **Bash**: Commonly used shell.
- **UI**: Shell can be considered a form of user interface in the command-line
context.

### Partition Types

- **Primary**: Directly on the disk, up to 4 per disk.


- **Extended**: Container for logical partitions, used to bypass the primary
partition limit.
- **Logical**: Partitions inside an extended partition.

### Different Run Levels

- **0**: Halt
- **1**: Single-user mode
- **2**: Multi-user, no network
- **3**: Multi-user, with network (text mode)
- **4**: Unused
- **5**: Multi-user, with GUI
- **6**: Reboot

### Single User Mode

- **Use**: System maintenance, repair, or recovery.


```bash
sudo systemctl isolate rescue.target # Modern systems
```

### File of Runlevels - `/etc/init`

- **File**: Contains configurations for runlevels, used by SysV init. Modern


systems use `systemd` and the directory `/etc/systemd/system`.

### GRUB
- **GRUB (Grand Unified Bootloader)**: Bootloader used to load and manage multiple
operating systems.

### `/etc/resolv.conf`

- **DNS Configuration**: Stores DNS server addresses.

### Mounting Filesystem

- **Mount a Filesystem**:
```bash
sudo mount /dev/sdX1 /mount/point
```

- **Permanent Mount**: Add an entry to `/etc/fstab`.

**Example Entry**:
```
/dev/sdX1 /mount/point ext4 defaults 0 2
```

### Commands

- **chkconfig**: Manages services and their startup options.


```bash
sudo chkconfig --list # List all services
sudo chkconfig service_name on # Enable service
```

- **Check CPU and Memory**:


- **CPU**: `lscpu`
- **Memory**: `free -h`

- **ifconfig**: Displays network interface configurations.


- **ip addr show**: Shows IP address and network interface information.

### File System and RAID

- **ext2, ext3, ext4**: Different versions of the ext filesystem.


- **ext2**: No journaling.
- **ext3**: Journaling.
- **ext4**: Improved journaling and features.

- **RAID0**: Striping, no redundancy.


- **RAID1**: Mirroring, redundancy.

- **SSD**: Solid State Drive, faster and more reliable than HDDs.

### IP Tables

- **IP Tables**: Firewall utility for filtering network traffic.

### Creating an Empty File

- **Command**:
```bash
touch file_name
```
### ACL (Access Control Lists)

- **Set ACL**:
```bash
setfacl -m u:username:rw file
```

### LVM (Logical Volume Management)

- **Create Logical Volume**:


```bash
sudo lvcreate -L size -n volume_name volume_group
```

### SELinux (Security-Enhanced Linux)

- **SELinux**: Security layer that enforces access control policies.

### Creating Users and Groups

- **Create User**:
```bash
sudo useradd username
sudo passwd username
```

- **Create Group**:
```bash
sudo groupadd groupname
```

### Linux Overloaded - Troubleshooting

1. **Check Resource Usage**: `top`, `htop`, `free -h`


2. **Inspect Logs**: `/var/log/syslog`, `/var/log/messages`
3. **Review Running Processes**: `ps aux`
4. **Check Disk Space**: `df -h`
5. **Network Issues**: `netstat`, `ss`

Feel free to ask if you need more details on any specific topic!

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