1, INTRODUCTION 1.1 Swarm Intelligence Swarm intelligence (SI) is the collective behavior of decentralized, self-organized systems, natural or artificial. The concept is employed in work on artificial intelligence. It is a relatively new approach to problem solving that takes inspiration from the social behaviors of insects and of other animals. SI systems consist typically of a population of simple agents or boids interacting locally with one another and with their environment. The inspiration often comes from nature, especially biological systems. The agents follow very simple rules, and although there is no centralized control structure dictating how individual agents should behave, local, and to a certain degree random, interactions between such agents lead to the emergence of "intelligent" global behavior, unknown to the individual agents. Examples of swarm intelligence in natural systems include ant colonies, bird flocking, hawks hunting, animal herding, bacterial growth, fish schooling and microbial intelligence. What made them to be so ordered? ® There is no centralized controller. = But they exhibit complex global behaviour. ™ Individuals follow simple rules to interact with neighbours. = Rules followed by birds © collision avoidance. ® velocity matching. © Flock CenteringFIG 1.1: Flocking behaviour of birds. FIG 1.2: Fish Schooling.1.2 Applications The application of swarm principles to robots is called swarm robotics, while ‘swarm intelligence’ refers to the more general set of algorithms. 'Swarm prediction’ has been used in the context of forecasting problems. Swarm Intelligence-based techniques can be used in a several applications. The U.S. military is investigating swarm techniques for controlling unmanned vehicles. The European Space Agency is thinking about an orbital swarm for self-assembly and interferometry. NASA is investigating the use of swarm technology for planetary mapping. A 1992 paper by M. Anthony Lewis and George A. Bekey discusses the possibility of using swarm intelligence to control nanobots within the body for the purpose of killing cancer tumors. Conversely al-Rifaie and Aber have used stochastic diffusion search to help locate tumours. Swarm intelligence has also been applied for data mining.2. LITERATURE SURVEY Keerthi .S et al.[2015] were discussing regarding the Swarm Intelligence, “Swarm Intelligence” concept was firs {troduced by G. Beni, Hackwood and J. Wang in 1989. Anything in group is said to a swarm. Intelligent behaviour from a large number of Simple Individuals is called as Swarm Intelligence. Itis a collective Behaviour from the local interactions of the individuals with the each other. Individual co-ordinate from the decentralized control and self-organization. We can find swarm in colonies of ants, school of fishes, flocks of birds etc. Marta $.R. Monteiro et al.[2012] were discussing regarding the heuristic solution methods developed to solve optimization problems, Even though there is an indisputable theoretical value in earlier methods, When it comes to solving big realistic combustible optimization problems, they are usually associated With big and even prohibitive time, Heuristic methods, do not guarantee to determine a global optimal solution for a problem but are usually able to find a good solution. Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithms belong to a class of heuristics based on the behaviour of nature ants. Initially it was proposed by Marco Dorigo in 1992 in his PhD thesis, the first algorithm was aiming to search for an optimal path in a graph, based on the behavior of ants seeking a path between their colony and a source of food. These algorithms have been used to solve many combinatorial optimization problems and have been known to outperform other popular heuristics such as Genetic Algorithms Sivakumar. p et al. [2016] were discussing about ant colony optimization. During the early years of ACO research, they were focused in developing ACO variants which modify the pheromone update or the different solution generation to improve algorithmic performance. Recently researchers have started to use the combination of ACO with other algorithmic technique.3. ANT COLONY OPTIMIZATION “Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) studies artificial systems that take inspiration from the behavior of real ant colonies and which are used to solve discrete optimization problems.” In particular, ants have inspired a number of methods and techniques among which the most studied and the most successful is the general-purpose optimization technique known as ant colony optimization. Ant colony optimization (ACO) takes inspiration from the foraging behavior of some ant species. These ants deposit pheromone on the ground in order to mark some favorable path that should be followed by other members of the colony. Ant colony optimization exploits a similar mechanism for solving optimization problems. From the early nineties, when the first ant colony optimization algorithm was proposed, ACO attracted the attention of increasing numbers of researchers and many successful applications are now available. Moreover, a substantial corpus of theoretical results is becoming available that provides useful guidelines to researchers and practitioners in further applications of ACO. Ant colony optimization is a class of optimization algorithms modeled on the actions of an ant colony. Artificial ‘ants' (e.g. simulation agents) locate optimal solutions by moving through a parameter space representing all possible solutions. Real ants lay down pheromones directing each other to resources while exploring their environment. The simulated ‘ants’ similarly record their positions and the quality of their solutions, so that in later simulation iterations more ants locate better solutions. One variation on this approach is the bees algorithm, which is more analogous to the foraging patterns of the honey bee, another social insect. This algorithm is a member of the ant colony algorithms family, in swarm intelligence methods, and it constitutes some metaheuristic optimizations. Initially proposed by Mareo Dorigo in 1992 in his PhD thesis, the first algorithm was aiming to search for an optimal path in a graph, based on the behavior of ants seeking a path between their colony and a source of food.3.1 A Practical Scenario Nest oft ote oe oh Ea FIG 3.1: Practical Scenario of ACO Foraging behaviour of ants is as follows: 1. Individual ants go in search of food; they wander randomly around colonies in search of food source as shown in above figure. 2. Ants cannot directly communicate with each other; indirect communication is called as stigmergy. 3. When the ants find their food source they immediately come back near the nest on its way back it leaves a chemical substances called as pheromone. These pheromones are volatile in nature they keep evaporating 4. Ants are capable of sensing this pheromone and the route is attracted by other ants, they move on the same track. And each ant leaves their chemical substances and thickness the track so that if any other ants are in the source then they can follow the pheromone thickness and find their food source. If other ant has found shortest paths for the same food source, then that shortest path can be followed by many other ants and this route becomes more attractive as increase in the concentration of pheromone. 6. If there is any obstacle in the route then it will move randomly in the beginning but later they will find the shortest path.There are two concepts that is been demonstrated 1. Self organizing behaviour of the ant by the positive feedback process as the count of the ant already passed in the ant’s choosing a route increasing. 2. Food pheromone trail is a chemical substance, there is a high possibility that a chemical substance can evaporate, then ant chooses the negative feedback i.e., it explore the new route. 3.2 Stigmergy Mechanism Stigmergy is a mechanism of indirect coordination, through the environment, between agents or actions, The principle is that the trace left in the environment by an action stimulates the performance of a next action, by the same or a different agent. In that way, subsequent actions tend to reinforce and build on cach other, leading to the spontancous emergence of coherent, apparently systematic activity. Stigmergy is a form of self-organization. It produces complex, seemingly intelligent structures, without need for any planning, control, or even direct communication between the agents. As such it supports efficient collaboration between extremely simple agents, who lack any memory, intelligence or even individual awareness of each other. Two individuals interact indirectly when one of them modifies the environment and the other responds to the new environment at a laterDoubleBridgeExperiments: Equal lengths 15 om # % Nest Food FIG 3.2: Double Bridge Experiment With Equal lengths. Double bridge experiments: Different lengths o&. U FIG 3.3: Double Bridge Experiment With different lengths,4. ARTIFICIAL PHEROMONE SYSTEM © The Pheromone is used by social insects such as bees, ants and termites, = Due to its feasibility, artificial pheromones have been adopted in multi-robot and swarm robotic systems. ™ Pheromone-based communication was implemented by different means such as chemical or physical (RFID tags, light, sound) ways. 5. ACO FOR TRAVALLING SALESMAN PROBLEM ® The first ACO algorithm was called the Ant System and it was aimed to solve the travelling salesman problem, in which the goal is to find the shortest roundtrip to link a series of cities ™ At each stage, the ant chooses to move from one city to another according to some rules: ® It must visit each city exactly once; ™ A distant city has less chance of being chosen (the visibility); ™ The more intense the pheromone trail laid out on an edge between two cities, the greater the probability that edge will be chosen; ™ Having completed its journey, the ant deposits more pheromones on all edges it traversed, if the journey is short; ™ After each iteration, trails of pheromones evaporate.Flowchart for TSP(AS) Return to the initial cities ESN UCU MSM A amer mse saa-e leu) y Bln icc) gies FIG 5.1: Flowchart for TSP(AS).6. CONCLUSION In the present work, the main ideas and principles of the swarm, swarm intelligence is presented with a particular focus on one of the most popular and successful SI optimization techniques i.e Ant Colony Optimization. The examples of the swarm are the colonies of ants, flocks of birds, schools of fishes. We also describe the various warm Intelligence models such as the Ant Colony Optimization model that deals ith the behavior of the ants, their interactions, algorithm, These swarm examples all solve a complex problem,REFERENCES Keerthi. 8, Ashwini K, Vijaykumar M.V,” Survey Paper on Swarm Intelligence” International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 — 8887) Volume 115 No. 5, April 2015. Marta S.R. Monteiro, Dalila B.M.M. Fontes, Fernando A.C.C. Fontes” Ant Colony Optimization: a literature survey” Foundation for Science and Technology, projects PTDC/EGE-GES/099741/2008 and PTDC/EEACRO/116014/2009. Sivakumar. P, K. Elakia, Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, Volume 6, Issue 3, March 2016. “A Survey of Ant Colony Optimization” International Jounal of Marco Dorigo, Mauro Birattari and Thomas St "Ant colony optimization artificial ants as an computational intelligence technique” University ¢ Libre de Bruxelles, belgium , ieee computational intelligence magazine, november 2006. R. Sagayam, Mrs. K, Akilandeswari “Comparison of Ant Colony and Bee Colony Optimization for Spam Host Detection”, Volume 4, Issue 8, November 2012, PP. 26-32. 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