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species to an antique lamp. Like the oyster, they seldom leave their
place; they are always affixed to marine bodies by an osseous
operculum, formed by the thick extremity of the animal’s muscle.
The lower valve is perforated and smaller, conforming to the shape of
the substance to which it is affixed.
Shell adhering, irregular, inequivalve, inequilateral, ostraceous;
inferior valve rather more flat than the superior, divided at the
summit into two sloping branches, whose approaching together
forms a large oval hole, through which protrudes a muscle, the
extremity of which becomes ossified and adheres to extraneous
bodies; one sub-central muscular impression divided into three.

Anomia ephippium.
A. patellaris.
A. cepa.
A. electrica.
A. pyriformis.
A. fornicata.
A. membranacea.
A. squamula.
A. lens.

A. ephippium. The Saddle Anomia. Pl. 16, fig. 1.

Shell sub-orbicular, irregularly wrinkled and waved; upper valve
convex, under flat and perforated at the hinge, through which passes
the ligament by which it is affixed to other bodies; inside pearly, and
of various changing colours, such as green, purple, violet, and yellow.

6. Crania. The Scull. One species.

So called from the appearance caused by three holes or cavities on

the surface of the lower valve.
Shell irregular, orbicular, inequivalve; the inferior valve almost
flat, and marked on the interior with four muscular impressions,
sometimes very deep, and of which the two sub-central are
sufficiently connected to form but one; the superior valve like a
Patella, more or less convex, with four very distinct muscular
impressions, rather distant.

C. personata. The masked Crania. Pl. 16, fig. 4.

Orbicular; upper valve gibbous and conical, lower valve flat, with
three perforations.
 FAMILY XX.
Brachiopoda. Three genera.

1. Orbicula. One species.

Greatly resembling a Patella, for which it is often mistaken on

account of the lower valve being very thin, flat, and adhering.
Shell sub-orbicular, very compressed, inequilateral, very
inequivalve; the inferior valve very thin, adherent, and imperforated;
the superior valve like a Patella, with a summit more or less inclined
towards the posterior side.

O. Norwegica. The Norwegian Orbicula. Pl. 17, fig. 4.

Upper valve in the form of a depressed cone, with a summit
produced and pointed.

2. Terebratula. Twelve species.

Taken from the Anomia, and with great propriety, as its

characteristic differences are very great; the perforation of the
Anomia is always in the smaller valve, which is attached to the larger
by a cardinal ligament, while in the Terebratula the perforation is
always in the larger valve, which is connected to the smaller by teeth
at the hinge. In some the valves are smooth, and in others grooved
longitudinally.
Shell thin, equilateral, sub-triangular, inequivalve; one of the
valves larger and more convex than the other, prolonged behind by a
sort of heel, sometimes recurved, and pierced by a round hole at its
extremity; frequently sloped more or less by a cleft of variable form;
the opposite valve smaller, more flat, sometimes formed like a lid,
having in the interior a system of support variable in form and
complication in every true species; hinge limited, prominent, and
formed by two articulating surfaces of one valve placed between
corresponding projections of the other; a kind of tendinous ligament
issuing from the sloping cleft of the shell, by which it is attached to
marine bodies.

Terebratula vitrea.
T. dilatata.
T. rotunda.
T. flavescens.
T. dentata.
T. dorsata.
T. pisum.
T. globosa.
T. sanguinea.
T. caput-serpentis.
T. truncata.
T. psittacea.

T. dorsalis. The dorsal Terebratula. Pl. 17, fig. 1.

The summit of the large valve pierced with a round hole, very
circumscribed; grooved longitudinally; valves as if cut sloping in the
middle line.

T. globosa. The globose Terebratula.

Species smooth, with the valves rounded at their anterior edge.

T. caput serpentis. The Serpent’s-head Terebratula.

Species grooved, with the summit or heel of the large valve deeply
hollowed even to the edge of the articulation; the slope rounded; the
valves sub-bilobate by the apparent slope of the anterior edge.

3. Lingula. One species.

The valves of this genus are united by means of a tubular, fleshy,

or membranous peduncle surrounding the narrow part of them, and
of which the base is affixed to marine substances.
Shell covered with epidermis, sub-equivalve, equilateral,
depressed, elongated, truncated anteriorly, summit middle and
posterior, without trace of ligament, but supported at the extremity
of a long fibro-gelatinous peduncle, which attaches it vertically to
sub-marine bodies; multiple muscular impression.

L. anatina. The Duck’s-bill Lingula. Pl. 17, fig. 2.

Covered with a green, shining epidermis, shaped like a duck’s bill,
and having a cylindrical peduncle.
 CLASS IV.
MOLLUSCA.
TWENTY-TWO FAMILIES.
 FAMILY I.
Pteropoda. Six genera
Some genera of this family are without a testaceous covering, and
are mentioned only for the sake of preserving the family entire.

1. Hyalæa. Venus’s Chariot. Two species.

This genus derives its common name from a fancied resemblance

to a miniature triumphal car.
Shell very thin, transparent, symmetrical, convex below, flat above,
valves unequal, form tricuspidated, cleft at the sides, open like a cleft
anteriorly, and tridentated posteriorly; summit truncated.

Hyalæa tridentata.
Hyalæa cuspidata.

H. tridentata. The three-toothed Hyalæa.

Transparent, horn-coloured, globular; tridentated posteriorly;
summit and two posterior sides open; finely striated transversely.

2. Clio. Has no Shell. Two species.

Clio Borealis.
Clio Australis.

3. Cleodora. Two species.

 Shell gelatinous, cartilaginous, transparent, in shape of a reversed
pyramid or lanceolate truncated, only open at the summit.

Cleodora pyramidata.
Cleodora caudata.

C. pyramidata. The pyramidal Cleodora.

Like a pyramid, triangular, thin, transparent; aperture obliquely
truncated.

4. Limacina. One species.

Shell papyraceous, very fragile, planorbis form, sub-carinated,

involuted rather obliquely, in such a manner as to be deeply and
largely umbilicated on one side, and the spine slightly projecting and
pointed on the other; aperture large, entire.

L. helicialis. The Helix-like Limacina.

Thin, fragile, spiral; the volutions united in a discoid form.

5. Cymbulia. The Slipper. One species.

Shell or case cartilaginous, transparent, conical posteriorly where

the animal adheres, and prolonged above like a long hollow semi-
cylinder, under which the animal can take shelter.

C. Peronii. Peron’s Cymbulia.

Shell shaped like a shoe, somewhat gelatinous or cartilaginous,
very transparent crystalline, oblong pointed at the vertex, truncated
at the base.

6. Pneumodermon. Has no shell. One species.

P. Peronii.
 FAMILY II.
Phyllidiacea. Four genera.

1. Phyllidia. Three species.

The animals of this genus are covered with a coriaceous skin, but
without a shell.

Phyllidia varicosa.
P. pustulosa.
P. ocellata.

2. Chitonellus. Two species.

Formerly classed with the Chiton; but as the testaceous plates of

this genus are never joined, the two may be easily distinguished.
Shell elongated, multivalve; alternate pieces generally
longitudinal; sides naked.

Chitonellus striatus.
Chitonellus larvæformis.

C. striatus. The striated Chitonellus.

Striæ radiating from the apex of each valve; margin serrated; base
of the last valve obtuse.

C. larvæformis. The Caterpillar Chitonellus.

More or less cylindrical, almost naked; the valves of the shell very
small, and almost entirely concealed under the skin; tufts hairy or
silky between the parts of the valves near the margin.
 3. Chiton. Six species.

This genus was so called from the resemblance of its testaceous

covering to a coat of mail. The form of the Chiton is very similar to a
well-known insect called the woodlouse, found in decayed timber; it
generally adheres to rocks, or lies rolled up like a ball among
seaweed and stones. In length it seldom exceeds an inch, except in
tropical climates, where they are sometimes three or four inches
long. In general there are eight valves, the termination of which is
surrounded by a scaly or rough ligament, which enables the animal
to expand or contract its shell freely. It presents a great variety of
colour; in general it is dark brown, overcast with a shade of green,
but some are beautifully variegated with pink, yellow, blue, or red;
interior green or whitish.
Shell more or less elongated, consisting of a longitudinal series of
eight very symmetrical calcareous pieces, more or less curved, and
round at both extremities; summit more or less marked, and when
imbricated, always from front to rear.

Chiton gigas.
C. squamosus.
C. Peruvianus.
C. spinosus.
C. fascicularis.
C. marginatus.

C. squamosus. The scaly Chiton. Pl. 1, fig. 1.

Depressed, valves large, carinated, well imbricated; the interstices
offering well-marked lateral spaces; the border of the mantle
regularly scaly.

C. marginatus. The marginated Chiton. Pl. 1, fig. 2.

Valves carinated and projecting over each other; finely shagreened,
with a dusky reddish-brown margin.

C. fascicularis. The fasciculated Chiton. Pl. 1, fig. 3.

 Valves more narrow, imbricated, without distinct spaces; lateral
parts of the skin naked or hairy, but always provided with silky or
hairy tufts disposed in pairs between the junctions of the valve.

C. spinosus. The spiny Chiton. Pl. 1, fig. 4.

Shell beset with long, thin, curved, tubular, hairy, blackish spines.

4. Patella. The Limpet or Dishlike Shell.

Forty-five species.

The Patella of Linnæus was divided by Lamarck into several

distinct genera, and now comprehends only such shells as are of a
conical form, with an imperforated summit. The anterior is that part
to which the summit inclines, and is always more narrow than the
posterior part.
It derives its name from its resemblance to a little dish; the colour
and structure are various; some are smooth, others granulated, and
many are covered with elevated tuberculated ribs. The exterior is
sometimes of a pale fawn colour, and the interior of a bright pink;
some have a silvery hue, but the more general colour is bluish white
or light brown.
This genus of shells is very numerous in all seas, but chiefly in hot
countries, where they are found of a larger size; they generally
adhere by their base to rocks, stones, and marine substances, from
which it is difficult to detach them.
Shell oval or circular, sub-conic; summit right or more or less
recurved anteriorly; the cavity simple, entire, more or less deep; the
margin complete and entirely horizontal; a narrow muscular
impression.
Patella apicina.
P. granatina.
P. oculus.
P. barbara.
P. plicata.
P. laciniosa.
P. saccharina.
P. angulosa.
P. barbata.
P. longicosta.
P. spinifera.
P. aspera.
P. luteola.
P. pyramidata.
P. umbrella.
P. plumbea.
P. cærulea.
P. radians.
P. scutellaris.
P. viridula.
P. pectinata.
P. Galathea.
P. Safiana.
P. testudinaria.
P. cochlear.
P. compressa.
P. granularis.
P. decaurata.
P. Magellanica.
P. stellifera.
P. vulgata.
P. mammillaris.
P. lineata.
P. leucopleura.
P. notata.
P. Tarentina.
P. punctata.
P. puncturata.
P. Javanica.
P t b lif
 P. tuberculifera.
P. miniata.
P. pellucida.
P. tricostata.
P. Australis.
P. cymbularia.

P. vulgata. The common Patella. Pl. 2, fig. 1.

Conic, summit obtuse and vertical; sometimes ribbed from the
vertex to the margin with divergent striæ, sometimes striated
without ribs; exterior dark brown or greenish, internal blue or purple
radiations.

P. compressa. The compressed or flat-sided Patella. Pl. 2, fig. 2.

Oval, elongated, compressed on the sides, having the summit sub-
anterior, well marked, and curved; exterior fawn colour, interior of a
silvery hue.

P. deaurata. The golden red Patella. Pl. 2, fig. 3.

Sub-conic, summit more anterior, with a slight forward
inclination; colour yellowish red.

P. cochlear. The spoonlike Patella. Pl. 2, fig. 4.

Depressed, the summit hardly marked, and much more narrow in
front than behind; exterior brownish, interior light blue.

P. scutellaris. The buckler Patella. Pl. 2, fig. 5.

Depressed, summit sub-anterior, radiated from the summit to the
margin; brown colour, with a yellowish band parallel to the margin.

P. pectinata. The pectinated Patella. Pl. 2, fig. 6.

Oval, summit well marked and anteriorly inclined; ribbed from the
summit to the margin, which is slightly convex in the middle.

P. cymbularia. The cymbular Patella. Pl. 2, fig. 7.

Oval, thin, pearly, with a festooned margin; summit nearly
marginal; colour white, shaded with very light brown.
 FAMILY III.
Calyptracea. Seven genera.
The genera that constitute this family were separated by Lamarck
from the Patella of Linnæus.

1. Parmaphora. The Duck’s-bill Limpet. Three

species.

The characteristic distinctions of this shell were first pointed out

by De Blainville.
Shell elongated, very depressed; the summit greatly post-medial,
and evidently inclined behind; aperture as large as the shell; the
lateral edges straight and parallel, the posterior rounded, the
anterior sharp and notched in the middle; muscular impression
large, elongated oval, slightly open in front.

Parmophora Australis.
P. brevicula.
P. granulata.

P. Australis. The Australian Parmophorus.

Shell oblong, depressed; vertex slightly recurved; striated
concentrically; one margin rounded, and the other truncated.

2. Emarginula. The Slit Limpet. Four species.

Most of the shells of this genus are small; some are elevated, and
others of a widely-depressed conical form.
 Shell conical, recurved; summit entire; slit, or more or less
hollowed on the anterior side; a muscular impression in form of a
horseshoe, open behind and thicker at the beginning.

Emarginula Blainvillii.
E. marginata.
E. fissura.
E. rubra.

E. Blainvillii. Blainville’s Emarginula.

Shell with the notch or slit in the middle of the back, and not
extending to the margin.

E. fissura. The slit Emarginula. Pl. 32, fig. 5.

Oval, compressed, summit well marked, with reticulated striæ and
ribs; fissure extending half way from the margin to the summit;
exterior light brown, interior white.

E. marginata. The marginated Emarginula.

More compressed than the preceding; summit distinct, anterior
margin formed like a gutter.

3. Fissurella. The Keyhole Limpet. Nineteen

species.

The perforation not being perfectly round, but generally ovate

oblong, procured for this genus its common name, by which it is
easily distinguished.
Shell simple, conical, depressed, recurved; summit perforated a
little anterior in an oblong or oval manner, like a keyhole; the
exterior surface ribbed longitudinally, slightly striated transversely.
 Fissurella picta.
F. nimbosa.
F. crassa.
F. Græca.
F. nodosa.
F. Cayennensis.
F. lilacina.
F. rosea.
F. Barbadensis.
F. radiata.
F. viridula.
F. hiantula.
F. pustula.
F. fascicularis.
F. Javanicensis.
F. depressa.
F. Peruviana.
F. gibberula.
F. minuta.

F. nimbosa. The scaly-ribbed Fissurella.

Species of which the middle part of the edges of the aperture is
hollowed in such a manner that, when placed on a level surface, they
touch only at the extremities.

F. rosea. The rosy Fissurella.

Species more depressed, edges bent up lengthwise, forming a kind
of canal.

F. Græca. The Greek Fissurella. Pl. 32, fig. 1.

Conical, ovate oblong; striæ cancellated and elevated; sections
tuberculated; exterior yellowish brown or clouded, interior white or
light blue.

4. Pileopsis. The Caplike Limpet. Four

species.
 Easily distinguished by its form, which gave rise to the common
name.
Shell oblique, sharp pointed; cone bent forward, with a recurved,
almost spiral summit, finely striated longitudinally and slightly
wrinkled transversely; aperture a round oval; the margin at the base
nearly round, more or less regularly crenated and indented, interior
with a lengthened, arched, transverse muscular impression.

Pileopsis ungarica.
P. mitrula.
P. intorta.
P. subrufa.

P. ungarica. The Fool’s Cap.

Conical, vertex slightly spiral, pointed, and recurved; exterior pale
fawn colour, and the outer margin bordered with a fringed
epidermis; interior sometimes of a very bright pink or rose colour.

5. Calyptræa. The Cup and Saucer Limpet.

Four species.

This genus of shells is remarkable for having in the interior cavity

a transverse funnel or tongue-shaped testaceous appendage, from
which originated its common name.
Shell conic, base orbicular; summit vertical and imperforated;
cavity deep, having at its interior summit a tongue-like appendage.
This appendage is sometimes vertical and sometimes like a
horseshoe, having on it a muscular impression of variable form.

Calyptræa extinctorium.
C. lævigata.
C. equestris.
C. tectum-sinense.

C. extinctorium. The extinguisher Calyptræa.

 Species in which the internal appendage is horn-shaped; colour
brownish.

C. equestris. The equestrian Calyptræa. Pl. 32, fig. 4.

Species in which the internal appendage is like a horseshoe, open
in front.

C. tectum-sinense. The Chinese roof Calyptræa.

Shell formed of separate, transverse, irregular round laminæ of
uniform size, attached to each other by the summit on the exterior of
each, presenting the appearance of a number of small flat Patellæ
piled one on the other; colour yellowish, margin entire, very glossy
within.

6. Crepidula. The Slipper Limpet. Six species.

Very similar to the Navicella, but distinguished from it by not

having an operculum.
Shell irregular, form very variable, depressed or compressed; spire
obliquely inclined to one side; margin entire; cavity large, divided by
a horizontal partition, which gives it the form of a half-decked boat.

Crepidula fornicata.
C. porcellana.
C. aculeata.
C. unguiformis.
C. dilatata.
C. Peruviana.

C. porcellana. The brown-spotted Crepidula.

Shell thick, flat, summit not spiral.

C. aculeata. The prickly Crepidula.

Oval, brown, roughly striated, vertex recurved, interior blue or
purple.
 C. sub-spirata. The sub-spiral Crepidula. Pl. 32, fig. 2.
Species almost round, summit sub-spiral; colour yellowish white,
with a bluish tinge towards the summit.

7. Ancylus. The Lake Limpet. Two species.

This is a fresh-water shell, found in the lakes of Europe.

Shell thin and brittle, obliquely conical; summit pointed and
recurved; margins simple, base oval and smooth.

Ancylus oblongus.
Ancylus fluviatilis.

A. oblongus. The oblong Ancylus.

Aperture elongated, vertex turned to one side, striated
concentrically; exterior pale yellowish colour, interior light blue.

A. fluviatilis. The river Ancylus. Pl. 32, fig. 3.

Simple, oval, almost symmetrical; summit pointed, compressed,
very distinct; bent back a little to the right, but not marginal; the
edges of the aperture entire and effuse.
 FAMILY IV.
Bullacea. Three genera.

1. Acera. Has no shell. One species.

Acera Carnosa.

2. Bullæa. One species.

Formerly classed with the Bulla, but separated from it on account

of the shell being entirely covered by the animal, and never
externally visible.
Shell oval, thin, fragile, more or less involuted on one side,
rendering the aperture more or less wide.

B. aperta. The open Bullæa. Pl. 17, fig. 5.

Shell interior and very incompletely involuted, without spire or
columella; sub-orbicular, white, transparent, faintly striated, and
slightly wrinkled; almost entirely open.

3. Bulla. The Bubble. Eleven species.

The great confusion that existed in this genus, as classed by

Linnæus, has been elucidated by the division and classification of
Lamarck. This genus derived its name from the resemblance which
some of the smaller species have to a bubble of water. Its shells are
found in almost all parts of the world.
 Shell external, oval, involuted; aperture very large, open the whole
length of the shell, and generally wider at the base; outer edge sharp
and smooth; summit umbilicated.

Bulla lignaria.
B. ampulla.
B. striata.
B. naucum.
B. physis.
B. fasciata.
B. aplustre.
B. hydatis.
B. cornea.
B. fragilis.
B. solida.

B. aplustre. The streamer-like Bulla. Pl. 17, fig. 7.

Species completely involute; the spire very distinct, visible, but not
projecting, with a kind of thickening at the anterior part of the
columellar edge.

B. lignaria. The woodlike Bulla.

Species sub-involute, no visible spire either within or without, but
narrowed towards the top when it is slightly umbilicated; yellowish
brown colour, with transverse pale striæ.

B. hydatis. The watery Bulla.

Species more solid, thicker, almost entirely involute; whorls of the
spire slightly visible in an umbilicus projecting interiorly from the
summit.

B. naucum. The sea-nut Bulla.

Species thin; the whorls of the spire visible externally, but without
projection, and with a suture as if caniculated without thickening at
the anterior part of the columellar edge.

B. fragilis. The fragile Bulla.

 Species very thin, rather involute; the whorls of the spire distinct
within as without; the suture deep, angular, and cleft in a greater or
less part of its length.
 FAMILY V.
Aplysiacea. Two genera.

1. Aplysia. Three species.

This genus may almost be said to have no testaceous covering, as it

appears more like the element of a shell.

Aplysia depilans.
A. fasciata.
A. punctata.

A. depilans. The bald Aplysia.

Shell dorsal, semicircular, of a thin yellow cartilaginous substance.

2. Dolabella. Two species.

Closely allied to the Aplysia; it is a singularly formed shell, difficult

to describe, as it contains few of the characteristics which distinguish
other shells.
Shell rudimentary, entirely flat, sub-spiral, with a summit thick
and very callous.

Dolabella Rumphii.
Dolabella fragilis.

D. Rumphii. Rumphius’s Dolabella.

Base thick, callous, and sub-spiral; dilated above, thin, and wedge-
shaped.
 FAMILY VI.
Limacinea. Five genera.

1. Onchidium. Has no shell. Two species.

Onchidium Typhæ.
Onchidium Peronii.

2. Parmacella. One species.

Lamarck has given a description of the animal of this genus, but

only mentions that the scutcheon contains a shell or solid
crustaceous body.

Parmacella Olivieri.

3. Limax. Four species.

The animal belonging to this genus is furnished with a coriaceous

shield, wrinkled.

Limax rufus.
L. albus.
L. cinerus.
L. agrestis.
 4. Testacella. One species.

Shell external, very small, ear-shaped; very depressed, summit

inclined posteriorly, not spiral; aperture oval, very large; the left edge
sharp, a little rolled inward, especially behind.

T. Haliotidea. The Haliotis-shaped Testacella. Pl. 17, fig. 6.

Answering to the above description; very thin, transparent, and
yellowish.

5. Vitrina. One species.

Shell proportionally very small, extremely thin, pellucid, almost

membranous, oval or sub-globular; spire very short, of which the last
whorl is very large; aperture large, semilunar; the edges sharp; the
left edge arched, and extending itself interiorly to the summit.

V. pellucida. The pellucid Vitrina. Pl. 17, fig. 3.

Extremely thin, pellucid, and glossy; depressed, spire very short;
aperture large and oval; colour pale yellowish green.
 FAMILY VII.
Colimacea. Eleven genera.

1. Helix. The Snail. One hundred and seven

species.

According to the systematic arrangement of Lamarck, this genus

now consists of shells with peculiar characteristic distinctions.
By Linnæus, marine, land, and fresh-water shells were united in
this genus, and so confounded that the naturalist would often look in
vain for the distinguishing characters which would enable him to
class and determine the genus of the object under examination.
Notwithstanding the divisions of Lamarck, its species are
numerous; the shells are terrestrial, and found in all parts of the
globe; some are rare and beautiful.
The term Helix was given to this genus from the spiral form of the
shell.
Shell extremely variable in form, generally globular, sometimes
ventricose, conoid, never turriculated; summit constantly obtuse and
rounded; aperture generally of a medium size, but sometimes very
large or very small, always modified by the turn of the spire; oval,
semilunar, more wide than long, edges disunited, entering but very
little into the formation of the interior; the right lip or margin
thickened or reflected.
Helix vesicalis.
H. algira.
H. pomatia.
H. aspersa.
H. vermiculata.
H. alonensis.
H. lineolata.
H. picta.
H. mutata.
H. gigantea.
H. polyzonalis.
H. monozonalis.
H. pulla.
H. versicolor.
H. Naticoides.
H. Madagascariensis.
H. galactites.
H. hæmastoma.
H. melanotragus.
H. extensa.
H. lucana.
H. globulus.
H. melanostoma.
H. cælatura.
H. microstoma.
H. maculosa.
H. Richardi.
H. Bonplandii.
H. planulata.
H. labrella.
H. ungulina.
H. pellis-serpentis.
H. Senegalensis.
H. unidentata.
H. cepa.
H. heteroclites.
H. discolor.
H. lactea.
H. zonaria.
H ti
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