Prepared By: D. Y.

Vankawala

UNIT – 1: INTRODUCTION TO IOT

 IoT allows devices and applications to communicate
with each other over the Internet.
 Think of IoT as a more advanced version of RFID (Radio
Frequency Identification).
 In RFID, tags are attached to objects, allowing them to be
identified, tracked, and monitored remotely.
 Similarly, IoT tags devices and objects, enabling them to
be controlled and monitored over the Internet.
 For example, IoT can use GPS to track and monitor
devices remotely.
 It supports machine-to-machine (M2M) communication,
where devices can interact without human intervention.
 Examples of IoT applications include connected cars
and communication between wearable devices and
personal gadgets.
 IoT is a crucial part of Industry 4.0, focusing on
automation and data exchange in manufacturing.
 It has made smart cities possible, where city services
are interconnected and managed efficiently.
 IoT is also paving the way for self-driving cars, enabling
autonomous transportation soon.
 The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical
objects ie. devices, vehicles, buildings and other items
embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and
network connectivity that enables these objects to collect
and exchange data.
 Simply put, IoT is made up of two words: Internet &
Things.
 Things – physical devices, appliances, gadgets, etc.
 Internet – through which these devices are connected

 Wikipedia definition : The Internet of Things, also called

The Internet of Objects, refers to a wireless network
between objects, usually the network will be wireless and
self-configuring, such as household appliances.
 WSIS 2005 Definition: By embedding short-range mobile
transceivers into a wide array of additional gadgets and
everyday items, enabling new forms of communication
between people and things, and between things.
 IOT is defined as interconnection of various objects or
things (e.g Building, vehicles, devices, animal, human)
with each other through internet. Here objects or things
are embedded with electronics hardware (Controller,
Sensors, actuators) and software. (D.Y.Vankawala)
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
 Utilize wireless IoT applications to collect data
regarding the location, well-being, and health
of their livestock.
 Monitor pregnant cows:
 Sensor powered by battery is expelled
when its water breaks.
 This sends an information via the Internet to
the rancher.
 Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
 With a built-in accelerometer that
automatically detects falls
 Medication reminder
 With a GPS, which allows an emergency
operator to locate and provide directions
to the individual.
 The HAPIfork is an electronic fork
that helps you monitor and track
your eating habits.
 It also alerts you with the help of
indicator lights and gentle vibrations
when you are eating too fast.
 The Beam Brush is a connected toothbrush
that engages users with their daily hygiene
routine.
 Egg Minder syncs with your smartphone
to tell you how many eggs you’ve got at
home (up to 14 eggs) and when they’re
going bad.
 Imagine the SmartWeather Umbrella that acts like a living entity through
computing.
 A tiny embedded device is installed in the SmartWeather Umbrella to
interact with a web-based weather service and the owner via the Internet.
 The SmartWeather Umbrella connects to the Internet using this embedded
circuit.
 A website regularly publishes weather reports.

 Each morning, the SmartWeather Umbrella receives these reports, analyzes

the data, and sends reminders to the owner at specific times.
 Reminders are shown with different colored LED flashes:

 Red LED flashes for hot and sunny days.

 Yellow LED flashes for rainy days.

 A reminder can also be sent to the owner's mobile via NFC, Bluetooth, or
SMS technologies.
 For example, a message could say, "Protect yourself from rain. It is going to
rain. Don’t forget to carry the umbrella."
 Another message could say, "Protect yourself from the sun. It is going to be
hot and sunny. Don’t forget to carry the umbrella."
 The owner can decide whether or not to carry the SmartWeather Umbrella
based on these reminders.
 Streetlights as Living Entities:
 Streetlights can function like living entities using tiny embedded
devices.
 These devices enable sensing, computing, and communication.
 Group of Streetlights:
 Each group of 32 streetlights has sensing, computing, and
communication circuits.
 The streetlights in a group connect to a group controller (or
coordinator) via Bluetooth or ZigBee.
 Central Command-and-Control Station:
 Each group controller connects to a central command-and-
control station through the Internet.
 The station receives periodic information about each streetlight
in each group.
 Information Collected:
 Functioning status of the 32 streetlights.
 Identification of faulty lights.
 Presence or absence of traffic in the vicinity.
 Ambient conditions (cloudy, dark, or normal daylight).
 Actions Taken:
 The central station remotely programs the group controllers.
 Group controllers take appropriate actions based on traffic and
light levels.
 Remedial actions are directed if a fault develops in a specific
light.
 Control System:
 The entire city's streetlights are managed by the "Internet of
streetlights."
 Hyperconnected RFIDs:
 An RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) or smart
label is tagged to all consignments.
 This allows many consignments to be constantly
tracked.
 Their movement through remote places, inventories at
remote locations, sales, and supply chain are
controlled using a hyperconnected framework for the
Internet of RFIDs.
 General IoT Framework:
 Figure 1.2 shows a framework using smart and
hyperconnected devices, edge computing, and
applications.
 Edge Computing:
 A device is considered at the edge of the Internet
infrastructure.
 Edge computing means computations are done at
the device level before the data is sent over the
Internet.
 The framework includes several new terms that will be
defined and explained in later chapters.
 Simple IoT Framework:
• Equation: Physical Object + Controller, Sensor, and Actuators + Internet = Internet of
Things (IoT)
• Example: The Internet of umbrellas includes:
• An umbrella with embedded circuits (controller, sensors, and actuators)
• Internet connectivity to a web service and a mobile service provider

 General IoT Concept:

• IoT involves an internetwork of devices and physical objects that collect data from
remote locations.
• These objects communicate data to systems that manage, acquire, organize, and
analyze the data.
• Example: Streetlights communicate data to a group controller, which then connects to
a central server using the Internet.
 Complex IoT Framework (Equation 1.2):
• Equation: Gather + Enrich + Stream + Manage + Acquire + Organize and
Analyze = Internet of Things with connectivity to a data center, enterprise,
or cloud server.
• Based on Oracle's IoT architecture:
• Level 1: Devices gather data using sensors.
• Level 2: Data is enriched, for example, by transcoding at a gateway.
• Transcoding: Coding or decoding data before transfer between entities.
• Level 3: Data streams are managed by a communication management subsystem.
• Level 4: Device management systems handle identity and access management.
• Level 5: Data is acquired and stored in a database.
• Level 6: Data is organized and analyzed, for instance, to collect business
intelligence.
 IBM IoT Framework (Equation 1.3):
• Equation: Gather + Consolidate + Connect + Collect + Assemble + Manage and Analyze
= Internet of Things with connectivity to cloud service.
• Based on IBM's IoT architecture:
• Levels 1 and 2: A sensor network gathers and consolidates data.
• Level 1: Gathers data using sensors.
• Level 2: Data consolidates at a gateway, e.g., through transformation.
• Level 3: The gateway manages data streams and uses a communication management
subsystem.
• Levels 3 and 4: Information service connects, collects, assembles, and manages
data.
• Services are rendered from level 4.
• Levels 4 and 5: Real-time series analysis and data analytics subsystems.
• A cloud infrastructure or database acquires and stores data.
 IoT frameworks are used in:

 Machine-to-machine (M2M)
communication networks
 Wearable devices

 City lighting

 Security and surveillance

 Home automation

 Smart Systems: Use smart

devices, objects, and
services.
 Components include user
interfaces (UIs), application
programming interfaces
(APIs), identification data,
sensor data, and
communication ports.
• Sensors (Level 1):
• Smart Sensor:
• Contains an Application Framework.
• Uses an IoT Communication Framework.
• Sensor:
• Contains an Application Framework.
• Uses an IoT Communication Framework.

• Gather Gateway Data Consolidation (Level 2):

• Gateway:
• Uses a Data Consolidation Framework.
• Uses an IoT Communication Framework.
• Network:
• Facilitates data transfer from sensors to the communication management system.
• Connect + Collect + Assemble + Manage • Manage Connections and Subscriptions:
(Levels 3 and 4) and Cloud Services (Level • Handles device and data connection
5): management.
• Communication Management: • Data Centre Management:
• Protocol Handlers (e.g., MQTT). • Oversees the data center operations.
• Message Sight. • Big Data Store:
• Message Router. • Stores large volumes of data.
• Message Cache.
• Server Management:
• Publish/Subscribe mechanisms.
• Manages server operations and maintenance.
• Internet Firewall: • In-memory Analytics and Intelligence:
• Provides security for data transfer over the
• Provides real-time data analysis and
internet.
intelligence.
• Device Register and Connect: • NoSQL:
• Manages device connections.
• A database model for storing unstructured
• Collect from Things: data.
• Gathers data from various IoT devices. • Relational Time Series Service:
• Manage a Time-series View of Data: • Manages time-series data in a relational
• Manages time-series data for analysis. database.
• Spatial Storage and Real Time Analytics
Management:
• Stores spatial data and provides real-time
analytics.
 What is IoT Architecture?
 IoT architecture is the flow of information or data from sensors to large server clouds. It encompasses the structure and
organization of various components involved in IoT systems, ensuring efficient data flow, signal transmission, computation,
and storage.

 Components of IoT Architecture

1. Sensors:
 Attached to "things" (devices, objects) to collect information from the surroundings.
 Capture data like temperature, motion, humidity, etc.
2. Cloud Servers:
 Large servers where data is perceived, stored, and processed.
 Generate necessary outputs based on the incoming data.
3. Data Flow:
 Data travels from sensors to cloud servers for processing.
 Processed data is sent back to "things" to trigger actions.

 Importance of IoT Architecture

 When dealing with huge amounts of data in a network framework, a proper architecture is essential to:
• Control the data flow.
• Send and receive signals.
• Perform computations.
• Handle storage effectively.

 Variations in IoT Architecture

• No Universal Standard:
• Each production company has its private guidelines based on its requirements.
• Different industries have different needs, leading to variations in architecture.
• Generic IoT Architecture:
• Divides into three fundamental layers to cover a wide range of possibilities and requirements.
 The architecture of the
Internet of Things (IoT)
consists of four main layers:
 Perception Layer
 Network Layer
 Processing Layer
 Application Layer
 Each layer has a specific
role in the overall system,
allowing seamless
interaction between devices,
data, and users.
 Role:
• The Perception Layer, also known as the Sensing
Layer, is the first layer of any IoT system.
• It involves "things" or endpoint devices that act as
a bridge between the physical and digital worlds.

 Components:
• Sensors: Devices that collect data from the
environment (e.g., temperature, humidity, motion).
• Actuators: Devices that perform actions based on
data received (e.g., turning on a light, opening a
valve).

 Function:
• Sensors and actuators collect, accept, and process
data over the network.
• These devices can connect wirelessly or via wired
connections, providing flexibility in their
deployment.
 Role:
• The Network Layer manages how data moves
throughout the IoT system.

 Components:
• Data Acquiring Systems (DAS): Aggregate and
convert data from sensors, transforming analog
data into digital format.
• Internet/Network Gateways: Facilitate data
transmission and processing, enabling devices to
connect and communicate with servers, smart
devices, and other network devices.

 Function:
• Ensures that data collected by sensors is
transmitted efficiently and securely.
• Handles all data transmissions within the IoT
ecosystem.
 Role:
• The Processing Layer is the brain of the IoT
ecosystem, handling data analysis, pre-
processing, and storage.
 Components:
• Edge IT/Edge Analytics: Perform real-
time data processing and analysis close to
the data source.
• Data Centers: Store processed data and
provide access for further analysis and
action by software applications.
 Function:
• Analyzes and processes data before
sending it to the data center.
• Monitors and manages data, preparing it
for further actions.
 Role:
• The Application Layer provides user
interaction and delivers application-specific
services.
 Components:
• User Interfaces: Apps, dashboards, and other
tools that allow users to interact with the IoT
system.
• Application Services: Specific functionalities
tailored to the user's needs (e.g., smart home
control, health monitoring).
 Function:
• Allows users to interact with and control IoT
devices.
• Delivers specific services, such as turning on a
coffee maker via an app or displaying the
status of devices in a dashboard.
 Understanding the layers of IoT architecture is
crucial, but knowing how businesses can benefit
from these layers is even more important. To
maximize the value of IoT, enterprises must allow
devices to interact freely and maximize device
and system synergies. This ensures the
infrastructure supports the IoT architecture
effectively. Here are the various stages of IoT
architecture implementation in enterprises:
 Role:
• The first step towards IoT
architecture is to establish
the physical layer within
the environment.
 Components:
• Sensors: Collect and
analyze data from the
environment.
• Actuators: Measure and
act upon changes recorded
by the sensors.
 Function:
• Sensors and actuators can
be connected via wired or
wireless networks, such as
Local Area Networks
(LANs) and Personal Area
Networks (PANs).
 Role:
• The second stage involves
setting up an internet gateway.

 Components:
• Data Acquisition Systems
(DAS): Convert analog data
collected by sensors into digital
form.
• Internet Gateways: Pre-process
raw data before sending it to the
cloud.

 Function:
• DAS gathers and converts data to
digital form for routing over the
network by the internet gateway.
• Additional features like analytics
and security can be integrated to
enhance performance and
efficiency.
 Role:
• The third stage involves pre-
processing and advanced data
analytics.
 Components:
• Edge IT Systems: Use machine
learning and visualization
techniques to generate insights
from collected data.
 Function:
• Edge IT systems reduce the
pressure on core IT infrastructure
by pre-processing data close to
its source.
• They ensure only valuable data is
processed and transmitted to
data centers and servers.
 Role:
• The final stage involves sending
preprocessed and analyzed data to
data centers and servers for further
analysis and reporting.

 Components:
• Data Centers: Provide a secure
environment for final data processing.
• Cloud Services: Offer scalable
storage and processing capabilities.

 Function:
• Data centers and cloud services fall
under the management services
category, processing data through
analytics, device management, and
security controls.
• The cloud enables data transfer to
end-user applications across various
sectors, such as healthcare, retail,
environment, and energy.
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
 The following entities provide a diverse technological environment and are
examples of technologies involved in IoT:
 Hardware:
 Arduino, Raspberry Pi, Intel Galileo, Intel Edison, ARM mBed, Bosch XDK110,
Beagle Bone Black,Wireless SoC

 Integrated Development Environment (IDE):

 Tools for developing device software, firmware, and APIs

 Protocols:
• RPL, CoAP, RESTful HTTP, MQTT
• XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol)

 Communication:
• Powerline Ethernet, RFID, NFC, 6LowPAN, UWB
• ZigBee, Bluetooth,WiFi,WiMax, 2G/3G/4G

 Network Backbone:
• IPv4, IPv6, UDP, 6LowPAN

 Software:
• RIOT OS, Contiki OS, Thingsquare Mist firmware, Eclipse IoT

 Internetwork Cloud Platforms/Data Centre:

• Sense, ThingWorx, Nimbits, Xively, openHAB
• AWS IoT, IBM BlueMix, CISCO IoT, IOx and Fog
• EvryThng, Azure, TCS CUP

 Machine Learning Algorithms and Software:

• GROK from Numenta Inc.: Uses machine intelligence to analyze streaming data
from clouds, uncover anomalies, learn continuously from data, drive action
from data models, and perform high-level automation for analyzing streaming
data.
 IoT servers include application servers,
enterprise servers, cloud servers, data
centers, and databases. Servers offer the
following software components:
• Online platforms
• Device identification, identity
management, and access management
• Data accruing, aggregation, integration,
organizing, and analyzing
• Use of web applications, services, and
business processes
 Overview
 Devices and sensors are integral components of the device
connectivity layer in IoT systems. These smart sensors
continuously collect data from the environment and transmit
this information to the next layer.
 Advanced Semiconductor Technology
 The latest advancements in semiconductor technology have
enabled the production of micro smart sensors for various
applications. These advancements have led to the
development of more efficient, compact, and reliable
sensors.
 Common Sensors
• Temperature Sensors and Thermostats: Measure and
regulate temperature.
• Pressure Sensors: Detect pressure levels in various
environments.
• Humidity/Moisture Sensors: Monitor humidity or moisture
levels.
• Light Intensity Detectors: Measure the intensity of light in
a given area.
• Proximity Sensors: Detect the presence of nearby objects
without physical contact.
• RFID Tags: Used for automatic identification and tracking
of objects.
 Wireless Networks for IoT

 Most modern smart devices and sensors can connect to low-power wireless
networks, which are essential for IoT applications. These include:
• Wi-Fi: Wireless Fidelity, widely used for high-speed data transfer.
• ZigBee: Suitable for low-power, low-data rate applications.
• Bluetooth: Commonly used for short-range data exchange.
• Z-wave: Primarily used for home automation.

Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala

• LoRAWAN: Long Range Wireless Area Network, designed for long-range communication.
 Each of these wireless technologies has distinct advantages and disadvantages regarding
power consumption, data transfer rates, and overall efficiency.

 Energy-Efficient Wireless Technologies

 Developments in low-power, low-cost wireless transmitting devices are promising for IoT due
to their long battery life and efficiency. Many companies have adopted the latest protocols
like 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks) to implement
energy-efficient data transmission for IoT networks.
• 6LoWPAN: Uses reduced transmission time (short time pulses) to save energy.
• LoRA (Long Range): Suitable for long-range communication.
• LoRAWAN: A network designed for long-range, low-power communication.
• LiFi (Light Fidelity): Wireless communication technology that transmits data using visible
light at extremely high speeds.

Summary of Wireless Technologies

•LoRA: Long Range
•LoRAWAN: Long Range Wireless Area Network
•6LoWPAN: IPv6 over Low-power Wireless Personal
Area Networks
•WiFi: Wireless Fidelity
•LiFi: Light Fidelity, transmits data using visible
light.
 An IoT Gateway is a critical component
in the Internet of Things (IoT)
ecosystem. It manages the
bidirectional data traffic between
different networks and protocols,
ensuring seamless communication and
interoperability among connected
devices and sensors. The primary
functions of an IoT Gateway include
protocol translation, local data pre-
processing, and providing a secure
communication channel. Let's explore
these functions in detail:
1. Protocol Translation
 Role:
• The gateway translates different network
protocols to ensure the interoperability of
connected devices and sensors.

 Importance:
• IoT devices often use various communication
protocols, such as Zigbee, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and
more.
• Protocol translation ensures that devices using
different protocols can communicate with each
other effectively.
 Function:
• The gateway acts as a translator, converting data from
one protocol to another, enabling devices to understand
and interact with each other.
2. Data Pre-processing
 Role:
• IoT Gateways can perform local pre-processing of collected data from thousands of sensors before
transmitting it to the next stage.
 Importance:
• Pre-processing is essential to handle the large volume of data generated by IoT devices.
• By processing data locally, gateways can reduce the amount of data transmitted to the cloud, saving
bandwidth and improving response times.
 Function:
• The gateway collects data from sensors, processes it to filter out unnecessary information, and
ensures compatibility with TCP/IP protocols.
• Pre-processed data is then sent to the cloud for further analysis.
3. Security
 Role:
• IoT Gateways provide a secure communication channel for the network and transmitted data using
higher-order encryption techniques.
 Importance:
• Security is crucial to protect the system from malicious attacks and unauthorized access.
• Ensuring secure data transmission and device authentication prevents data breaches and maintains
the integrity of the IoT system.
 Function:
• The gateway encrypts data before transmission, ensuring that sensitive information is protected.
• It acts as a middle layer between devices and the cloud, safeguarding the network from potential
threats.
 Benefits of IoT Gateways
1. Efficient Data Management:
• By pre-processing data locally, gateways reduce the amount of data sent to the cloud,
optimizing bandwidth usage.
2. Improved Interoperability:
• Protocol translation enables devices with different communication protocols to work
together seamlessly.
3. Enhanced Security:
• Gateways provide an additional security layer, ensuring that only authorized devices
can access the network and protecting data during transmission.
4. Reduced Latency:
• Local data processing improves response times by reducing the need to send all data to
the cloud for processing.
 The Internet of Things (IoT) generates massive amounts
of data from devices, applications, and users. Managing
this data efficiently is crucial, and that's where the IoT
cloud comes in.
 Key Features of IoT Cloud:
• Data Collection and Processing: The IoT cloud collects and
processes vast amounts of data in real time. This allows
industries and services to access and use the data remotely.
• Data Management and Storage: The cloud stores data
securely, making it easy to retrieve and analyze when
needed.
• Remote Access: Industries can access their data from
anywhere, allowing for critical decision-making when
necessary.
• High-Performance Network: The IoT cloud consists of a
network of powerful servers designed for high-speed data
processing.
• Traffic Management: It efficiently manages the data traffic
generated by billions of devices.
• Accurate Analytics: The cloud delivers precise analytics,
helping companies understand and utilize their data better.
• Distributed Database Management Systems: These
systems are crucial for managing the vast amounts of data
stored in the IoT cloud.
 Analytics in the Internet of Things (IoT) involves converting data
from billions of smart devices and sensors into useful insights.
These insights are essential for managing and improving IoT
systems.
 Importance of Analytics:
• Data Interpretation: Analytics converts raw data into meaningful
information that can be analyzed and acted upon.
• System Management: Smart analytics solutions help in managing the
entire IoT system efficiently.
 Advantages of Real-Time Smart Analytics:
• Identifying Irregularities: Engineers can detect anomalies in the
data quickly, allowing them to act fast to prevent potential issues.
• Proactive Measures: Accurate and timely data collection enables
service providers to take necessary steps to address problems before
they escalate.
 Benefits for Big Enterprises:
• Future Opportunities: Massive data collected from IoT devices
provides insights that can be used for future business opportunities.
• Trend Prediction: Careful analysis helps organizations predict
market trends and plan for successful implementations.
• Business Success: Predictive analysis ensures that businesses can
make informed decisions, leading to success in their respective fields.
 User interfaces (UIs) are the visible and tangible parts of
an IoT system that users interact with. Designing an
effective UI is crucial for minimizing user effort and

Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala

encouraging more interactions.
 Key Points:
• Design Importance: A well-designed UI ensures users can
operate devices with minimal effort. This increases user
satisfaction and engagement.
• Interactive Design: Modern technology allows for interactive
designs, transforming complex tasks into simple touch panel
controls. For example, multicolor touch panels have replaced
hard switches in many household appliances.
• Market Significance: The design of the UI plays a significant
role in today's competitive market. It often influences users'
decisions when choosing a particular device or appliance.
• User-Friendliness: Devices and gadgets with user-friendly
interfaces that are compatible with common wireless
standards attract more users. A good UI can make a device
more appealing and easier to use.
 Eclipse IoT
• Website: www.iot.eclipse.org
• Features:
• Open-source implementation of standards such as MQTT, CoAP, OMA-
DM, and OMA LWM2M.
• Tools for working with the Lua programming language.
• Sandbox environments and live demos available on the website.
• Popular projects include Paho, Koneki, and Mihini.
 Arduino Development Tools
• Features:
• Provides a set of software including an Integrated Development
Environment (IDE).
• Arduino programming language supports hardware specifications for
interactive electronics.
• Suitable for sensing and controlling the physical world.
 Kinoma Software Platform
• Components:
• Kinoma Create: A kit for prototyping.
• Kinoma Studio: A development environment.
• Kinoma Platform Runtime: Supports open-source projects.
• Kinoma Connect: A free app for iOS and Android smartphones and
tablets for use with IoT devices.
 ThingSpeak
• Features:
• Open data platform with an open API.
• Enables real-time data collection, geolocation data, data
processing, and visualizations.
• Supports devices like Arduino, Raspberry Pi,
ioBridge/RealTime.io, and Electric Imp.
• Integrates with MATLAB data analytics, mobile
applications, web applications, and social networks.
 Nimbits
• Features:
• Supports multiple programming languages, including
Arduino, JavaScript, HTML, and Nimbits.io Java library.
• Deployable on Google App Engine, J2EE servers,
Amazon EC2, and Raspberry Pi.
• Processes and stores data, which can be time- or geo-
stamped.
 IoT Toolkit
• Features:
• Offers Smart Object API and HTTP-to-CoAP Semantic
mapping.
• Provides tools for integrating multiple IoT sensor
networks and protocols.
 SiteWhere
• Features:
• Comprehensive platform for managing IoT
devices.
• Supports data gathering and integration with
external systems.
• Available on Amazon’s cloud or for download.
• Integrates with MongoDB, Apache HBase, and
various big data tools.
 Other Platforms:
• Microsoft Azure: A cloud platform for IoT solutions.
• TCS Connected Universe Platform (TCS CUP): Provides
IoT connectivity and integration.
• Xively: Platform for managing IoT devices and data.
• smartliving: Offers IoT integration tools.
• thethings.io: Simplifies IoT device management.
• exosite: Platform for IoT device integration and data
management.
 Examples of hardware sources for
IoT prototype development are
 Arduino Yún
 Microduino
 Beagle Board
 RasWIK.

 Hardware prototype needs an IDE

for developing device software,
firmware and APIs.
 IoT boards are useful hardware structures that we use to prototype a new IoT project. As we
discussed above, custom hardware results is expensive to design and manufacture, and
development boards come to the rescue to avoid that.
 There are several IoT prototyping boards in the market with different specifications. And here
we will cover top development boards for IoT projects.
 All the below-mentioned IoT boards will fall into any of the below categories:
1. Microcontroller-based boards
2. System on Chip (SOC) boards
3. Single-board Computers (SBC)

 Let’s get straight to the most popular IoT Development Boards:

1. Raspberry Pi
2. Omega 2
3. Particle Photon
4. Beagle bone –
5. Jetson Nano
6. ESP 32
7. Banana Pi
8. Arduino Nano 33 IoT
9. Tessel 2
10.i.MX 8
 The Raspberry Pi Development Board is a small credit card-sized computer.
That works on Linux-based operating systems and is good for embedded
projects. Raspberry boards can be easily plugged into your monitor,
computer, or TV. It uses a standard keyboard and mouse. Even amateur users
depend on it for configuring their digital media systems and surveillance
cameras.
 Features :
 Processor: 1.2GHz, 64-bit quad-core ARMv8 CPU
 802.11n Wireless LAN
 Bluetooth 4.1
 Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
 1GB RAM
 4 USB ports
 40 GPIO pins
 Full HDMI port
 Combined 3.5mm audio jack and composite video
 Camera interface (CSI)
 Display interface (DSI)
 Micro SD card slot
 videoCore IV 3D graphics core
 Omega 2 is one of Onion’s Linux-based WiFi
development boards that allow makers of all skill levels
to build connected hardware. This highly integrated
board comes with a powerful processor and flexible
GPIOs. The Platform lets you prototype hardware devices
using familiar tools like Git, npm, pip, as well as high-
level programming languages like Python, Javascript, and
PHP.
 Features :
 Linux Operating System, powerful processor, and
flexible GPIOs.
 Compact size that easily fits into any project design.
 Modular design for a vast range of flexibility.
 Arduino compatible.
 Integrated Wi-Fi;
 Connectivity is expandable with 2G, 3G, Ethernet,
Bluetooth®, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), and GPS.
 U.FL Connector for external Wi-Fi antenna attachment.
 FCC and CE Certified.
 Particle Photon Board consists of an STM32 microcontroller,
Wi-Fi, Switches, and LEDs. Simple to use, powerful, and
connected to the cloud. Powered by a Cypress Wi-Fi chip
alongside a powerful STM32 ARM Cortex M3
microcontroller, it is ideal for prototyping IoT projects.
 Features :
 Processor: STM32F205 120Mhz ARM Cortex M3
 Real-time operating system (Free RTOS)
 Memory: 1MB flash, 128KB RAM
 Open source design
 On-board Wi-Fi module
 On-board RGB status LED.
 18 Mixed-signal GPIO and advanced peripherals
 Soft AP setup
 B802.11b/g/n Wi-Fi
 Broadcom BCM43362 Wi-Fi chip
 The Beagle Bone is a low-power open-source single-board
computer produced by Texas Instruments. The board can boot Linux in under
10 seconds also you can start developing in less than 5 minutes with just a
single USB cable.
 It is a computer installed inside of a larger electronics project. The beagle
board carries two rows of GPIO (general purpose Input/Output) pins mounted
along each side of the board. That allows it to communicate with a wide range
of servos, sensors, outputs, and other hardware, making it act as the brain of
large & complex projects.
 Its capabilities can be extended using plug-in boards referred to as “capes”
that are easily available for LCD, motor control, VGA, prototyping, battery
power, and other functionalities.
 Features :

• DDR memory: 512 MB

• Ability to run Ruby, Python, and INO Sketches directly in the Cloud9 IDE,

• Ethernet: On-chip 10/100 Ethernet

• JTAG: Optional

• Memory: 4GB eMMC memory

• Power Options: Via USB or 5V DC input

• Price (USD) Per Unit: $55.00 (Suggested Retail Price)

• Processor: 1GHz AM3359 Sitara ARM Cortex-A8

 ESP32 is a dual-core low-footprint system development
board powered by the latest ESP-WROOM-32 module that can
be easily placed into a solderless breadboard. It has a pre-
integrated antenna, power amplifier, low-noise amplifiers,
filters, and power management module. Because of this, it’s easy
to build and test circuits as well as make projects related to IoT
integrating with the cloud platform.
 Features :
• 2.4 GHz dual-mode Wi-Fi.
• Programmable with Arduino open-source IDE.
• 8 independent LED.
• Bluetooth chips by TSMC.
• 40nm low power technology, power, and RF.
• Easily embedded with other products.
• Strong function with support LWIP protocol.
• Supports three modes: AP, STA, and AP+STA.
• Supporting the Lua program, easily to develop.
 Galileo is a microcontroller board based on the Intel® Quark SoC X1000 Application
Processor, a 32-bit Intel Pentium-class system on a chip. It’s the first board based on
Intel® architecture designed to be hardware and software pin-compatible with Arduino
shields designed for the Uno R3.

 Features

 32-bit processor running up to 400MHz.

 512 KB SRAM built-in for quick data access.

 8MB Flash memory for firmware storage.

 11KB EEPROM for non-volatile memory needs.

 µSD socket supporting up to 32GB µSD cards for expandable storage.

 10/100Mb Ethernet for network connectivity.

 USB 2.0 host and device ports for versatile peripheral connections.

 RS-232 port for serial communication.

 Mini PCI Express (mPCIE) socket for additional expansion options.

 Combines Arduino hardware manipulation ease with a full Linux operating system.

 Access to popular Arduino libraries like SD, Ethernet,WiFi, EEPROM, SPI, and Wire.

 Ability to interface with the Linux side of the board using system() calls.

 Supports programming in Python, Node.js, and access via SSH and Telnet.

 Offers a blend of embedded system capabilities with Linux-based functionality.

 The Arduino Nano 33 IoT is a dual-processor device that is
perfect for experimentation. It offers a practical and low-cost
solution for inventors seeking to add Wi-Fi connectivity to
their projects with minimal previous experience in
networking. The board is compatible with the Arduino IoT
Cloud, where you can create IoT applications in a few simple
steps.
 Features :

• ARM Cortex-M0 32-bit SAMD21 processor

• 14 digital I/O pins and 8 analog input pins

• Support up to 12-bit ADC/PWM and 10-bit DAC resolutions.

• Can operate as a few different USB devices: (asynchronous

serial, keyboard, or mouse) also referred to as HID and USB
MIDI.
• Can communicate via Synchronous serial communications.

• Inbuilt real-time clock module.

 M2M communication allows devices to directly talk to
each other using either wired (like cables) or wireless
(like Wi-Fi) connections. This means devices can share
information without needing people to interact with
them directly.
 How M2M Works
 Imagine sensors in a factory that send data to a computer
automatically. For example, a temperature sensor might tell
an air conditioner to turn on or off based on the room's
temperature, without anyone pressing a button.

 Where M2M is Used

 M2M is used in many places like offices, malls, and homes to
make things work better without people having to do
everything. It's used in:
• Defense: For security systems that watch over places
automatically.
• Monitoring and Tracking: Tracking where vehicles or
goods are without needing people to check.
• Production and Facility Management: Keeping machines
in factories running smoothly without always needing people
nearby.

 Example of M2M in Everyday Life

 In everyday life, you might use your smartphone to

control things like lights or music. Your phone talks
directly to these devices using Bluetooth or Wi-Fi,
without needing the internet.
 M2M and IoT
 M2M and IoT (Internet of Things) are like cousins. They both mean machines talking to each
other. M2M is often used to describe when machines talk directly, while IoT can also mean
when machines talk through the internet.
 Diagram of M2M Systems
 M2M systems have parts like networks for the machines to talk on and places where the
information goes. This diagram shows how everything works together to make sure machines
can understand each other.
 M2M Area Networks
 An M2M area network consists of machines or nodes that have built-in modules for
sensing, controlling, and communicating. These nodes use various protocols like ZigBee,
Bluetooth, M-bus, and Wireless M-Bus to connect with each other within the network.
 Communication Protocols
 These protocols allow M2M nodes to communicate within their own network. They are
different from IP-based protocols used on the wider communication network (like the
internet).
 Communication Networks
 The wider communication network connects M2M area networks to remote locations. It
can use either wired or wireless connections based on IP (Internet Protocol). This allows
data to travel over longer distances and connect different M2M networks together.
 M2M Gateways
 To enable communication between different M2M area networks that use different
protocols, M2M gateways are used. These gateways translate data between the protocols
used in different networks, allowing seamless communication across distances.
 IoT, or Internet of Things, refers to a network where
physical objects, such as devices and sensors, are
embedded with software and connected to each
other over the internet. These objects can collect
and share data with other devices, enabling them to
work together and make decisions without human
intervention.
 How IoT Works
 Imagine devices like sensors in an air conditioner or a
refrigerator. These sensors gather data, such as
temperature or humidity, and send it over the internet to
other devices. For example, an air conditioner can adjust
its settings based on the temperature outside, while a
refrigerator can regulate its temperature based on
what's inside.
 Benefits of IoT
 IoT allows for the creation of efficient networks where
devices communicate and coordinate automatically. This
can lead to faster and smarter decision-making, better
resource management, and improved convenience for
users.
 Examples of IoT in Everyday Life
 In everyday life, IoT can be seen in smart homes where
devices like thermostats, lights, and security cameras
are connected and controlled through a smartphone
app. This connectivity enables users to monitor and
manage their homes remotely.
 M2M (Machine-to-Machine)
 M2M involves direct communication between devices using specific protocols like ZigBee or Bluetooth. It
focuses on device-to-device communication without necessarily using the internet. Examples include:
1. Coordinated Movement: Tools, robots, and drones working together in manufacturing or logistics.
2. Refinery Operations: Machines in refineries communicating to optimize processes like refining oil or
chemicals.
3. Railway Maintenance: Monitoring and tracking failures along railway tracks to enhance maintenance
and safety.
 IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things)
 IIoT expands on M2M by integrating devices into a broader network that uses internet protocols for
communication. It incorporates analytics, machine learning, and cloud-based services. Examples include:
1. Manufacturing: IIoT enables smart manufacturing across multiple locations, improving efficiency and
quality control in production.
2. Railways: Monitoring train tracks, signals, and rolling stock to improve safety and scheduling.
3. Mining: Sensors in mines monitoring conditions, equipment status, and worker safety remotely.

 Transition from M2M to IoT

 The transition from M2M to IoT involves integrating M2M devices into internet-based networks:
• M2M traditionally focuses on standalone device communication.
• IoT extends connectivity to a broader range of devices and services via the internet.
• This integration enables enhanced data analytics, predictive maintenance, and remote management
capabilities.
 M2M (Machine-to-Machine)
1. Coordinated Movement: Tools, robots, and drones coordinating movements in manufacturing
processes.
2. Refinery Operations: Machines in refineries communicating to optimize operations, such as
refining oil.
3. Sequential Control: Managing stages in manufacturing, like assembly lines for food packets.
4. Railway Track Monitoring: Tracking failures and conditions along railway tracks for maintenance.

 IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things)

1. Manufacturing: Implementing IoT across multiple locations to enhance production and quality
control.
2. Railways: Using IoT to monitor tracks, signals, and trains for improved safety and efficiency.
3. Mining: Applying IoT sensors to monitor conditions, equipment, and worker safety in mining
operations.
4. Agriculture: Utilizing IoT for precision farming, optimizing crop management with data analytics.
5. Oil and Gas: Monitoring pipelines, rigs, and environmental conditions to enhance operations.
6. Utilities: Managing energy distribution through smart grids, improving efficiency and reliability.
7. Transportation and Logistics: Tracking goods, optimizing routes, and managing fleets for
efficient logistics.
8. Healthcare Services: IoT devices monitoring patients remotely, enhancing healthcare delivery.
 M2M (Machine-to-Machine)
• Functionality: Focuses on direct communication between individual
devices or machines using specific protocols like ZigBee or Bluetooth.
• Network: Operates within a closed network and does not necessarily
require internet connectivity for communication.
• Data Handling: Sends data between machines, such as sensors and
hardware, without necessarily involving cloud-based services.

 IoT (Internet of Things)

• Functionality: Extends beyond M2M by integrating devices into a broader
network that uses internet protocols (IP) for communication.
• Network: Utilizes IP-based networks, whether public or private, to connect
devices and enable communication over the internet.
• Data Handling: Sends data gathered from devices to cloud platforms via
IoT gateways for storage, analysis, and remote monitoring.
• Service Integration: Integrates enterprise systems, offering remote
monitoring and management services that enable organizations to monitor
and control assets from anywhere.

 Comparison
• Dependency: IoT depends on M2M for device communication but extends
connectivity to larger systems and integrates with cloud services.
• Scope: M2M is focused on machine-to-machine communication within a
specific network, while IoT connects devices across broader networks and
integrates them into larger systems.
• User Experience: IoT provides end-users with a more personalized
experience, offering enhanced services and capabilities beyond basic
device communication.
 M2M architecture is structured into three main domains:

1. M2M Device Domain

1. Physical Devices: These are the machines or sensors that collect
data or perform actions.
2. Communication Interface: Acts as a port or subsystem that
receives inputs from devices and transmits data to other entities.
3. Gateway: Facilitates communication between devices and the wider
network, often translating between different communication
protocols.

2. M2M Network Domain

1. M2M Server: Centralized server that manages communication and
data between devices and applications.
2. Device Identity Management: Handles the identification and
authentication of devices within the network.
3. Data Analytics: Processes collected data to derive insights and
make informed decisions.
4. Data and Device Management: Manages the flow of data and
configuration settings for devices, ensuring efficient operation.

3. M2M Application Domain

1. Applications for Services: Software applications that utilize M2M
data for providing services, such as monitoring or control.
2. Monitoring: Observing device status and performance in real-time.
3. Analysis: Using data analytics to gain insights and optimize
operations.
4. Control: Managing and adjusting devices or systems based on data
and analysis.
 Topic IoT M2M
Machine to Machine

Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala

Abbreviation Internet of Things
communication
Devices include pieces that can make personal
Intelligence Intelligent only to some extent
decisions without outside interference
Type of connection Devices communicate via a network and other
Point to point to communication
used wireless communications
Traditional and less secure
Communication TCP/IP protocols such as HTTP, HTTPS, FTP
communication protocols are
protocols and Telnet
used
In order to improve the user experience, the Data is shared only between
Data sharing
data is shared between applications allowed connections
IoT is nothing without the presence of internet
Internet Devices do not require internet
communication
IoT has a bright future and is capable of
scope Limited scope for devices
connecting billions of devices.
Smart wearables, smart cities, smart cars,
Examples Sensors and data information
 Aspect M2M (Machine-to-Machine) IoT (Internet of Things)

Direct communication between Extends device communication to a

Communication individual devices using specific broader network using internet
protocols. protocols.

Utilizes IP-based networks (public or

Operates within a closed network,
Network private) for connectivity and data
often without internet connectivity.
transfer.

Sends data directly between

Sends data to cloud platforms via IoT
Data Handling machines (e.g., sensors) within the
gateways for storage and analysis.
network.

Focuses on device-to-device Integrates devices into larger systems,

Service
communication within a specific offering remote monitoring and
Integration
network. management services.

M2M does not require IoT for its

IoT builds upon M2M for basic
Dependency operations; it operates independently
device communication capabilities.
within its network.

Limited to communication between Connects devices across broader

Scope machines in a specific context or networks and integrates them into
area. larger systems.

Primarily facilitates machine Enhances user experience by offering

User Experience communication without extensive personalized services and advanced
user interaction. functionalities.
 OSI protocols are a family of information exchange
standards developed jointly by the ISO (International
Organization for Standardization) and the ITU-T
(International Telecommunication Union
Telecommunication Standardization Sector).
 The OSI model provides a seven-layer framework for
designing communication networks, ensuring
interoperability and standardization in network
communication.
 The standard OSI model consists of seven layers:
1. Layer 1 - Physical:
 Deals with hardware connections and physical aspects
of communication (e.g., cables, switches).
 Transfers raw bits over a physical medium.
2. Layer 2 - Data Link:
 Manages data frames between physical devices.
 Ensures error-free transmission between two nodes.
3. Layer 3 - Network:
 Handles data routing, forwarding, and addressing.
 Manages packet delivery across the network.
4. Layer 4 - Transport:
 Ensures complete data transfer.
 Provides error detection and correction.
5. Layer 5 - Session:
 Manages sessions between applications.
 Establishes, maintains, and terminates connections.
6. Layer 6 - Presentation:
 Translates data between the application layer and the
network.
 Ensures data is in a readable format (encryption,
compression).
7. Layer 7 - Application:
 Provides network services directly to end-users.
 Includes protocols like HTTP, FTP, SMTP.
 The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) suggests modifications in the OSI model for the Internet of Things
(IoT) and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication. The modified model simplifies the standard OSI model
to better suit the requirements of IoT/M2M systems.
 Modified Model Layers
 Figure 2.1 illustrates the classical seven-layer OSI model and its modifications proposed by the IETF:
1. Layer 1 - Physical cum Data-link Layer:
1. Integrates physical hardware with data-link protocols.
2. Ensures basic connectivity and data transfer over physical mediums.

2. Layer 2 - Data Adaption:

1. Includes gateways to enable communication between device networks and the web.
2. Adapts data for higher layer processing.

3. Layer 3 - Network:
1. Manages network connections and routing.

4. Layer 4 - Transport:
1. Manages data transfer reliability, including device identity management and data routing.

5. Layer 5 - Application-Support:
1. Handles protocols for network communication, such as CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol).
2. Manages data acquisition, organization, and analysis.

6. Layer 6 - Application:
1. Provides IoT applications and services.
2. Manages remote programming, control, and monitoring of devices.
 The modified model also aligns with a conceptual framework for IoT applications and services,
represented by the
 equation:Gather+Enrich+Stream+(Manage+Acquire+Organise+Analyse)=IoT Applications and Service
s.
 Example: Internet of Smart Streetlights
 To illustrate the modified OSI model, consider the example of an Internet of smart streetlights:
1. L1 - Physical cum Data-link Layer:
1. Smart sensing and data-link circuits in each streetlight transfer sensed data to Layer 2.

2. L2 - Data Adaption:
1. Group-controllers receive data through Bluetooth or ZigBee.
2. Aggregates and compacts data for communication to the Internet.
3. Controls streetlights as per commands from a central station.

3. L3 - Network:
1. Communicates network streams on the Internet to the next layer.

4. L4 - Transport:
1. Manages device identity, registry, and data routing.

5. L5 - Application-Support:
1. Manages data and functionalities of standard protocols (e.g., CoAP, UDP, IP).

6. L6 - Application:
1. Enables remote programming and commands from the central station.
2. Monitors each group of streetlights across the city.
 IoT applications span a wide range of
domains like:
 Home Automation
 Smart Cities
 Environment
 Energy systems
 Retail
 Logistics
 Industry
 Agriculture
 Health
1. Smart Lighting
 Smart lighting for home helps in
saving the energy by adapting
the lighting to the ambient
conditions.
 Energy can be saved by sensing
human movements and their
environment.
 Wireless and Internet connected
lights can be operated remotely
using mobile or web
application.
2. Smart Appliances
 Smart appliances makes the
management easier and
also provide status
information to the users
remotely.
 For example, a smart
refrigerator can keep track
of items and notify the user
when a item is low on stock.
 Examples of smart
appliances are TVs,
refrigerators, music systems,
washing machines, etc.
3. Intrusion Detection
 Home intrusion detection
systems use cameras and
sensors to detect
intrusions and for raising
alerts.
 Alerts can be sound, SMS
or email sent to the user.
 An advanced system can
even send an image or a
short video clip related to
the intrusion event.
4. Smoke/Gas Detection
 Smoke detectors installed at
home can detect smoke and
alert the users.
 Smoke detectors use optical
detection, ionization, or air
sampling techniques to detect
smoke.
 Gas detectors can detect
harmful gases like CO or LPG.
These detectors can send
alerts in the form of email, SMS,
or voice.
1. Smart Parking
 Smart parking makes the
search for parking space
easier and convenient for
drivers.
 In smart parking, sensors are
used for each parking slot, to
detect whether the slot is
occupied or not.
 This information is aggregated
by local controllers and sent
over the Internet to the
database.
 Drivers can use an application
to know about empty parking
slots.
2. Smart Lighting
 Smart lighting systems for roads,
parks, and buildings can help in
saving energy.
 Smart lighting allows lighting to
be dynamically controlled and
also adaptive to the ambient
conditions.
 Smart lights connected to the
Internet can be controlled
remotely to configure lighting
intensity and lighting schedule.
3. Smart Roads
 Smart roads equipped
with sensors can alert the
users about poor driving
conditions, traffic
congestion, and
accidents.
 Information sensed from
the roads can be sent via
Internet to applications or
social media. This helps
in reducing traffic jams.
4. Structural Health
Monitoring
 A network of sensors are
used to monitor the
vibration levels in the
structures.
 Data from the sensors is
analyzed to assess the
health of the structures.
 By analyzing the data it is
possible to detect cracks,
locate damages to the
structures and also
calculate the remaining
life of the structure.
5. Surveillance
 Surveillance of
infrastructure, public
transport and events in
cities is required to
ensure safety and
security.
 City wide surveillance
requires a large network
of connected cameras.
 The video feeds from the
cameras can be
aggregated in cloud-
based storage.
 Video analytics
applications can be used
to search for specific
patterns in the collected
feeds.
6. Emergency Response
 IoT systems can be used
to monitor buildings, gas
and water pipelines,
public transport and
power substations.
 These systems provides
alerts and helps in
mitigating disasters.
 Along with cloud-based
applications IoT systems
helps to provide near
real-time detection of
adverse events.
1. Weather Monitoring
 IoT-based weather
monitoring systems
use different sensors
to gather data.
 That data is sent to the
cloud-based storage.
 The collected can be
analyzed and
visualized with
applications.
 Weather alerts can be
subscribed by users
from such
applications.
2. Air Pollution
Monitoring
 IoT-based air pollution
monitoring systems can
monitor harmful gas
emissions by factories
and vehicles using
gaseous and
meteorological sensors.
 The collected data can
be analyzed to take
decisions on pollution
control approaches.
3. Noise Pollution
Monitoring
 IoT-based noise pollution
monitoring systems use a
number of noise pollution
monitoring systems that
are deployed at different
places in the city.
 The data on noise levels
from the stations is
collected on servers or in
the cloud.
 The collected data can be
analyzed to generate noise
maps.
4. Forest Fire Detection
 IoT-based forest fire
detection systems use
number of nodes
deployed at various
locations in the forest.
 Each monitoring node
collects data about
ambient conditions.
 This data will be
collected and analyzed
for the presence of fire
and corresponding
people will be alerted.
5. River Floods Detection
 IoT-based flood monitor
systems use number of
sensor nodes to monitor the
water level.
 Data from the sensors is
aggregated on the server or
in the cloud.
 Monitoring applications
raise alerts in case of rapid
increase in water level or
when rapid flow rate is
detected.
1. Smart Grids
 Smart grid is a data
communications network
integrated with the electrical
grid.
 Smart grid technology
provides predictive
information and
recommendations to utilities,
their suppliers and
consumers, and how best to
manage power.
 Smart meters can capture real-
time power consumption and
allows to manage power
distribution remotely.
2. Renewable Energy
Systems
 Renewable energy sources
(like solar and wind)
produce variable output.
 Variable output produces
local voltage swings that
can impact power quality.
 IoT-based systems
integrated with the
transformers measures
how much power is fed
into the grid.
3. Prognostics
 Energy systems have a large
number of critical components
whose health is essential for
working correctly.
 IoT-based monitoring systems
allows for the data to be gathered
about these critical components.
 Analysis of massive amounts of data
gathered by sensors can provide
predictions for the impending
failures.
1. Inventory Management
 The inventory in a store or
warehouse can be managed
by using IoT.
 The products or items in the
store can be attached with
RFID tags.
 By using the RFID tags, the
RFID reader or software can
automatically show the
number of items in the store
or warehouse.
 If a product goes out of
stock a notification can be
sent to the store owner
automatically.
2. Smart Payments
 Now-a-days new types of
payments are coming into
picture like QR codes, NFC,
contact less technologies
etc.
 These technologies enables
smart payments.
3. Smart Vending Machines
 A smart vending machine
contains several items. A
consumer can insert money and
get the item they want as shown
in the image below. Several
sensors can be attached to
these vending machines such
that whenever an item quantity
is less, the owner of that
machine will be automatically
notified so that the owner can
be arrangements to get that
item beforehand.
 Also, the vending machines can
maintain the history of the
consumers. So, when a
consumer visits the vending
machine next day, it can suggest
the same item that the
consumer purchased before.
1. Route Generation and
Scheduling
 While delivering packages to
various locations, different sensors
can be fixed in those routes and
they can be monitored remotely
through an application.
 By looking at the data sent by the
sensors, the delivery company can
automatically know which routes
are less congested and schedule
the delivery of packages in such
routes.
2. Fleet Tracking
 A delivery company will have several
delivery personnel working with them.
 Different people will use different vehicles
for delivering the packages.
 Sensors can be fixed to those vehicles and
their location can be tracked to know how
long will it take to deliver the package.
3. Shipment Monitoring
 The packages can be fixed with RFID
tags or other form of remote tracking
sensors to send data periodically to a
server via Internet.
 The delivery company can use that
data to track where the package is
and update the user about the
remaining time that will be needed
to deliver the package.
4. Remote Vehicle Diagnostics
 A vehicle rental company can fix sensors
into the vehicles before giving them for
rent to the customers.
 The company can check the data sent by
the sensors to know the current location of
the vehicle and easily track them.
1. Smart Irrigation
 Irrigation refers to the
watering of plants.
 By using different sensors
like temperature sensor,
humidity sensor, soil
moisture sensor, etc., data
can be collected about
the soil and the
environment and let the
framer know when to turn
on the water sprinklers to
provide water to the
plants.
 This process is illustrated
in the figure given below.
2. Green House Control
 A green house is an artificial
field that can be grown inside
buildings or on the roof tops.
It is a controlled environment
in which several types of
sensors are fixed to gather
data about the soil,
environment and other
parameters.
 The data from the green
house is aggregated at a local
gateway and sent to the
server via Internet. The data
at the server is analyzed and
appropriate alerts are sent to
the owner of the green house.
This process is illustrated in
the figure below.
1. Machine Diagnosis &
Prognosis
 The machines used in the
industry can be fixed with
sensors.
 The data from the sensors
can be used to diagnose
the machines.
 We can know if the
machine is working up to
the expected performance
or not.
 The data analysis will also
let the owner of the
machine know when the
life of machine will be over.
1. Indoor Air Quality
Monitoring
 The quality of air for the
working personnel inside
the industry is also
important.
 Often times leakage of
dangerous gases leads to
the death of industry
personnel.
 Sensors can be fixed at
different location to
monitor the working
environment for any
leakage of hazardous gases
and notify the appropriate
personnel to deal with it.
1. Health and Fitness
Monitoring
 With the advent of IoT
remote healthcare has
become an viable option
for attending to patients.
 There is no need for patient
to visit hospital for every
minor health problem.
 The doctor can attend to
such patients from a remote
location.
 Different sensors can be
fixed on near the patient to
monitor the health vitals of
that patient.
 The data sent by the
sensors is monitored by the
doctor and appropriate
decisions are made.
2. Wearable Electronics
 Now-a-days there are
different types of
wearables available in
the market to monitor
health and lifestyles.
 Some examples of such
wearables are smart
watches, smart glasses,
smart patches, smart
garments, etc., as shown
in the below figure.
 Improved efficiency and productivity: IoT devices can help to improve efficiency and
productivity in businesses and industries. For example, IoT devices can be used to track the
movement of goods and materials in a supply chain, monitor the performance of industrial
equipment, and manage energy consumption.
 Increased safety and security: IoT devices can be used to improve safety and security in
homes, businesses, and public spaces. For example, IoT devices can be used to monitor for
fire and intrusion, and to control access to facilities.
 Better decision-making: IoT devices can help to improve decision-making by providing real-
time data and insights. For example, IoT devices can be used to track customer behavior,
predict demand, and optimize production.
 New products and services: IoT devices can enable the development of new products and
services. For example, IoT devices can be used to create smart homes, connected cars, and
wearable devices.
 Improved quality of life: IoT devices can help to improve the quality of life for individuals
and communities. For example, IoT devices can be used to monitor health, provide remote
care, and manage traffic.
 Security risks: IoT devices are vulnerable to cyberattacks. If an attacker gains access
to an IoT device, they could potentially cause damage or disruption to the system it is
connected to.
 Privacy concerns: IoT devices collect and transmit data about individuals. This data
could be used to track individuals' movements, habits, and preferences.
 Interoperability challenges: IoT devices are often incompatible with each other. This
can make it difficult to connect and manage IoT devices in a network.
 High costs: IoT devices can be expensive to purchase and deploy. The cost of IoT
devices can be prohibitive for small businesses and individuals.
 Environmental impact: IoT devices consume energy. The environmental impact of
IoT devices is a growing concern.
THANK YOU