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Chapter 7 – Alternating Current

PHYSICS DERIVATIONS

1. A.C CIRCUIT CONTAINING ONLY A RESISTOR:-

As shown in figure, suppose a resistor of resistance R is connected to a source

of alternating emf given by

Such a circuit is known as a purely resistive circuit.

If be the current in the circuit at instant t, then the potential drop across R
will be According to Kirchhoff’s loop rule,
Instantaneous emf of the source instantaneous p.d. across R
Or

Or
Or
Where the maximum or peak value of a.c.
We see, that both and are functions of . Hence the emf and current
are in same phase in a purely resistance circuit. This means that both and
attain their zero, maximum and maximum values at the same respective
times. This phase relationship is shown graphically below
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2. AC CIRCUIT CONTAINING ONLY AN INDUCTOR:-

Figure above shows an inductor of inductance L connected to a source of

alternating emf given by

We assume that the inductor has negligible resistance. Thus the circuit is
purely inductive a.c. circuit.
As the alternating current flows through the inductor, a back emf – is set
up which opposes the applied emf.
Net instantaneous emf –
But this emf must be zero because there is no resistance in the circuit.
– or
Or
Or
Integrating,

∫ ∫

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Or constant

As the applied emf is sinusoidal, we expect the current also to be sinusoidal.

Thus the average of current must be zero over a time period, hence the
integration constant in the above equation must be zero.
Then,

( )
[ ]
Or
[ ]
Where peak value of a.c.
Phase relationship is shown below by the graph

3. A.C. CIRCUIT CONTAINING ONLY A CAPACITOR:-

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As shown in figure, consider a pure capacitor C connected across a source of
alternating emf given by

Due to the continuous charging and discharging of the capacitor plates, a

continuous but alternating current exists in the circuit.
At any instant,
P.D. across the capacitor plates Applied emf

But
Or
Current at any instant is

Or
Where the current amplitude.

Phase relationship between and are shown in the graph below

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4. A.C. CIRCUIT WITH RESISTANCE AND INDUCTANCE IN SERIES:-

Consider a resistor R and inductance L connected in series to a source of

alternating emf given by

Let be the current through the series circuit at any instant. Then
1. Voltage ⃗ ⃗ across the resistance R will be in phase with current ⃗ . So
phasors ⃗ and ⃗ are in same direction, as shown in the diagram below

2. Voltage ⃗ ⃗ across the inductance L is ahead of current ⃗ in phase by

rad. So phasor ⃗ lies rad anticlockwise w.r.t the phasor ⃗ . Its
amplitude is

Where is the inductive reactance.

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By parallelogram law of vector addition,
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
Using Pythagorean theorem, we get

( )

Clearly, √ is the effective resistance of the series LR- circuit which

opposes or impedes the flow of a.c. through it. It is called its impedance and is
denoted by Z. Thus

√ √ [ ]
The phase angle between the resultant voltage and current is given by

It is obvious from the phasor diagram that the current lags behind the emf by
phase angle , so the instantaneous value of current is given by

5. A.C. CIRCUIT WITH RESISTANCE AND CAPACITOR IN SERIES:-

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Consider a resistor R and capacitor C connected in series to a source of
alternating emf given by

Let be the current through the series circuit at any instant. Then
1. Voltage ⃗ across the resistance will be in phase with the current .
So phasor ⃗ and are in same direction, as shown in the figure below. The
amplitude of ⃗ is
2. Voltage ⃗ across the capacitance lags behind the current in
phase by rad. So phasor ⃗ lies clockwise w.r.t. the phasor . Its
amplitude is

Where is the capacitive reactance.

By parallelogram law of vector addition,

⃗ ⃗
Using Pythagorean theorem, we get
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 √

Clearly, √ is the effective resistance of the series -circuit which

opposes or impedes the flow of current through it and is called its impedance
and is denoted by . Thus

√ √ * +
The phase angle between the resultant voltage and current is given by

It is again obvious from the phasor diagram that the current is ahead of emf
by phase angle , so the instantaneous value of current is given by

6. SERIES LCR-CIRCUIT

Suppose a resistance R, an inductance L and capacitance C are connected in

series to a source of alternating emf given by

Let be the current in the series circuit at any instant. Then

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1. Voltage ⃗ across the resistance R will be in phase with current . So
phasor ⃗ and are in same direction, as shown in figure below. The
amplitude of ⃗ is

2. Voltage ⃗ across the inductance L is ahead of current in phase by

rad. So phasor ⃗ lies rad anticlockwise w.r.t. the phasor . Its
amplitude is

3. Voltage ⃗ across the capacitance C lags behind the current in

phase by rad. So phasor ⃗ lies clockwise w.r.t. the phasor . Its
amplitude is

As ⃗ and ⃗ are in opposite directions, their resultant is ⃗ ⃗ . By

parallelogram law, the resultant of ⃗ and ⃗ ⃗ must be equal to the
applied emf ⃗ given by the diagonal of the parallelogram.
Using Pythagorean theorem, we get

√
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Clearly, √ is the effective resistance of the series LCR-circuit
which opposes or impedes the flow of current through it and is called its
impedance. It is denoted by Z
Thus,

√ √ ( )

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7. RESONANCE CONDITION OF A SERIES LCR- CIRCUIT:-
A series LCR-circuit is said to be in the resonance condition when the current
through it has it has its maximum value.
The current amplitude for a series LCR-circuit is given by

√ ( )
Clearly, becomes zero both for and .
The value of is maximum when
or
√

Then impedance, √ ( )
Clearly the impedance is minimum. The circuit is purely resistive. The current
and voltage are in the same phase and the current and voltage are in the
circuit is maximum. This condition of the LCR-circuit is called resonance
condition.
The frequency at which the current amplitude attains a peak value is called
natural or resonant frequency of the LCR-circuit and is denoted by .
Thus or
√ √

The current amplitude at resonant frequency will be

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8. AVERAGE POWER ASSOCIATED WITH RESISTOR:-
In case of a pure resistor, the voltage and current are always in same phase.
So we can write the instantaneous values of voltage and current as follows:
and

Work done in small time will be

The average power dissipated per cycle in the resistor will be

∫ [ ]

Or

√ √
[ ]
√

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9. ENERGY STORED IN AN INDUCTOR:-
When an inductor is connected to a source of emf, the current starts growing
through it. An induced emf is set up in the inductor which opposes the growth
of current through it. The exerted source has to expend energy in building up
the current through the inductor against the induced emf. This energy is
stored in the inductor as magnetic field energy.
Let be the current through the inductor at any instant t. The current rises
at the rate . So the induced emf is

The work done against the induced emf in small time dt is

The total work done in building up the current from 0 to is

∫ ∫ [ ]

This work done is stored as the magnetic field energy in the inductor.

10. AVERAGE POWER ASSOCIATED WITH AN INDUCTOR:-

When A.C. is applied to an ideal inductor, current lags behind the voltage in
phase by rad. So we can write the instantaneous values of voltage and
current as follows:

And

( )
Work done in small time dt is

The average power dissipated per cycle in the inductor is

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 ∫

[ ] [ ]

Thus the average power dissipated per cycle in an inductor is zero.

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11. ENERGY STORED IN A CAPACITOR:-

Consider a capacitor of capacitance C. Suppose the displacement of charge q

from one plate to another sets up a potential difference V between its plates.
Then

Suppose now a small additional charge be displaced from one plate to

another. Then work done is

Total work done in displacing a charge q from one plate to another is

∫ ∫
This energy is stored as the electrostatic energy in the capacitor.

12. AVERAGE POWER ASSOCIATED WITH A CAPACITOR:-

When an a.c. is applied to a capacitor, the current leads the voltage in phase
by radian. So we write the expressions for instantaneous voltage and
current as follows:

( )
Work done in the circuit in small time dt will be

The average power dissipated per cycle in the capacitor is

∫ ∫

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 [ ]

[ ]

Thus the average power dissipated per cycle in a capacitor is zero.

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