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ADDIS ABABA CITY ADMINISTRATION EDUCATION BUREAU
ADDIS ABEBA
GRADE 12 GEOGRAPHY MODEL EXAMINATIONS
TAHASAS 2015/JANUARY 2023

NUMBER OF QUESTIONS: 105 TIME ALLOWED: - 2 HOURS

GENERAL DIRECTIONS

THIS BOOKLET CONTAINS EXAMINATION FOR GEOGRAPHY.IN THIS

EXAMINATION, THERE ARE A TOTAL OF 105 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS.
CAREFULLY SELECT THE BEST ANSWER AND BLACKEN ONLY THE LETTER OF
YOUR CHOICE ON THE SEPARATE ANSWER SHEET PROVIDED. FOLLOW THE
INSTRUCTIONS ON THE ANSWER SHEET AND THE EXAMINATION PAPER
CAREFULLY. USE ONLY PENCIL TO MARK YOUR ANSWERS. YOUR ANSWER MARK
SHOULD BE HEAVY AND DARK, COVERING THE ANSWER SPACE COMPLETELY.
PLEASE ERASE ALL UNNECESSARY MARKS COMPLETELY FROM YOUR ANSWER
SHEET.

YOU ARE ALLOWED TO WORK ON THE EXAM FOR 2 HOURS. WHEN TIME IS CALLED,
YOU MUST IMMEDIATELY STOP WORKING, PUT YOUR PENCIL DOWN, AND WAIT
FOR FURTHER INSTRUCTIONS.

ANY FORM OF CHEATING OR AN ATTEMPT TO CHEAT IN THE EXAMINATION WILL

RESULT IN AN AUTOMATIC DISMISSAL FROM THE EXAMINATION HALL AND
CANCELLATION OF YOUR SCORE (S).

PLEASE MAKE SURE THAT YOU HAVE WRITTEN ALL THE REQUIRED INFORMATION
ON THE ANSWER SHEET BEFORE YOU START TO WORK ON THE EXAMINATION.

DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.

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10DIRECTIONS: EACH OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IS FOLLOWED BY
FOUR POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE ANSWERS.READ EACH QUESTION
CAREFULLY AND BLACKEN THE LETTER OF YOUR BEST CHOICE ON
THE SEPARATE ANSWER SHEET PROVIDED.
1. Which sub fields of geography is highly related with demography?
A. Geomorphology C. Climatology
B. Population geography D. Cultural geography
2. Evenly spaced contours represent:
A. Concave slope C. Steep slope
B. Convex slope D. Uniform slope
3. Which of the following is true about vertical exaggeration when we draw relief
cross section?
A. It describes the visual effectiveness of a given slope.
B. There is small or no vertical exaggeration in flat terrain.
C. It has a potential to give a very strong impression.
D. It increases with altitude and scale.
4. Two points are inter-visible when there is:
A. Thick vegetation between them
B. A higher ground between them
C. A cliff between them
D. Concave slope between them
5. Which of the following is a depression between two hills or mountains?
A. Pass C. Spur
B. Ridge D. Cut
6. Drainage pattern refers to:
A. The entire area drained by the major river and its tributaries.
B. The direction and destination of principal rivers.
C. A higher ground that serves as a source of water for rivers.
D. The arrangement of a river and its tributaries.
7. Which one describes the nature of African economic base?
A. Dominant by service sectors
B. Strong regional trade networks
C. Dominated by primary sector
D. Less vulnerable to climate change
8. All of the following describe the demographic characteristics of Africa EXCEPT
A. Low median age
B. Broad base population pyramid
C. Short doubling time
D. High fertility & low mortality rates

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109. Many argue that Africa is unfairly paying the price of development for which the
continent is neither benefited nor responsible for. To which one of the following
global crisis Africa is less responsible?
A. Debt crises C. Government crises
B. Climate change crises D. Food security crises
10.Which country of Africa is the leading producer of crude oil?
A. Angola C. Nigeria
B. Gabon D. Algeria
11.Which statement is NOT correct about shifting cultivation in Africa?
A. It is typically practiced in the remote tropical rainforest areas.
B. It is practiced with the help of simple tools such as hoes, & axes.
C. It is practiced in areas where the soils are heavily leached.
D. It uses more of crop rotation systems than field rotation systems.
12.Africa has a birth rate which is believed to be the highest even by the standards of
developing countries mainly due to:
A. The emerging economic growth which needed more labor.
B. Public policies that give diverse allowances for more children.
C. Political instability that increased demand for able bodied fighters.
D. Cultural practices that associate children with virility.
13.Which of the following better describes the difference between economic .growth
and economic development?
A. Economic growth is an indicator of structural and technological change.
B. Economic growth is a measure of the amount of goods and services.
C. Economic development is one aspect of economic growth.
D. Economic growth measures the welfare of society.
14.In conducting geographic research which one should come first?
A. Hypothesis C. Reviewing literature
B. Setting objectives D. Research problem identification
15.Which is NOT among the general uses of research in geography?
A. Being able to predict about the future
B. Solving social or environmental problems
C. Narrowing down the broad are of knowledge
D. Improving one‘s writing, reading & thinking skills
16.Which statement about ‗scientific research‘ is NOT correct?
A. Research means to seek again with a view to becoming certain.
B. Research is the discovery of new facts through planned effort.
C. Research is a scientific method of investigating answers for problems.

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10 D. Research is the accidental discovery of new facts through trial & error.
17.When deforestation is a variable which is determined by various factors, then
deforestation is:
A. Independent variable C. Dependent variable
B. Subordinate variable D. Explanatory variable
18.Which of the following is the characteristic of Africa‘s economy?
A. High income per individuals
B. High standard of living
C. More diversified economy
D. Low employment opportunity
19.Which of the following is continental organization?
A. AU C. SAOC
B. ECOWAS D. NEPAD
20.What is the major source of conflict on many resource exploitation areas?
A. Inappropriate resource allocation
B. Back ward mining system
C. Cheaper price of minerals
D. Their responsibility of the public
21.Which of the following countries is the world higher exporter of bauxite?
A. Algeria C. Guinea
B. Zambia D. RSA
22.Which one of the following is NOT the characteristic of action research?
A. It is based on reality
B. It encourages reflections
C. There is rapid feedback
D. It aims at producing new knowledge
23.Who defined the term geography for the first time?
A. Romans C. Greeks
B. Arabs D. Turks
24.Which of the following is NOT the major focus area of geography?
A. The relationship between human beings and their natural environment.
B. The major economic activities and their imparts on the environment.
C. Chemical reactions and their implicational of human‘s life.
D. Atmospheric condition and their spatial distribution and variation.

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25.Which approach best suited to study the distribution of petroleum in the Middle
East?
A. Topical approach C. Systematic approach
B. Regional approach D. Conceptual approach
26.An anthropologist studies a group of cultures in Central America and concludes
that they are all the same due to their common climate and ecosystem. Which f
the following likely guided this anthropologists thinking?
A. Environmental determinism
B. Environmental possibilism
C. Cultural geography
D. Applied geography
27.Which of the following is the consequence of quantitative revolution?
A. A shift from empirical law making geography to descriptive geography.
B. The development of logically acceptable generalizations.
C. The shutting down of many geography departments.
D. Geography become exclusively educational.
28.Which of the following land form is found in the lower course of a river?
A. Pot – holes C. Interlocking spur
B. V-shapes valley D. Delta
29. Linear settlement is:
A. Compact and concentrated C. Scattered in isolated places
B. Road oriented D. Mostly found in rural areas
30.Which of the following modes of transport is highly affected by relief as
compared with the others?
A. Air ways C. Sea routes
B. Rail ways D. Roads
31.Which of the following is ecclesiastical city?
A. New york C. Mecca
B. Addis Ababa D. Johannesburg
32.Which of the following is the largest settlement?
A. Megalopolis C. Conurbation
B. Metropolis D. Villages

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33. The first GIS was built by:
A. USA C. Canada
B. Germany D. England
34. Which of the following climatic regions is found in the northern and southern
tips of Africa?
A. Tropical maritime climate
B. Tropical continental climate
C. Mediterranean climate
D. Equatorial climate
35.Which of the following regions of Africa is highly affected by drought?
A. The Sahel C. The Congo
B. The SavannahD. The Maghreb
36. Which of the following characteristics distinguish the tropical desert and semi
desert from the others?
A. Reliable and sufficient precipitation
B. Low daily range of temperature
C. A long rainy season which facilitate the growth by plants
D. Extreme fluctuation in temperature over the course of the day
37. The climate of the temperate grasslands of RSA is:
A. Warm temperate continental
B. Mediterranean
C. Tropical continental
D. Tropical monsoon
38. Africa is located:

A. South east of Asia

B. West of the Atlantic ocean
C. North of the Mediterranean Sea
D. South of Europe
39. Central Africa experiences nearly all types of climates EXCEPT:
A. Mediterranean climate D. Highland climate
B. Equatorial climate
C. Tropical continental climate
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40. The present land form of Africa mainly the result of the geological events
during:
A. Precambrian Era C. Mesozoic Era
B. Paleozoic Era D. Cenozoic Era
41. Which of the following geological events was the oldest?
A. Formation of east African highlands
B. Uplifting of the Horn f Africa
C. Denudation and Pen planation
D. Formation of the Red sea and Gulf of Aden
42. Shifting cultivation is the culture of tropical rainforest areas because:
A. Low population densityC. Forests need clearing
B. Fertile soils and its productivityD. The problem of leaching
43. Which of the following is the characteristic of tropical rain forest?
A. The have high species of diversity
B. They have small and needle shaped leaves
C. Most of the trees are soft woods
D. The most common plant spices
44. Which of the following is the most seriously affected wild animals in Africa due to
hunting?

A. Zebras C. Wild Ass

B. Oryx D. Rhinoceros
45. What do you recommend to manage wild animals in Africa?
A. Promoting illegal hunting
B. Conserving natural vegetation
C. Human encroachment towards their habitats
D. Grazing the land beyond its carrying capacity
46. Xerophytes are the plant species of :
A. Savanna grassland C. Desert and semi deserts vegetation
B. Afro Alpine vegetation D. Tropical rainforest
47. Which of the following country contributes the highest water forNile ?

A. Ethiopia C. Egypt
B. Uganda D. Sudan

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48. Which of the following is the most extensive land form in Africa?
A. Plateaus C. Hills
B. Mountains D. Plains
49. Why do you think is the southwestern coastal areas Africa is cold and dry? It is
due to:
A. High altitude in the area
B. The influence from ocean current
C. Distance from the sea
D. The amount of solar radiation
50. The lowest temperature of the continent is recorded in the Atlas of Morocco and
the cape ranges of south Africa due to:
A. High altitudinal and latitudinal location.
B. Distance from the sea and mountain barrier.
C. Atmospheric pressure the resultant global winds
D. Clod and warm ocean currents
51. What do you predict in the southern half of Africa when the sun over head in the
northern half the continent?
A. It receive high amount of rainfall
B. The average temperature become high
C. Low pressure area is formed
D. Most parts become dry
52. Which of the following rivers is the longest in the world?

A. Congo C. Nile
B. Niger D. Amazon
53. Which of the following is NOT the characteristic of Africa‘s rivers?
A. Waterfalls and rapid
B. Seasonal fluctuation
C. Navigable courses
D. Deltaic mouths and mangrove swamps
54. Which of the following is the largest lake in Africa?

A. Tanganyika C. Victoria
B. Tana D. Edward

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55. Why African rivers have high potential for generating hydroelectric power?
A. Seasonal fluctuation in their volume
B. Exotic nature of the rivers
C. Extensive deltas and swamps at their mouth
D. Having steep courses
56. Which of the following explanation indicate the advantage of a map over a globe?
A. It is less expensive to update.
B. It provides specific information.
C. It is a model of the earth.
D. It is more accurate representation of the earth.
57. Which of the following map projection is best suited for the projection middle
latitude regions?
A. Cylindrical B. Azimuthal
B. Conical C. Planner
58. Which of the following is the property of map projection?
A. There is map projection free from any distortion.
B. Map projection involves the transfer of information from a glob to flat
surface
C. Its rough drawing of map on flat surface.
D. The accuracy of map projection is determined by the nature globe.
59. The map projection types that produce circular maps is:
A. Azimuthal B. Orthomorphic
B. Homolographic C. Cylindrical
60. Which of the following is the property of sketch maps?
A. It is difficult to recognize C. It uses scale
B. It takes time to draw D. It can be both misleading
61. Which of the following sketch map used for finding ones way around a new
place?

A. Route sketch map C. Land scape sketch map

B. Location sketch map D. Position sketch map
62. Topographic maps are

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10 A. Detailed maps C. Thematic maps
B. Small scale maps D. Specific purpose maps
63. Which of the following maps emphasize the distribution of a single geographic
element?

A. Topographic maps C. Scenery maps

B. Thematic maps D. Top sheets
64. Which of the following distribution maps uses the lines of equal value?

A. Isoplethic maps C. Choroplethic maps

B. Dot maps D. Chorochomatic maps
65. Which one of the following is included under southeastern high lands of the
horn?
A. Plateau of Tigray C. Plateau of Sidama
B. Plateau of Shewa D. Plateau of Eritrea
66. One of the following plateau that connects the western and eastern massif of the north
central massif of Ethiopia:
A. The plateau of Shewa C. The Yeju- Wadla – Dilanta
B. The plateau of Tigray D. The Lasta massif
67. Which one of the following is the wettest lowland in Ethiopia?
A. Tekeze- Angereb lowlands C. Baro- Akobo lowlands
B. Omo- Ghibe lowlands D. Setit- Barka lowlands
68. The Southwest highland of Ethiopia consist of the parts of :
A. Gojjam, Illubabor, Kaffa, Wellega
B. Wellga, Illubabor, Kaffa, GamoGofa
C. Shoa,Kaffa, Illubabor, Wellega
D. Sidamo, Kaffa, Illubabor, Shoa
69. The oldest rock of the Precambrian origin in Ethiopia are known as:
A. Igneous rocks C. Crystalline basement complex
B. Sedimentary rocks D. Metamorphic rocks
70. The Hintalo limestone of Ethiopia deposited during the ___________ period.
A. Jurassic
B. Quaternary
C. Triassic
D. Tertiary

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71. Which one is an extensively built shallow marshy area?

A. Lake Turkana C. Chew Bahir
B. Lake Ziway D. Lake Chamo
72. The southern extreme Point of Ethiopia is called:

A. Akobo C. Ogaden
B. Moyalle D. Badime
73. The Mesozoic era is known by occurrence of:

A. invertebrates C. reptiles
B. mammals D. human species
74. Which one of the following is the indicator of absolute location of Ethiopia in its
North-South extent?
A. 330E – 480E C. 30N – 480N
B. 30N - 150N D. 150N – 330N
75. Which one of the following African country is NOT share the borderlines of
Ethiopia?
A. South Sudan C. Egypt
B. Kenya D. Djibouti
76. Which of the following is the largest soil group in Africa?
A. Pedocals C. Azonal
B. Hydromorphic D. Pedalfers
77. Constructing stair like structure along hill side refers to:
A. Check dams C. Terracing
B. Mulching D. Contour ploughing
78. The most productive soils of Africa is:
A. Nitosols C. Ferrasols
B. Luvisols D. Vertisols
79. Which of the following is Notthe impact of soil problem in Africa?
A. Reduction of agricultural range lands
B. Downstream pollution and sedimentation
C. The increasing of agricultural productivity
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10 D. The migration of population from their lands

80. Which soil conservation measure do you suggest for farmers having many plots of
agricultural land?
A. Fallowing C. Crop rotation
B. Mulching D. Strip cultivation
81. Which of the following is the advantage of migration for losing country?
A. It overcomes labor shortage
B. It increases the number of skilled workers
C. It increases the unemployment
D. It decreases birth rate
82. Some laborers migrate from neighboring countries of RSA for working in the gold
mines of Johannesburg. This type of migration refers to:
A. Brain-drain C. Inter-world
B. Intera-continental D. Inter- continental
83. The north-western highlands of Ethiopia are separated from the south-eastern groups of
highlands by:
A. The Ethiopian Rift Valley C. The Denakil Depression
B. The Shewan Plateau D. The Arsi-Bale mountains
84. In which part of the Ethiopian Rift Valley is the active volcano of Ertalle found?
A. The Chew Bahir Rift C. The Main Ethiopian Rift
B. The Afar Triangle D. The Rift Valley Lakes Regions
85. In _____ projection, true distances & directions are retained.
A. Conic C. Azimuthal
B. Cylindrical D. Equal-Area
86. The Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) is principally aimed at:
A. Bringing about equitable utilization of the Nile water by all the riparian states
B. Helping the upper stream countries intensify utilization of the Nile water
C. Challenging the lower stream countries to use the Nile water more efficiently
D. Reducing loss of the water through evaporation & seepage
87. The most & least urbanized sub-regions of Africa are _____ & _____ respectively.
A. North & Central Africa C. South & Central Africa
B. South & East Africa D. South & West Africa
88. The high fertility rate in Africa can be explained in terms of all of the following factors
EXCEPT:
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10 A. Religious beliefs C. Favorable climate
B. Low level of urbanization D. Inadequate family planning

89. What distinguishes an urban settlement from a rural settlement?

A. Main occupation of the population
B. Physical size of the settlement
C. Population size of the settlement
D. Physical infrastructures
90. Why is the African continent poor in natural harbors?
A. The continent has a fairly unbroken coastline
B. Most countries of the continent are not very far from the sea
C. Its land mass is largely made up of plateaus
D. Many of its rivers are not navigable in their upper and middle courses
91. One of the following countries is NOT within the Sahel region of Africa:

A. Zambia B. Niger C. Mali D. Sudan

92. Identify the wrong pairing of mountain and its location :

A. Mount Meru ---- Tanzania C. Mount Elgon --- Malawi

B. Mount Ruwenzori ----Uganda D. Mount Klimanjaro ---—Tanzania

93. Which of the following is true about the temperature of Africa?

A. The sun is overhead in the north of the equator from January to February
B. The ITCZ lies parallel to the southern fringes of the Sahara from January to
February.
C. The prevailing wind over the sub-Saharan areas is south easterlies.
D. Africa south of the equator receives its minimum temperature from January to
February.
94. Wind is the most active and dominant agent of soil erosion in:
A. The East African highlands C. The Sahel region
B. The Mediterranean region D. Sub-humid (savannah) region
95. One of the following countries is NOT within the Sahel region of Africa
A. Zambia B. Niger C. Mali D. Sudan

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Items 96 - 100 are based on the map provided on the next page. They should
be attempted by sighted (not visually impaired) candidates only.

96. Which of the following point is NOT correctly match with the land form they
represent?
A. M --- depressionC.A and B--- mountain ranges
B. F---- Saddle D.G--- mountain peak
97. What are the general drainage patterns of the area indicated on the map?
A. Radial and centripetal drainage patterns
B. Dendritic and radial drainage patterns
C. Trellis and centripetal drainage patterns
D. Rectangular and dendritic drainage pattern
98. Which of the following points are inter-visible?
A. N and MC. Q and R
B. A and B D. A and D
99. The direction of the major river is towards:
A. South westC. North West
B. South EastD. North East
100. If point ―U‖ is connected with ―V‖ by a railway, the shortest possible distance of
the railway without considering scale is:
A. 25km C. 10km
B. 2 km D. 100km

ITEMS 101-105 SHULD BE ATTEMPTED BY VISUALLY IMPARED

CANDIDATES ONLY

101. Which era in Ethiopia was characterized by limited formation of rocks than other
eras?
A. Precambrian B. Mesozoic C. Cenozoic D. Paleozoic
102. The northern & eastern extreme points of Africa are _____ & ______ respectively.

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10 A. Cape Agulhas & Cape Verde
B. Cape Verde & Cape Agulhas
C. Cape Bon & Cape Guardafui
D. Cape Guardafui& Cape Bon
103. Which one of the following lakes of Africa is an artificial?

A. Lake Chad C. Lake Kivu

B. Lake Tana D. Lake Nasser
104. Which type of natural vegetation of Africa is usually found between the wetter &
drier savannas?
A. High Savanna C. Park Savanna
B. Thorn Scrub D. Tropical Savanna
105. Where do the westerly winds that reach the northern & southern tips of Africa
come from?
A. The Indian Ocean
B. The Sub Polar High Pressure Belts
C. The Mediterranean Sea
D. The Equatorial Low Pressure Belt

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