Unit-VI : Optics

9
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Important Definitions and Formulae
1 Refraction of light : The phenomenon of change The energy carried by light does not change
(e)
in the direction of light when it travels from one during the refraction of light.
medium to another medium is called refraction of 2. Laws of refraction of light :
refracted ray and the normal
light. () The incident ray,
at the point of
Normal to the refracting surface
Incident incident lie in the same plane.
the angle of incident
(ii) The ratio of the sine of
ray
N of refraction is
Rarer medium
to the sine of the angle
(air) refractive index.
constant, called the relative
Denser sin i
Denser
Refracted
mediumn (Snell's law)
medium (glass) sin r
(glass) ray
the
Rarer medium where is the refractive index of
(a) (b) (air) second medium w.r.t. first medium.
The ratio of the
! Refracted 3. (a) Absolute refractive index:
of
Normal
ray
speed of light (c) in vacuum to the speed
light in the medium (v).
Rarer medium
C
(air)

Denser It has no units.

medium
(glass) (b) Relative refractive index : The ratio of the
speed of light in one medium to the speed of
(c) light in second mnedium.
towards the normal,
Note : (a) The ray of light bends denser medium.
when it goes from rarer to
c/y
away from the normal,
(6) The ray of light bends medium.rarer
4. Principle of reversibility of light : When final
when it goes from denser to path of a ray of light after suffering any number of
incident normally on an
(C) For a ray of light rarer medium, reflections and refractions is reversed, the ray of
interface of denser medium and light retraces its path, exactly.
refraction of light does not occur. 1
wavelength and
()During refraction of light, the frequency
velocity of light changes but
remains unchanged.
[229)
RrekdREEN ócis succëss iN PYSICS-12)
 Rarer (1) Denser medum
90°
Denser (2) Rarer medium
When i ,r 90°
Then,
Plane miror sin
N (d) Applications of TIR:
The refractiveindex of medunm 2 wt medium I () Sparkling of dianmond.
iNreciprocalof the retractive index of nmedium I (i) Shining of air bubble in water.
w medium 2 (üi) Mirage.
5. (w) Total lnternal Retlection (TIR) (iv) Optical fibre.
:When a ray
of light travelling from denser medumn to Note : Optical tibre works on principle of TIR. ts
rarer medium is incident at the interface of an extremncly thin and long strand of very
Iwo medium at an angle greater than critical ine
quality glass coated with a thin layer of
angle for the two medum, the ray is totally material ofrefractive index less than rettctve
rellected back to denser medium. This index of the strand.
phenomenon is called total internal retlecton Uses of optical fibres :
I| occurs only when angle of
ncident in (a) To transmit light without any loss in
ts
denser inediunn is greater than citical angle.
intensity over a long distance.
(h) Used in the manutacture of medical instrument
N
called endoscopes.
Ratot modium () Uscd ntelecommunications for
(1) transmitiy
audio and video signals.
lnterfacp 6. Refraction of light at aspherical
surface :
(a) Retraction formula for retraction by comve
CHitical Totallyjeflected tay or concave spherical refracting surtacc, when
angle
retraction takes place trom rarer lo deN
Partially eflected tayu medium is given by
Denser medium (2)

(h) R
Conditlon for occurrenee of TIR: where ,te retractive index of raret a
(0) The lay of light must rvel thom
Io rarer mediunm. deuser denser mcdu and u, v and Rare fo be tuken
() The ungle of incdout must be witl1 ther prope sign
than the itical angle tor he grcater N
conveniots
ot media given pat
(w) Crtical angle ): he angle ol Rarer modium
optical denser meliunm tor whichncident
angle
in
ot
Denser mediun
Iettaction in opical tacr medum is 90 iN
valled eitival angle of the den medun,

(230)
 A When refraction takes place from denser to
rarer medium, then

1 R

(c) Assumptions : While studying refraction

through spherical surfaces, following Concavo-convex
Double convex Plano-convex Bi-conex
assumptions are made: lens lens lens lens

(i) The aperture of spherical refracting

surface is small. Note : Focal length of a convex lens is taken as positive
(iü) The object is point size and lies on the while that of concave lens as negative.
principle axis. 8. Lens Maker Formula : It is the relationship
(ii) The incident ray, the refracted ray and between the focal length (), refractive index (4)
normal to the spherical surface make and radii of curvature (R, and R).
small angles with the principle axis. 1

Note : If the refracting surface is flat i.e., a plane, R R

then R=0 where u is refractive index of material of lens
Then w.r.t. surrounding media.
Note: (i) Lens maker formula for both lenses (concave
and convex) is same.
ufor object lying in the rarer medium
(ii) Focal length of lens depends on the
wavelength of the light used.
and v = u for object lying in the denser
fa
medium.
(a) Lens :Itis atransparent material bounded by But u c
two refracting surfaces out of which one or 22
both surfaces are curved. The focal length of a lens is greater for red
(b) Types of lenses : light and least for violet light.
(iü) A lens suffers from two defects :
() Concave or Diverging lens : A lens
which is thinner at the centre and (a) Spherical aberration and
thicker at its ends. It behaves as a (b) Chromatic aberration due to which the
divergent lens. image formed by the lens is blurred.
(iv) To solve numericals based on Lens maker
formula : (a) For convex lens, R, is taken as

IL1
Double
Concave lens
Plano-concave
lens
Bi-concave
lens
ConvexO-Concave
lens

(ii) Convex lens or Converging lens : A

(v)
positive while R, is taken as negative.
(b) For concave lens, R, is taken as
while R, is taken as positive.
(a) When lens of retractive index H is
negative

immersed in a medium of refractive index u',

then focal length changes to fm as
lens which is thicker at the centre and
thinner at its end. It behave as a
...(1)
converging lens. R2
 (6) For air u' - 1, then the focal length of lens ,) is (6) For convex lens :
1 1
=(u -l) ...(2) (i) When image is virtual, m=
RË R2
u
(c) Jm u-1 When image is virtual, erect
[from (1) and (2)] and
fa same side of object. forms on te
(ii)When image is real, m= -h,
(d) When u =u',f =o(The lens willdisappears)
m h
means lens behave like as a glass slab. When image is real, inverted
(e) When u > u', f> f, the nature of lens other side of the object.
and forms on
the
remains same.
Note : Convex lens gives
)When u < u', f < f, the nature of lens positive liney
reversed, means concave lens becomes magnification for virtual
convex lens and vice-versa.
image and negative
linear magnification for real image.
(g) If a lens is cut horizontally into two (c) For concave lens : This lens
equal always foms
halves as shown in figure (a). The intensity virtual image, its linear magnification is
of transmitted light for each half becomes
half, but focal length of each part is m=
the focal length of the complete lens.equal
to ho
’
m= Positive (always)
Note : (a) When |m| > 1, image is enlarged.
(6) When (m < 1, image is diminished.
(c) When m = 1, image is of same size as the
object.
(a) 11. Power of lens : The ability ofa lens to diverge or
(b)
(h) Ifa lens is cut vertically into two equal halves converge the incident ray. It is reciprocal of the
as shown in figure (b), then the intensity of focal length of the lens expressed in metres.
transmitted light remains same, but focal P=
100
length of each part is two lenses the focal f(m) f(cm)
length of complete lens.
Its SI unit is dioptre (D).
i.e., f'= 2f. Note :
9. Thin lens formula : It is the relation between
object distance, image distance and focal length. (i) Power of convex lens is positive and power of
1 1 1 concave lens is negative.
(ii) Power of an sum of
equivalent lens is the algebraiccoaxialy.
10. (a) Linear magnification of lens : The ratio of the powers of individual lenses in contact
the height of image to the height of object. P=P, +P, +... +P,
m = (iüi) Equivalent magnification of number of convex
lenses placed in contact coaxially is given as
It has no unit.
m =m Xm, x m, x ..
of
Also, m= - (iv) Equivalent focal length of the combinationcoaxially
lenses is given as when placed in contact
m=
ho
ICS-12]
 Ifa convex lens and a concave lens of equal focal (Angular magnification) :
(0) Magnifying power subtended by the image
lengths are placed with each other, the equivalent The ratio of the angle subtended by the object
focal length of the lens system is given by
at the eye to the angle
at the eyye.
M.P. = B
1
= 0
It has no units.
Magnifying power when the image is formed
So, power P =P-P=0 (C) distinct vision
at least distance of
P= 11-0 (D= 25 (m).
M.P. =
Such a combination of lenses behaves like a plane
glass plate. the image is formed
(a) Magnifying power when
12. Refraction through prism : at infinity (Normal adjustment).
D
M.P.
f
Angle of
deviation B

A A
Incident
ray

Emergent ray
Eye
R Note : M.P. c for short focal length, M.P. is
Relation between angle of prism (A), angle of large.
deviation (8), angle of incident (1) and angle of 14. (a) Compound microscope An optical
emergent (e) is given by instrument which consists of two convex
8+A =ite, A=r tr2 lenses, one objective piece of very small focal
When & = 8. (minimum deviation), then length with small aperture and other one eye
i=e, r =nr lens of moderate focal length and
aperture.
more
A= 2r ’r=
(b) When the final image is
formed at
and i+e= 2i distance of distinct vision, its M.P. is givenleast
by
Then, prism formula is given by M.P. = mo
where mo and m, are the
sin
A +Óm
of objective lens and magnifying powers
eye lens
Also, respectively.
sin M.P. =
VO1+
(a) Simple microscope (Magnifying Glass): or
M.P. =
It is a convex lens of small focal length.
fe
where L is tube length (L=
(EVERGREEN 100% SUCCESsSIN PHYSICS-12] Vo +el
 Eye lens M.P. =
A Objective lens
and tube length of telescope is given by
SD
B B'" B L=|olt Je+D
Fo F

fo

Fe A' Fo
Be

(c) When final image is formed at infinity

(Normal adjustment) B D

M.P Vo D D (b) When the final image is formed at intinity

(Normal adjustment).
Note : The M.P. of a compound
microscope will be M.P. = -o
more, if the focal lengths of objective and eye
lens are small.
and length of telescope (tube length) is given by
15. Reflecting Astronomical Telescope (Cassegrain
reflecting telescope) :

Primary
mirror
A
Secondary
mirror

Eye piece at
Fina
ilmage

Magnification,m= fo 1 ) 17. Difference between refracting type telescope

D and reflecting type telescope :
Forfinal image formed at infinity Refracting type
R Reflecting type
telescope telescope
1. It suffers from 1. It is free from chro
R/2
M.P. = chromatic and
matic and spherical
spherical aberrations.
16. Refracting Astronomical Telescope : 2. Image formed
aberrations.
2. Image
blurred.
is formed
It consists of an objective piece of a bright and sharp.
length (fo) and larger aperture. It also larger focal 3. The light
gathering
power is small. 3. The light
gathering
an eyepiece of smaller focal length andconsists of power is large.
(a) Magnifying power when the final aperture. 18.
Reflection of
formed at D, image is back of light light: The
phenomenon of bouncing
in the same
surface is called reflection ofmedium strikingon a
(234]
light.
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 curvature and focal
19. (a) Laws of Reflection: Note : The radius of
positive.
First law of reflection : length of convex mirror are
length and radius of
i=2r 21. Relation between focal
angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection. curvature of a spherical mirror :
Second law of reflection : The incident ray, R =2f
reflected ray and normal to the reflecting surface R
(R = Radius of curvature.
lies in the same plane. f 2
(b) When two plane mirrors are inclined at an angle , f= Focal length)
then total number of images formed are given by 22. Mirror formula or Mirror equation :
360° 360°
(i) n = --l, when is an even integer. 1,1 1
-+
u
360° 360°
(ii) n= when is an odd integer. where u, v and f are object distance, image
distance and focal length from the pole of the
20. Spherical mirror: It is a part of hollow sphere mirror.
having one reflecting surface and the other side is 23. Linear magnification : The ratio of the height of
the image to the height of the object. It has no unit.
opaque.
Types of mirror :
m =
(i) Concave mirror :
ho

P Also, m=
f-u
R f-v
and m =

Note : The radius of curvature and focal Note : 1. When m > 1, then image formed is
length of concave mirror are negative. virtual, erectand enlarged.
(ii) Convex mirror: 2. When m<1,then image formed is real, inverted
and of smaller size.

3. When m = 1, it means that the size of image is

P
equal to the size of object and both object and its
image are upright.
R

Competency Based Questions

 - 3 Marks
(Short Answer Type-II Questions..
Q.1. An object placed between the pole and focus of Ans. Using mirror formula
a concave miror produces a virtual and enlarged
image. Explain, using mirror formula.
Ans. Using mirror formula
1,1 1 concave miror
-+ = Since f<0and u<0for
V<0
For a concave miTor, side of convex mirror
So, the image is to the right object.
f=- ve and u= -ve whatever be the position of the
Given that u<f, so vis positive. is the relation between critical angla
Q.4. (i) What
a material?
This shows that the image is virtual. and refractive index of
on the colour of
but v>0i.e., positive (i) Does critical angle depends
Now, magnification, m= light ? Explain.
and u<0 i.e., negative.
Ans. (i) where i, = critical angle
So, enlarged image is formed. sini,
an object placed the colour of
Q.2. Using mirror formula show thatmirror produces a (ii) Yes, critical angle depends on related with
betweenfand 2fof a concave
real image beyond 2f. light because colour of light is
wavelength. Lesser the wavelength, more the
1,1_1 refractive index and smaller the critical angle
Ans.
V u f
and vice-versa.
or .:. Ared >Aviolets so
negative and Pviolet Hred
For a concave miTor f<0 i.e.,
u<0ie., negative. u lies between fand 2f Q.5. The following table gives the values of the angle
2f<u<f of deviation for different values of the angle of
Using sign convention, we get incidence for a triangular prism.
Angle of 33° 38° 42° 52° 60° 71°
2f u f incidence
Angle of 60° 50° 46° 400 43º 58°
1
Adding we get deviation

() For what value of the angle of incidence, is

the angle of emergence likely to be equal to
f 2f f u the angle of incidence itself ?
(ii) Draw a ray diagram showing the passage of a
or
2f v ray of light through this prism when the angle
of incidence has the above value.
Thus, image lies beyond 2/. Since v< 0, so image
lies to the Jeft side of concave mirror. The image ARs. (0) From the observation table, angle of minimum
formed is real. deviation is equal to 40°, the corresponding
0.3. Show that a convex mirror always produces a value of angle of incidence is equal to 52°. Al
virtual image independent of the location of the an angle of minimum deviation, the angle of
object. incidence = angle of emergence because
(244]
ite=A+8.
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 monochromatic rays of light are inclde
(i) The ray aagram at an angle of minimum 08 Two an isosceles right
deviation is as shown below normally on the face AB of
refractive indices of the
angled prism ABC. The
2 are respectively
N glass prism for the two rays 1andof these rays after
1.35 and 1.45. Trace the path
entering through the prism.

Lr, = Lr, for minimum deviation

Os ) Out of blue and red light, which is deviated
more by aprism ? Give reason. B
(ii) Give the formula that can be used to determine
refractive index of a material of a prism in Ans.
minimum deviation condition.
Ans. () Blue light deviate more as compared to red (1) 90
457
90°/
light by a prism. This is due to more value of 90
(2
refractive index of a material of prism for
blue light, due to its smaller wavelength in
visible spectrum.
(i) 5 = (u-1)A (for minimum deviation i =e, B A5
(2y
r =,=r, 8=8).
Q:7. Aray incident normally on the For ray 1, angle of incident is 45°
-

refracting face BA is refracted sin i= sin 45° =

in the prism BAC made of 1.414
material of refractive index 1.5. H=1.35
Complete the path of ray 1
through the prism. From which sin i 1.35
face will the ray emerge 60 90
1 1
Justify your answer. B
1.414 1.35
Ans. =1.5 A
sin i< sin i, or i< i,
:.Critical angle for the Ray l will be refracted by the
For ray 2, angle of incidence is 45°prism.
prism is 30

2
1
Sin i sin i= sin 45° =
3 30 J2 1.414
1.5
Hy 1.45
sin 42 90
C

From diagram, angle of sin i, ’ sin i, = =

l.45
incidence i = 30° <i,
not suffer
So, the ray incident at the face AC will face
1414 1.45
lotal internal reflection and merges out the sin i > sin i,.
AC. or
>i
So, ray 2 will suffer total
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internal reflection.
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 Q.9. tgute shows a Ay of lhght (ii) Docs the decrcasc in specdimplya
passing through a
prism If the refracted ray OR is parallel
hasc BC, show that to the
Ans. ()
in the energy carricd by light wave
The frequency of reflected and
reducticn
() -A2 and remains same as the refracted
frequency of
()angle of minium
deviation
light because frequency only
the source of light.
incidert
depends upo
(ii) As the frequency of light remains
A
there is no reduction in the sarne, hence
light wave.
energy carried by
Q.12. Deduce the relation for two thi
lenses kept in contact coaxially.
Ans.

Ans. () When QR is parallel to the base BC, then

i=e and ð = .. [ominimum deviation]
...(1)
Also. r; tI, =A
Let f, and f, be the focal lengths of lenses L, and
From (1 ), 2r=A
L, respectively. Let I, be the image produced by
r=A/2 lens L,, which acts as a virtual object for lens L
() Also, which produce the final image I.
A+8=ite For lens L
...(1)
A+ò, =2i For lens L
o, =2i -A
...(2)
Q.10. A convex lens of focal length/, is kept in contact
with a concave lens of focal length f,. Find the Adding (1)and (2)
focal length of the combination. -(3)
Ans. Here, f;- Positive, f, - Negative
So, equivalent focal length of a combination is Also,
given by
wheref is the equivalent focal length of combination.
From (3) and (4)
+

Q.13. A concave lens made of material ot retractive

).11. When monochromatic light travels from a rarer to index u is kept in a medium of retractive index
a denser medium, explain the following giving y. A parallelbeam of light is incident on the lens
reasoS
Complete the path of rays of light emerging ro
(i) Isthe frequency of reflected and refracted light the concave lens, if:
bane as the frequency of incident ligh? (0
[246)
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Ans.
Now, for L, and L, combination

Po 3

For Land Ly
=
P10
Po 3
(0) (iü) Je h

Je
Thus, the best combination of the lenses is L, and Lq
Q.15. () Draw a neat labelled ray diagram of a
compound microscope. Explain briefly its
(ii) working.
0.14.() Draw a ray diagram depicting the formation (ii) Why must both the objective and the eye
of the image by an astronomical telescope in piece of a compound microscope have short
normal adjustment. focal lengths ?
(i) You are given the following three lenses. Ans. () Eye lens
Which two lenses will you use as an eye E
piece and as an objective to construct an Objective lens
astronomical telescope ? Give reason.
Lenses Power (d) Aperture (cm) B B

L 3 BF B

10 1

Ans. ()

Working : The objective lens forms an

inverted, magnified and real image of the
object. The eye-piece magnify this image to
form an enlarged, virtual, final image at least
li m a g
a et
distance.
Finaln (ii) Magnifying power of a compound microscope
is given by
of
() In the astronomical telescope, aperture M=
objective must be greater than eye-piece.
’ Po> Pe Joand f of compound microscope must be short
Also, fo > » fo focal lengths, so as to have large
power. magnifying
L is selected as objective.
 (Long Answer Type Questions- 5 Marks

Q.1. A concave mirror produced a real image of an This is the required miror equation.
object kept in front of it. Draw a ray diagram to Linear magnification,
show the image formation and use it to derive -AB' -h, -v
m =
the mirror equation. Also, write the expression AB -u
for the linear magnification. h -V
Ans. Let an object AB is placed in front of concave m =

mirror whose real and inverted image A'B' is h

formed. 0.2. Derive mirror formula for a concave mirror when
virtual and erect image is formed.
Ans. Let an object AB is placed between the focus and
the pole of a concave mirror, whose virtual, erect
and enlarged image A'B' is formed behind the
miror.

-R M

As AABCand AA'B'C are similar,

A'
A'B' CA'
AB CA
...(1)
Also, AABP andA'B'P are similar, -R
AB' PA As AABC AA'BC
AB PA
..(2)
AB' CA
From eqns. (1) and (2), we get AB CA
...(1)
CA' PA' Also, AABP AA'B'P
CA PA
AB' AP
Using Cartesian sign conventions, all distances ...2)
AB AP
are measured from the pole of the mirror
CA'= PC PA' and CA= PA PC From (1) and (2)
PA CA' AP
PC-PA"
Then, CA AP
PA -PC PA
PA'= -v, PC = -R and PA =-u Using sign convention all distances are to be
-R+v
measured from pole.
-u+R Then
PC + PA PA'
PC-PA PA
- uR t uy =- W
t vR
PA' =+ v, PC =-R and PA =- u
or
uR + vR = 2uy
-R+ v
Dividing both sides by uvR, we get
-R+ u
1,1
-+ =
2
V R Ru - uy =- Ry + uv
R =2f Ru + Rv = 2uv
1,1 1 Dividing both sides by uvR, we get
!.2R
[248] [EVERGREEN 100% sUcCESS IN PHYSICS-14
 Bul R 2

Thts s the required miror formula.

Dividing both sides by rvf. we get
03 Derve an expression for the lens formula in case
of convex lens, when real image is formed.
Or

Derive the relationship between object distance (u), of

image distance (v) and focal length () when a

Which is the thin lens formula.
real andinverted image is formed using convex
lens Q.4. Derive the relation between object distance (u).
image distance (v) and focal length when
Ans.
virtual and erect image is formed using convex
lens.
A' Ans.
A

-U
B

A
Let AB be an object, whose real and inverted
image is AB' is fomed after refraction through
convex lens. From diagram,
Let an object AB is kept in front of convex lens
A's ABC and A'B'C are similar
whose virtual and erect image is A'B' is formed on
A'B' CA' same.
..(1)
AB CA From diagram,
Similarty, A's CDF and A'B'F are similar A's ABC and A'B'Care similar
A'B' FA AB' CA'
.()
AB CA
CD CF
But CD= AB Similarly, A's CDF and A'B'F are similar
A'B' AF
A'B' FA'
...(2) CD CF
AB CF
But CD = AB
From (l) and(2) AB' AF
CA' FA' AB CF
CA CF
From (|) and (2)
FA'=CA' -CF CA AF
CA' CA-CF CA CF
CA CF
Also, A'F -CA' CE
Using sign conventions,we have CA' CA+ CF
CA=-, CA' =y, CF-f CA CF

(249)
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 (250)
Ans.() Q.5.
Also, From Sinilarly, diagram,
A's From lens, Let derive
Also,
(ii)
A
() Dividing conventions
Using
sign
(1 ABC whose AB magnification Derive
and v. concave
A
CACA" and ) CD B' AB be
CACA
A'F A's A»B and 1 both CA
(2) virtual an F an 1
=CF CDF A'B'C lens
-CA' CF CF AF
object A
expression sides
AB A CACA' -
B' and -+ -
CF are and of an of u,
CA' - placed a focal by CA'-
A'B'F
CF AF similar erect concave wvf.
expression for
lengthf. for
image in we
..(2) are the v.
front lens get CF
similar lens
(CD AB
in formula f
is of terms
= concave
formed.
AB) ...(1)
linear
of of
u a
Ans.
Q.6.
(ii)
when Prove surfacedistance
refraction the andwhichconvex or or or
medium Apoint of
Magnification Dividing conventions
Using
sign
relation n, image
refraction that: from separates
(n,spherical
(EVERGREEN
SUCCESS at (v) object to
a to > m m=
both -
convex rarer between n). the 1 y=- -Vf+vCA-u,CA'
-1+"22 take and =

: sides Vtv
occurs to the Draw surface twO placed is ho hoheight It
Or place
denser 4_AB' is
PHYSICS-4
100% IN refracting
spherical defined by uf -f
AB
radius the thmedia e of
object uyf uv+
from at ray of of on an =
R medium. radius the -
-h the of refractive
diagram indices object. as
distance principal v,
rarer curvature
convex the
of -fCF
ratio
curvatureR
to (u), and
sphera axis of
surtae ets (R) imagedetuce heik
 And dec

nrincipal axiS at a distance nfrom pole of the distance (w), image distance (v) and the radius of
convex refracting surfnce of refractive index ny. curvature (R) for refraction to take place at a
Letlhe the image formed in denser medium at A convex spherical from denser to rarer medium.
distance from pole
lta. Band yare be the angles made by incident Prove that:
HY,refracted ray and the normal respectively with
principal axis. -"2," 2when refraction occurs from
R
From rav diagram, in AAOC
i=0 4 y =tan a+ tan y denser to rarer medium at convex spherical
(angles are snall) refracting surface.
In AAC Ans.

r=y-ß= tan y -tan ß

AN AN
tan a=
NO PO

[Since aperture of the spherical surface to be

small, so N lies close toP] Let a point object lies in denmser medium on the
AN AN principal axis at a distance u from the pole of
tan ß =
NI PI convex refracting surface of refractive index n,.
AN AN Let Ibe the image formed in rarer medium at a
tan y = NC distancevfrom pole. Let a, B and yare the angles
PC
made by incident ray, refracted ray and normal
AN AN
i= tan a+ tan y= respectively with principalaxis.
PO PC
From diagram, in AAOC,
AN AN
r= tan y - tan ß = Y=ita or i = Y - a
PC PI
i.e., i= tan y- tana
Using Snell's law [angles are very small]
Sin i
(angle are small, In AAIC,
Sin r
r= tan ß+ tan y
sin i= iand sinr=r) AN AN
tan o=
n i=n, r NO PO
AN
AN AN AN (Since aperture of the spherical surface is very
PO PC PC PI small, so N lies close to point P]
AN AN
tan ß =
PO PI PC NI PI

Using sign conventions AN AN

tan y =
NC PC
R Using Snell's law
(PO =-u, Pl = v, PC = R) sin
[angles are very small,
SIn r
7. A
pont object is placed on the principal axis of a
convex spherical surface of radius of curvature R, sin i- iand sin r -r]
Which separales the two Media of refractive
ind1ces n and n, (n, >n,) Draw the ray diagran
IEVERGREEN 1005, SUCCESS IN PHYSICS-12) (251]
 n,[tan y tan a] - n, [tan ß +tan y] r=y-ß =tan y - tan B
AN AN [AN AN AN AN
tan a=

mPI
+
PC PO PC NO PO

(Point N
PC PO PI PC AN AN
close to point
Using sign conventions tan ß =
NI PI
PC =-R, PO - u, Pl =v
AN AN
tan y =
-R (-u)
NC PC
(-R)
AN AN
i=

-R R
PC PO
AN AN
R PC PI

or
Using Snell's law
R sin i
Q.8. Derive a relationship between object distance (u), sin r (angles are very small, so
image distance (v) and radius of curvature (R) of a
concave spherical surface when refraction occurs sin i = i and sinr=
from optically rarer medium to optically denser
medium.
AN AN AN AN 1
Or
PC PO PC PI
Prove that : -- when refraction
R
PC PI
takes place from rarer to denser medium at a
concave spherical refracting surface. or
Ans. PO PI PC
Using sign conventions
PI=-v, PO=-u, PC =-R
|P
N (-R)
R

R
Q.9. Define magnifying power of a compousd
Let O be the point object lying on the principal and working
axis in rarer medium of refractive index n,, its
microscope. Explain the construction
virtual image is formed at a distance v from the
of compound microscope. Derive an expres
for the magnifying power of a compous
pole. microscope when the image is formed ( )at the
From AAOC, Y=ita least distance of distinct vision (ii) at the to
i=y- a = tan y- tan a angles are very smalll adjustment. to
Ans. Simple compound consists of b
From AAIC, microscope
convex lens. One is objective andthe other
one

Y=rtB realand
eye-piece. The objective piece form a
PHYSICS-4
(252) (EVERGREEN 100% SUCCESS IN
 inverted image, this real imagc acts as an object (i) At normal adjustrnent: When the final image is
whose virtual image is formed by the eye-piece. formed at infinity, then compound microscope is
Eye lens said to be its normal adjustment.
Object lens

A Fo Eye-piece
B' h

Objective
8
Vo

Magnification produced by the objective lens is

() Magnifying power Po L
Angle subtended by the image at eye mo Jo
Angle subtended by the object at eye eye lens is
B tanB Also, magnificationproduced by the
(angles are very small) D
M= me
tan 0

From figure, M.P. =mo Xme

QA" AB
M.P- D
tan a =
EA" EA"
A'B' and working of an
tan ß = EA Q.10. Explain the construction for
astronomical telescope. Derive an expression
EA its magnifying power :
tan B A'B least distance of
M.P. =
tan ot EA' AB (i) when image is formed at
distinct vision and
A'B EA"
(ii) in normal adjustment. Also, define magnifying
M.P. = X =mo X m¹ telescope.
AB EA' power of astronomical
convex
A»B' A'B' Astronomical telescope consists of two
Ans. two metallic tubes,
(where m, = EA" and mo AB lenses mounted coaxially in other is called eye
one is called objective lens and rays from distant
Now, we know that m, = 1 + lens. A parallel beam of light after refraction
object falls on the objective piece,
length of the lens which
these rays meets at focal This image now
A'BVo form a real and inverted image.
and whose final image is
AB acts as an object to eye-piece,
formed virtual and erect A"B".
So, M.P. = mo X m, Je Eye-piece
Objective
Object
At
From
(L= Yo t uo]
oand L, as
Here, uo and v, has been replaced by L is called
where
these are approximately equal,
8"
D
tube length.
[253]