Page Content

number
2 Present Simple
4 Present Continuous
7 State – Action Verbs
11 Question words (Word order is questions)
17 Past Simple
21 Past Continuous
24 Present Perfect
29 Present Perfect / Past Simple
33 Will vs be going to
36 Comparative Superlative adjectives
38 Comparative Superlative adverbs
41 Infinitives and gerunds – verb patterns
46 Quantifiers
51 Should, shouldn’t
54 Must/mustn’t, have to/don’t have to
60 Might
64 Zero Conditional
65 First Conditional
68 Future Time Clauses
72 Present and past simple passive
75 Used to
78 Phrasal verbs
82 So/Such…that
84 Too/ Enough
87 Purpose Clauses

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Present simple

The spelling of he/she/it

The spelling of he/she/it is different in the present simple. Check how it changes below. The spelling is the
same for all the other persons.

Present simple – Use

Habits or situations that happen regularly

We use the present simple for actions that we do (or we don’t do) regularly:

 I wash my hair every day.

 I never go to the library.
 I sometimes go to the library.

Permanent situations or things that are usually or often true

 I don’t drink coffee.

 She’s very tall.
 I have two brothers.
 Water boils at 100 degrees.
 I like soup.

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Adverbs of frequency

We often use the present simple with adverbs of frequency (always, sometimes, etc.) and expressions of
frequency (once every three months, twice a week, every other day, etc.).

Adverbs of frequency go in mid position (before the main verb or after be).

 She doesn’t often eat hamburgers.

 He usually gets up very early.
 I am never late.

Expressions of frequency go at the end of the sentence

 We go to the cinema once a month.

 I buy clothes twice a year.

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Present continuous

Present continuous – Use

Actions in progress

We use the present continuous to talk about things that are happening now or ‘around now’ (a time around
this moment, such as these days, weeks or months)

 I can’t talk now. I’m brushing my teeth.

 I finished the Lord of the Rings and now I’m reading a new book.

Temporary actions

The present continuous is used for temporary actions:

 I’m going to work by bus this week because my car is at the garage.
 I’m living with my cousins temporarily.

With expressions meaning ‘now’ or ‘around now’.

The present continuous often appears next to expressions such as now, these days, this week/month, or at the
moment.

 He’s studying a lot this week.

 I’m not feeling very well these days.

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Stative verbs

Non–action verbs (or stative verbs) cannot be used in the present continuous. They must be used in the
present simple. The most frequent are the verbs of the senses (hear, see, smell, etc. ), verbs
of opinion (believe, consider, like, love, hate, prefer, think, etc.), and other verbs like be, have, need,
want, etc.

 Please, give me my money; I need it now.

 Look at her; she seems sad.

Present simple vs present continuous

Exercise 1: Complete the sentences with the words in brackets. Use the present simple and the present
continuous.

1. Robert _________________ (not /go) to Jane’s party next Saturday. He___________ (not have) time.

2. There’s something wrong with Ted’s car at the moment, so he ____________ (go) to work by bus today.

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3. The River Thames _________________ (flow) through London.

4. Mary has got an exam soon, so she ________________________ (work) at the moment.

5. Why ______________________________ (you/wear) a T-shirt? It’s so cold outside!

6. Please, switch the TV off! I _____________________________ (hate) this boring film.

7. Mr. Brown __________________________________ (meet) his dentist this afternoon.

8. Turn the volume down! I _______________________ (not/like) this music.

9. You ____________ (not/phone) your friend very often, but he ________ (phone) you every week.

10. Which __________________ (your Dad/prefer): tea or coffee?

11. Ann _________________ (want) to be a teacher when she grows up.

12. ‘I __________ (meet) my friends at the cinema. ___________ (you/want) to come with me?’

13. My Granny is very generous. Every Christmas she ________ (buy) sweets for all kids in her street.

Exercise 2: Fill in the gaps with the correct present simple or present continuous forms.

Dear Laura,

I 1 _______________ (write) this letter from Cadiz in the south of Spain. I 2 _______________ (sit) at a terrace
by the sea and I'm having a great time! What 3 _______________ (I/ do) here? Well, I needed a change and I
wanted to see the world. I got a job with an English travel company. They 4 _______________ (need) native
English people for their English customers. Every day I 5 _______________ (help) travelers with any problems
and I 6 _______________ (tell) them about the town. I only arrived two weeks ago so I 7 _______________
(still learn) about the job. I 8 _______________ (love) this job, but I never 9 _______________ (get) any free
weekends.

Oh dear. I must go now. Someone 10 _______________ (come) to ask me a question.

I'll write again soon.

Love,

Jess.

Exercise 3: Choose the correct present simple or present continuous forms for the gaps below.

1. A: "Excuse me, __________ English?"

B: "No, sorry."

a. do you speak b. are you speaking c. you speak

2. I ________.

a. aren't very often doing sport b. don't very often do sport c. don't do sport very often

3. I am hungry. I ______ to eat something.

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 a. want b. 'm wanting c. am want

4. What time ____________ work on Fridays?

a. she starts b. does she start c. is she starting

5. I usually _________ to work, but this week I_________.

a. drive / walk b. drive / walking c. drive / 'm walking

6. I __________ coffee. I prefer tea.

a. don't like b. not like c. am not liking

7. You can turn off the TV. I _____________ it.

a. don't watch b. 'm not watch c. 'm not watching

8. There isn't any milk left in the fridge. We _________ to buy some.

a. needs b. need c. are needing

9. Can I sit here? Somebody ___________ in my seat.

a. sits b. sit c. is sitting

10. "What __________?" "I'm a dentist."

a. do you do b. are you doing c. are you do

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Stative Verbs

Stative or non-action verbs are verbs that describe a state or condition rather than an action. As a state has
no real beginning or end, stative verbs are only used with simple and perfect tenses. They cannot be used
with continuous tenses.

These are some of the most common verbs that refer to states or conditions, so they are stative verbs.

Possession and size.

Examples: belong, own, have (meaning ‘possess’), possess, weigh, measure.

 Ali owns three cars.

 Ali is owning three cars.

Opinion

Examples: know, believe, agree, think (meaning ‘believe’ or ‘have an opinion’), imagine, understand.

 I know what the answer is.

 I am knowing what the answer is.

Likes and dislikes, feelings and emotions.

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Examples: like, love, want, need, wish, prefer, dislike.

 Sam likes vegetables.

 Sam is liking vegetables.

Perception and the senses.

Examples: sound, hear, seem, see*, appear*, look*, taste*, smell*, feel*.

 You sound sad.

 You are sounding sad.

* Although they are usually used as stative verbs, these verbs can also be dynamic when they are used to
describe voluntary actions, not perceptions.

Dynamic Verbs

Dynamic verbs describe an action, change, or process with a beginning and an end. They are the most
common type of verb and can be used in all tenses and aspects.

When referring to an action that is or was in progress, we use dynamic verbs with a continuous tense.

 I am eating breakfast now.

However, when referring to habits or things that are always true, we use them with a simple tense.

 I eat breakfast at the same time each day.

Here are some common verbs that refer to actions, not states, so they are dynamic and can be used in
both simple and continuous tenses: eat, run, swim, speak, talk, walk, sleep, make, cook, come, go, buy, sit,
watch, listen, do, play, say, read, write, stand, bring, take, give, jump, drive, ride, climb, fly, fall, cry, drink,
send, kiss, wear, smell*, taste*, feel*, look*.

* These are often stative verbs, but they can be used in continuous forms when they are voluntary actions.

Verbs which are both stative and dynamic

Some verbs can be both stative and dynamic. Here are some common examples.

Have

Have, meaning ‘to possess’, describes a state, so it is a stative verb.

 I have two cats.

But when have doesn’t mean ‘to possess’, it describes an action, so it is a dynamic verb.

 They are having a party on Saturday.

 I was having dinner when someone knocked at the door.
Be

The verb be is normally used to describe a state, so it is a stative verb.

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  James is a doctor.
But when be means ‘to act or behave’, it describes an action, so it is a dynamic verb.

 He is being very kind to us.

Think
Think, meaning ‘to believe’ or ‘to have an opinion’, describes a state, so it is a stative verb.

 I think it is a good idea.

Think, meaning ‘to use your brain to reflect”, is an action, so it is a dynamic verb

 Sara is thinking about her boyfriend.

Look
Look, meaning ‘to appear’, is a state, so it is a stative verb.

 Tom looks like his sister.

Look, meaning ‘to focus the eyes on something’, is an action, so it is a dynamic verb.

 Peter is looking out the window.

Taste, see, smell, feel
Although they are usually classified as stative, some verbs of the senses (e.g., taste, see, smell, feel) can also
be dynamic when they refer to voluntary actions and not perceptions.

 This soup tastes horrible. (=Perception, not voluntary.)

 I am tasting the soup. (=Voluntary action meaning ‘to put food in your mouth to see how it tastes’.)
 I saw a man looking through a window. (=Not voluntary)
 Tom is seeing Katie this afternoon. (Voluntary action meaning ‘to meet or visit someone’)
Exercise 1: Fill in the gaps with the verb in brackets in the present simple or continuous form. Use the simple
form with stative verbs and the continuous form with dynamic verbs.

1. John _______________ (think) about his future.

2. Ali _______________ (have) three sisters.

3. It _______________ (smell) like something is burning.

4. The boys _______________ (play) with their new toys.

5. Sara _______________ (look) like she's been crying.

6. I _______________ (want) another coffee.

7. We _______________ (have) a really good time.

8. Alice and Peter _______________ (need) to go to the shop.

9.The shop _______________ (be) usually very busy.

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10. The baby _______________ (sleep) on the sofa.

Exercise 2: Choose the correct verb forms for the gaps below.

1. They _____ a party at the pool right now.

a. has b. are having c. have

2. I _____ it is going to rain.

a. think b. thinks c. am thinking

3. _____ my new dress?

a. Do you like b. Are you like c. Are you liking

4. Kim _____ dinner at the moment.

a. eats b. does eat c.is eating

5. The girls _____ very helpful today.

a.is being b. are being c. are

6. Lemons _____ sour.

a. taste b.is tasting c. are tasting

7. What _____ at?

a. do you look b. is you looking c. are you looking

8. The children _____ in Father Christmas.

a. believe b. believes c. are believing

9. Sam _____ a yellow T-shirt today.

a. wears b. is wearing c. is wear

10. We _____ visiting our grandparents.

a. love b. loves c. are loving

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Word order in questions

Questions in general

If we want to ask a question in English, the order is QWASM: Question word, Auxiliary verb, Subject, Main
verb. In Yes-No questions (questions where the answer is yes or no), there is no Question Word.

Questions with be as the main verb

When be is the main verb, it is used as the Auxiliary in the question, and then we don’t have a Main verb after
the Subject.

Auxiliary verbs

In the position of Auxiliary, we can use be, do, have or any modal verb: can, could, will, would, should, etc.

Have is only an auxiliary verb in the form have got and in the present perfect.

 Have you got any brothers or sisters?

 What have you cooked for lunch?

For other uses of have, we need an auxiliary verb (do, did) for questions.

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  What time had you dinner yesterday?

 What time did you have dinner yesterday?

 Have you to do it now?

 Do you have to do it now?

Have got only has a present form. It does not have a past form.

 Had you got many toys when you were a child?

 Did you have many toys when you were a child?

Question words

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How much

We can use how much to ask about the price of something.

 How much is the jacket?

How + adjective

We can use how + adjective (any adjective) as a question word.

 How tall are you?

 How fast is your car?

Which vs what

We can use which + noun, and we can also use what + noun. We use which when there are a small number of
possible answers. Look at the difference:

 Which car do you like, the red or the blue? (there is a small number of possible answers)

 ‘What car have you got?’ ‘A Mercedes.’ (many possible answers)

Asking questions in English – Question forms

Exercise 1

Complete the questions below with the correct forms.

1. How often ________________ to the dentist?

a) you go b) do you go
2. How many brothers and sisters ________________?
a) have you got b) you have got
3. What time ________________ me up?
a) you can pick b) can you pick
4. Where ________________ last night? (you / be)
a) were you b) you were
5. ________________ John last night? (you / see)
a) Did you see b) You saw
6. Why ________________ that box there? (you / put)
a) you put b) did you put
7. What ________________ with the scissors? (you / do)
a) are you doing b) you are doing
8. When ________________ a decision?
a) she will make b) will she make
9. What time ________________ you tomorrow?
a) I should call b) should I call
10. Who ________________ to the party?
a) she invited b) did she invite

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Exercise 2
Fill in the gaps with question words.

1 A: ____________ do you live? B: In a small town near here.

2 A: ____________ was at the party? B: Frederick, Leslie, and some other friends.

3 A: ____________ did you say to Laura? B: Nothing.

4 ____________ box do you prefer, the small one or the big one?

5 A: ____________ do you go out? B: Every Saturday.

6 A: ____________ are you going to visit me? B: Next Sunday.

7 A: ____________ didn't you tell me anything? B: Because I was afraid.

8 A: ____________ sugar do you want in your coffee? B: Two spoonfuls, please.

9 A: ____________ shall we meet? B: At 7?

10 A: ____________ is she going to stay? B: Just a couple of days.

Exercise 3
Write questions for the underlined words.
EXAMPLE: We won a trip to Hawaii. ⇒ What did you win?
1 We have to clean the office in the morning.
_________________________ the office?
2 She writes two pages every day.
_________________________ every day?
3 He'll find a job soon.
_________________________ a job?
4 Yesterday she called me because she needed my help.
_________________________ yesterday?
5 She has breakfast at home twice a week.
_________________________ breakfast at home?
6 The fish and chips cost 6 pounds on Mondays.
How much do the fish and chipson
_________________________ cost
Mondays?
7 I'm living in a small town now.
_________________________
Where are you living now?

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 Where
8 The cat is the
is under the cat
chair.
_________________________?
Whose
9 This pen pen is this
is mine.
_________________________?
10 We are going to stay for a couple of weeks.
How long are you going to stay
_________________________?

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Past simple – Form

Spelling of regular verbs

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Past simple – Use

Completed actions in the past

We use the past simple to talk about actions or events that happened in the past. We know, or we say, when
the events happened.

o I saw Jim yesterday.

o We didn’t go out last Saturday. We stayed at home.
o She moved to Chester three years ago.
Past habits

We use the past simple to talk about past habits (things that we did more or less often).

o She washed her hair every day.

o She worked as a nurse.
o I often played in the park when we were children.
Situations that were true in the past

We also use the past simple to talk about things that were true in the past.

o My grandfather had two brothers.

o He lived with my grandparents as a child.
Events in chronological order

We use the past simple to describe the main events of a story in chronological order.

o When I arrived home, I took off my shoes and then I relaxed on the sofa.
Exercise 1: Choose the correct past simple forms for the gaps below.

1. Lisa gave her father a nice present on his birthday __________.

a) two days later b) next Monday c) every week d) last Tuesday

2. Donald _________ a red car from a friend last month.

a) sold b) bought c) told d) thought

3.I __________ in the science lab when I __________ the tube.

a) was / dropped b) were / dropped c) was / drop d) were / drop

4.Mrs. Hall _________ some pills last night because she _________ ill.

a) take / were b) took / were c) take / was d) took / was

5. Ella: How ______ you ______ go to school yesterday?

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 ?
Mike: On foot.

a) did / went b) were / went c) did / go d) were / go

6. Alfie _________ sad yesterday morning because his friends _________ with him.

a) was / were b) was / weren’t c) were / was d) were / wasn’t

7.Where _______ Frankie ________ for jogging last weekend?

a) was / go b) did / go c) was / went d) did / went

8. Mr. Wood _______ buy anything from the mall because he _______ have any money with him.

a) didn’t / didn’t b) wasn’t / wasn’t c) didn’t / wasn’t d) wasn’t / didn’t

9. Martha _________ at a party last Friday and she _________ all night.

a) was / dance b) were / dance c) was / danced d) were / danced

10. Eva: What _______ the matter with Finn last month?

Mia: He _______ the measles.

a) was / had b) were / had c) was / have d) were / have

11. Ada: _______ did your mother _______ two years ago?

Irıs: At a call center.

a) Where / work b) Where / worked c) What / work d) What / worked

12. Luca: __________ did your uncle __________ for the clothes?

Ruby: 100 dollars.

a) How many / pay b) How much / paid c) How many / paid d) How much / pay

13. Mr. Cox _______ usually hungry because he ________ have any money to buy food.

a) was / did b) was / didn’t c) were / did d) were / didn’t

14.Ralph _______ very fast, but the other runners _______ faster than him.

a) run / were b) ran / was c) run / was d) ran / were

15. ________ instrument _________ Frederick play for his friends this morning?

a) Which / was b) Where / did c) Which / did d) Where / was

16.There __________ thousands of soldiers in the battle and they all __________ bravely.

a) were / fought b) was / fighted c) were / fighted d) was / fought

17.Jake: __________ did Charlotte __________ her lunch yesterday?

Maya: At the canteen.

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 a) What / ate b) Where / ate c) What / eat d) Where / eat

18. Elvis Presley __________ a great singer. He __________ in the USA.

a) was / live b) were / live c) was / lived d) were / lived

19.Sebastian _________ some of the milk on the table, but he __________ it at all.

a) didn’t drink / liked b) drank / didn’t like c) didn’t like / drank d) liked / didn’t drink

20. Mr. Green _________ awake all night because there _________ mosquitoes everywhere.

a) were / was b) were / were c) was / were d) was / was

Exercise 2: Fill in the gaps with the correct past simple forms of the verbs in brackets.

had
Two summers ago we ____________ drove
(have) a holiday in Scotland. We ____________ (drive) there from London,
broke (break) down on the motorway and we ____________
but our car ____________ spent (spend) the first night in
got
Birmingham. When we ____________ didn't we
(get) to Edinburgh know couldn't (not can) find a good hotel - there
____________
weren't (not be) any available rooms. We ____________ (not know) what to do but in the end we
____________
found
____________ stayed
(find) a bed and breakfast and we ____________ saw
(stay) there for the week. We ____________
went
(see) the castle, ___________ didn't have
(go) to the Arts Festival, bought
and we ____________ (buy) a lot of souvenirs. We
wanted (want) to go to Loch Ness but we ____________ (not have)
____________ started was
much time and it ____________ (be)
hadwas
quite far away. The weather ____________ (be) good, but it ____________ (start) raining the day we
left
____________ (leave). We ____________ (have) a great time.

Exercise 3: Make questions so that the highlighted words are the

Why did theyright answer
arrive lateto them.
1 They arrived late because of the storm.When
_________________________________________________?
did the performance begin
2 The performance began at 8:00. _______________________________________________________?
Where did you find the ball
3 I found the ball in the park. ___________________________________________________________?
Whose concert was a big hitt
4 Their concert was a big hit. ___________________________________________________________?
Who did Tom work with
5 Tom worked with Mary. _____________________________________________________________?
What did they need
6 They needed more time. _____________________________________________________________?
What did you give him
7 I gave him a book. __________________________________________________________________?
When did she call you
8 She called me in the afternoon. _______________________________________________________?
Where did tom work
Who asked Mary for money
9 Tom worked in Australia. ____________________________________________________________?
10 Tom asked Mary for money. __________________________________________________________?

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The past continuous – Form

The past continuous – Use

Actions in progress

We use the past continuous to talk about actions that were in progress (not finished) at a specific moment in
the past.

 ‘What were you doing at 9?’ ‘I was studying.’

 When I saw them yesterday, they were arguing.
The specific moment in the past can be described by a time expression (at 9 a.m., at midday, at lunchtime, all
morning, all day, etc.):

 They were swimming at 7 in the morning.

 At midday, they were still working.
Or by a simple past sentence:

 They were swimming when I saw them.

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  When she arrived, they were still working.
Describing a scene

We often use the past continuous at the beginning of a story to describe the situation.

 It was getting dark, and I was walking fast. Suddenly …

Past simple vs Past continuous

We use the past simple for completed actions in the past, and we use the past continuous for actions in
progress (not finished) in the past.

 We ate out yesterday. (the action is finished)

 We were eating at 9. (the action was not finished)
The past continuous describes a longer action or situation, and the past simple describes a shorter action or
event.

 When I met Susan, she was having a drink at a terrace with a friend.
 We didn’t go out because it was raining.
The short action in past simple often interrupts the longer action in past continuous.

 He was playing football when he broke his arm.

 When I went to bed, it was raining.
We use the past simple for completed actions that happened one after the other. Compare:

o When he arrived, she was having a shower. (The action of having a shower started before he
arrived)


o When he arrived, she had a shower. (The action of having a shower started after he arrived)
Exercise 1: Choose the correct past continuous and past simple forms for the gaps below.

1. After the conference, I _____ that a man _____ the walls of the building.

a. was seeing / was painting b. saw / was painting c. was seeing / painted

2. He was so angry that he _____ and _____.

a. was getting up / left b. got up / was leaving c. got up / left

3. I _____ the vase while I _____ the bookshelf.

a. broke / was cleaning b. broke / cleaned c. was breaking / was cleaning

4. As soon as we walked into the room, we _____ a noise. Someone ______ my computer.

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 a. heard / used b. were hearing / used c. heard / was using

5. The bus in which the football team ______ had an accident, but nobody ______.

a. were travelling / died b. travelled / died c. were travelling / were dying

6. I _____ the party, but Sonia _____ to leave.

a. was enjoying / was wanting b. enjoyed / was wanting c. was enjoying / wanted

7. The police _____ him while he ______ to escape.

a. caught / tried b. caught / was trying c. were catching / was trying

8. We _____ what to do, so we just called the police and ______.

a. didn't know / waited b. weren't knowing / waited c. didn't know / were waiting

9. When I last _____ her she ______ high-heeled shoes.

a. saw / wore b. was seeing / was wearing c. saw / was wearing

10. The sun _______, so we _____ our clothes and got into the water.

a. was shining / took off b. shone / took off c. shone / were taking off

Exercise 2: Match the sentences.

1. Mrs. Brown was cooking. ___ a. while I was watching TV.

2. They arrived early while I ___ b. he was driving so fast

3. The doorbell rang ___ c. when she split the paint.

4. He wrote six novels while ___ d. when she cut her finger.

5. He had a car accident because ___ e. when his car broke down.

6. Mr. Bell was driving to the station ___ f. was sleeping

7. Sally was painting a picture ___ g. he was living in Spain.

Exercise 3: Fill in the gaps with the correct past continuous and past simple forms of the verbs in brackets.

When I _______________ (arrive) at the station, Raymond _______________ (wait) for me. He
_______________ (wear) a nice black suit and he _______________ (hold) a red rose in his right hand. When I
_______________ (get off) the train, he _______________ (run) up to me and _______________ (kiss) me
passionately. It _______________ (rain) heavily so he _______________ (take off) his jacket and
_______________ (put) it over my head. I _______________ (tell) Raymond to go to a café so that we could
talk, but he _______________ (insist) on going to another place. While he _______________ (drive), I
_______________ (throw) a look at him. He _______________ (smile) all the time, but he also
_______________ (look) nervous. He finally _______________ (stop) his car on the top of a hill with fantastic
views. It was so wonderful. We _______________ (get out) of the car, and he _______________ (kneel) in front

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of me and _______________ (take) a ring out of his pocket. “Kathy, will you...” he said. “Listen, Raymond, I want
to break up with you,” I interrupted.

Present perfect
We form the present perfect tense with the verb have and the past participle of the verb. The past participle is
the same as the past simple (-ed) for regular verbs. For irregular verbs, it’s the form in the 3rd column.

Present perfect – Use

We normally use the present perfect to talk about past events that have a connection with the present, for
example, news or past experiences. We can also use the present perfect to talk about situations that started in
the past but which are still true in the present. Check the grammar chart below:

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Recent events and news

We use the present perfect to talk about recent events or news. We don’t say when these events happened.

 I’ve passed the test!

 She’s broken her arm.
 The president has travelled to Cuba.
⇒ Just, yet, already

We often use the present perfect with the words just, yet, already.

We use just in (+) sentences to say that something happened very recently (like minutes ago).

 I’ve just seen Peter in the street.

 He looks happy because he’s just got married.
We use yet in (-) and (?) sentences. We put it at the end of the sentence.

 Have you washed the dishes yet?

 I haven’t called him yet.
 She hasn’t arrived yet.
We use already in (+) sentences to say that something happened before now (usually earlier than we
expected).

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  I have already finished.
 We have already arrived.
Life experiences

We often use the present perfect to talk about past experiences in our lives. We don’t say when these
experiences happened.

 I’ve run the Boston Marathon twice.

 She’s never been on a cruise.
 I’ve been here before.
⇒ Never, ever, before

When we ask about someone’s life experiences, we often use the word ever.

 Have you ever read this book?

 Have you ever been to India?
When we talk about life experiences, we often use the words never or before.

 She has never been late.

 I think I have seen this film before.
Unfinished actions

⇒ How long, for, since

We use the present perfect with the words how long, for, since to talk about actions or situations that started
in the past and still continue or are still true now.

 I’ve lived in Oslo since I was born. (=I was born in Oslo and I still live in Oslo)
 They have been married for 25 years. (=They got married 25 years ago and they are still married)
We use how long in questions to ask about the duration of an action or situation.

 How long has she been a teacher?

 How long has she had her car?
We use for + a period of time, e.g. for two weeks, for ten years, for ten days, for a few hours, etc.

 We’ve been here for a few hours.

 They’ve been married for 10 years.
We use since + a moment in the past (the beginning of a period of time), e.g. since I was born, since 10
o’clock, since last Wednesday, etc.

 We’ve been here since 4 o’clock.

 They’ve been married since 2010.

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Be careful with these common mistakes!

We use the present perfect, and not the present simple for actions or situations that started in the past and
are still true now.

 We are friends since first grade.

 We’ve been friends since first grade.

We use for… and NOT since…ago to introduce a period of time.

 They’ve been married since 10 years ago.

 They’ve been married for 10 years.

Exercise 1: Write sentences with the words below using the present perfect tense.

1. He/lose/his keys. ______________________________________________

2. I/have (not)/coffee this morning. ______________________________________________

3. She/never/lie/to us. ______________________________________________

4. You/read/that newspaper/yet? _____________________________________________?

5. We/be/to England/many times. ______________________________________________

6. Where/you/be? _____________________________________________?

7. David/win/the competition. ______________________________________________

8. My son/break/his leg. ______________________________________________

9. I/never/see/her/before. ______________________________________________

10. They/write/a book. ______________________________________________

Exercise 2. Rewrite the sentences in the present perfect simple.

Example: I went to shops on Saturday. - I have already gone to shops.

1. I didn't do it yesterday. I ______________________________ it yet.

2. We bought the tickets on Monday. We ______________already _______________ the tickets.

3. My girlfriend wasn't there. She didn't arrive. My girlfriend isn't here. She _________________________.

4. The team wasn't successful. They lost. The team isn't successful. They ______________ just __________.

5. I didn't find my keys. I couldn't open the door. I ____________________ my keys. I can't open the door.

6. Did the postman deliver the parcel in the morning? _________ the postman ___________ the parcel yet?
7. I cut my finger. It hurt. I _________________ my finger. It hurts.

8. They worked in Wales for a week in May. They _____________________ in Wales since last week.

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9. She was on her holiday for a month. She came back yesterday. She _________________ on her holiday for
a month. She __________ just __________ back.

Exercise 3. Put already, yet, just, since or for in the correct brackets.

The Google Company was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Bin in 1998 and
Google has been one of the most successful dot-com businesses in history
_____ 1998. Larry Page has been interested in computer _____ thirty years.
He has been a very successful student _____ elementary school. He has
_____ finished his Master’s degree in Stanford University. However, he has
not finished his doctoral thesis _____ because of the great success of Google.
He has received a lot of awards _____ he founded the Google Company. Larry
is only 35 years old, but he has _____ reached a wealth of $7.2 billion. Although he works very hard, he can
balance his work life and social life well. He has a lot of interests and one of them is travelling. He likes travelling
a lot and he has _____ travelled to every country in Europe. He has been co-president of the Google Company
_____ 6 years. He has _____ completed his Master’s and Ph. Degree in computer Engineering. He finished it two
months ago. Google is not his only interest; he has also tried to solve the world’s energy problems _____ 10
years.

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Present perfect or past simple?

Past events or experiences

Present perfect: it’s not important when something happened

We use the present perfect to talk about recent events or about people’s experiences when the time when
these events happened is not important and we don’t mention it.

o I’ve been to Malaysia. (When is not important. The important thing is that I have this
experience now.)
o She’s won three gold medals.
o I’ve broken my arm.
Past simple: we say or ask when something happened

We use past simple to talk about completed actions in the past. We often say or ask when these actions
happened.

o We have been to Malaysia last year.

o We went to Malaysia last year.

o She won three gold medals at the last Olympic Games.

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 o When did you break your arm?
In conversation

We often start a conversation about recent events or people’s experiences using the present perfect, but if we
continue talking or asking about the details of that event, we use the past simple.

o John: I’ve been to the cinema.

o Patrick: What did you see?
o John: I saw a very good film by…
o Sarah: Oh, you’ve broken your arm!
o Rachel: Yes, I have.
o Sarah: How did it happen?
o Rachel: It happened yesterday while I was riding my bike.
o I do judo, and I’ve won some competitions. In fact, I’ve won two medals. I got the first one in
Singapore in 2002. The second one was different. It was in Tokyo, and I was older.
Duration with how long, for and since

We use the present perfect with how long, for, since to talk about actions or situations that started in the past
and still continue or are still true now.

We use the past simple with how long, for, since to talk about actions or situations that started and finished in
the past. Compare:

o He‘s lived in New York for ten years. (=He lives in New York now)
o He lived in New York for ten years. (=He does NOT live in New York now)
o How long have you worked in the bank? (=You work in the bank now)
o How long did you work in the bank? (=You do NOT work in the bank now)

Present perfect or past simple?

Exercise 1: Fill in the gaps with the correct present perfect or past simple forms of the verbs in brackets.

Peter: 1____________________ (you/ever/be) to England?

Laura: I 2 ____________________ (never/be) to England, but I’d like to go someday. And you? 3
____________________ (you/ever/travel) to England?

Peter: Yes. I 4 ____________________ (be) there four times. In fact, I 5 ____________________ (travel) to
many English speaking countries.

Laura: 6 ____________________ (you/be) to Australia, too?

Peter: Yes, of course.

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Laura: When 7 ____________________ (you/go) there?

Peter: Last year, during my Christmas holiday.

Laura: 8 ____________________ (you/like) it?

Laura: Yes, it 9 ____________________ (be) fantastic! We 10 ____________________ (spend) 12 incredible

days there.

Exercise 2: Choose the correct present perfect or past simple form to complete each sentence.

1._____ John yet?

a. Have you called b. Did you call c. Do you call

2. Emily's not here. She _____ to the shops.

a.'s gone b. 's been c. 's went

3. A: Where's Tom? B: He _____.

a. went just out b. 's just gone out c. did just go out

4. He _____ in London for three years and now he lives in Dublin.

a.'s lived b. lives c. lived

5. _____ the door when you left?

a. Did you lock b. Did you locked c. Have you locked

6. A: 'Where's Tom?'

B: 'He _____ ten minutes ago.'

a. 's gone out b. 's been out c. went out

7. A: '_____ breakfast yet?'

B: Yes, I _____ breakfast at 7:30.'

a. Have you had / had b. Have you had / 've had c. Did you have / 've had

8. A: '_____ their homework yet?'

B: 'Yes, they _____ it when they arrived from school.'

a. Have the kids done / did b. Did the kids do / did c. Did the kids do / 've done

9. I _____ with Jake last Tuesday and he says you _____ him for months.

a. 've talked / haven't visited b. talked / haven't visited c. 've talked / didn't visit

10. A: 'We _____ yesterday, and you?'

B: 'We _____ here since last week.'

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 a. arrived / 've been b. have arrived / were c. 've arrived / ''ve been

Exercise 3: Complete the sentences. Use the past simple or present perfect form of the verbs in the box.

study / become / speak / not go / live / know / not see / post / take up / go / hear /

1. ‘Where’s John?’ He __went__ to Oxford last month.

2. I ______________________ Spanish for four years while I was at secondary school.
3. ‘How is Ann?’ ‘I don’t know. I _________________________her since Monday.’
4. ‘You look upset.’ ‘I ______________just _________________ some terrible news. ‘
5. ‘Where _____________ you _______________ when you were a child?’ ‘In Warwick.’
6. This year __________________________ well for me so far.
7. I _________________to my brother a short while ago on the phone and he seems fine.
8. In the past few years, online gaming __________________________ increasingly popular.
9. Andy and Jane ____________________ each other since 2017. They’re very good friends.
10. I ____________________________some photos on Facebook a few hours ago.
11.’When ______________you _______________ playing rugby, Jeremy?’ ‘About three years ago.’

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Future

Predictions
Use will to talk about something that you think will happen.
 I think he’ll win the election.
 He will be a good doctor.
Use be going to to talk about something that you see is going to happen (there is present evidence).
 Don’t drive like a crazy man. We’re going to have an accident!
 The doctor said I’m going to have a girl.
Sometimes, there’s little difference between will and be going to for predictions. Compare:
 The conference starts in 10 minutes. We are going to be late. (=I can see that we cannot be at the
conference in 10 minutes)
 We need to hurry up. We’ll be late for the conference. (=I think we will be late)
Decisions
Use will for decisions that you take at the moment of speaking (instant decisions).
 ‘Oh, we don’t have sugar.’ ‘Don’t worry, I’ll buy some.’
Use be going to for decisions that you have already taken at the moment of speaking (intentions or plans).
 ‘Why are you undressing?’ ‘Because I’m going to go for a swim.’

33
Compare these two sentences:
 ‘Sarah said she needs to talk to you.’ ‘Oh, I didn’t know. I’ll call her in a minute.’ (=I took the decision
while having this conversation.)
 ‘Sarah said she needs to talk to you.’ ‘Yes, I know. I’m going to call her in a minute.‘ (=I took the
decision before having this conversation.)

Will vs be going to – Future forms

Exercise 1
Choose the correct forms of ‘will’ and ‘be going to’ to complete the sentences below.

1. A: We don’t have any bread.

B: Yes, I know. I ______________________ some. I took some money from your purse.

2. A: We don’t have any bread.

B: Really? I ______________________ some from the shop then.

3. A: Why do you need to borrow my suitcase?

B: Because I ______________________ my mother in Scotland next month.

4. A: I’m really cold.

B: I ______________________ the heating on.

5. A: What are your plans after you leave university?

B: I ______________________ in a hospital in Africa.

6. A: All the lights have gone off!

B: Don't worry. I ______________________ a look.

7. A: Why are you carrying your laptop?

B: I ______________________ some homework on the train.

8. A: I can't find my keys.

B: I ______________________ you look for them.

9. A: Did you remember to buy the tickets?

B: Oh no, I forgot! I ______________________ them online now.

10. If you take a look at this graphic, you can see that the economy ______________________ worse very
soon.

Exercise 2
Choose the most appropriate forms of will and be going to for the gaps below.
1 A: I don't think he _____ come tonight.
B: But he says he _____ come.
a. will / will b. is going to / will c. will / is going to

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2 A: I've bought this paint because I _____ the kitchen.
B: I'm sure it _____ fantastic.
a. 'm going to paint / will look b. will paint / 's looking c. will paint / will look

3 A: What _____ after you graduate?

B: I _____ around the world.
a. will you do / 'm going to travel
b. are you going to do / 'm going to travel
c. are you going to do / will travel

4 A: _____ for a walk later?

B: No. I _____ home.
a. Are you going to go / 'm going to stay
b. Will you go / 'm going to stay
c. Will you go / will stay

5 A: I need the camera because I _____ some pictures. But I don't know how it works.
B: Don't worry. I _____ you.
a. 'll take / 'll show b. 'm going to take / 'll show c.'ll take / 'm going to show

6 A: ______ to work today?

B: Yes, but the traffic is awful, so I _____ late.
a. Will you drive / will be
b. Will you drive / 'm going to be
c. Are you going to drive / 'm going to be

7 A: Hurry up! The bus is leaving. You _____ it.

B: No, I _____ the train. It's faster.
a. are going to miss / 'm going to take
b. will miss / will take
c. are going to miss / will take

8 A: According to the voting intention numbers, I _____ the election.

B: What _____ when you are the president?
a. will win / are you going to do
b. 'm going to win / are you going to do
c. will win / will do

9 A: They are winning 2-1 and there are only 2 minutes left. They _____ this match.
B: No, I think maybe Manchester United _____ a goal in the last minute.
a. are going to win / will score
b. will win / will score
c. are going to win / are going to score

10 A: Don't make so much noise. You _____ dad.

B: OK. I _____ now.
a. will wake up / will stop b. will wake up / 'm going to stop c. are going to wake up / will stop

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Comparative and superlative adjectives

Comparative adjectives

Two things

We use the comparative form of an adjective to compare two things. When we compare three or more things,
we use the superlative form of the adjectives.

o White meat is healthier than red meat.

o Travelling by bus is more comfortable than travelling by train.
Less … than

When comparing two things, we can also use the form less + adjective + than (less ≠ more).

o Peter is less considerate than Marta. (= Marta is more considerate)

Not as … as

We can also use the form (not) as + adjective + as.

o Peter isn’t as considerate as Marta. (= Marta is more considerate)

36
Than me / than I am

After than or as … as we can use an object pronoun (me, you, him, etc.), or we can also use a subject pronoun
(I, you, he, etc.) + verb.

o My sister is taller than me. / My sister is taller than I am.

o His sister is more intelligent than him. / His sister is more intelligent than he is.
Much/a lot/a bit more

Before the comparative (more or –er), we can use much, a lot or a bit.

o He’s a bit taller than me.

o Florence is much more interesting than Pisa.
o My car is a lot more expensive than yours.
Superlative adjectives
Three or more things
We use the superlative form of an adjective or adverb to compare three or more things.

o Both John and his brother play football, but John is better.
o John and his two brothers all play football, but John is the best.
The best in
After the superlative, we use in before names of places or before singular words referring to groups of people
(class, school, team, family, etc.)

o The Everest is the highest mountain of the world.

o The Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

o She is the best student in the class.
o He’s the tallest in the family.
The best I’ve ever…

We often use a superlative adjective with the present perfect tense of a verb and the word ever.

o This is the best movie I’ve ever watched.

o She is the most beautiful woman I have ever seen.
The / my / John’s

Before the superlative, we always use the or a possessive adjective (my, your, his, etc.) or noun (Paul’s,
Elisabeth’s, etc.)

o He is the best.

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 o This is my most expensive jacket.
o This is Paul’s best friend.
Comparative and superlative adverbs

Compare actions

We can use the comparative or superlative form of adverbs to compare actions

o She drives fast, but I drive faster.

o He plays well, but I play better than him.
More slowly

The adverbs that are formed by adding -ly to the adjective (adverbs of manner) take more to form the
comparative and the most to form the superlative.

o She speaks quietlier than her boss.

o She speaks more quietly than her boss.

o He cooks well but slowlier than his workmates.

o He cooks well but more slowly than his workmates.

Adverbs of one or two syllables are like adjectives; they take -er in the comparative and -est in the superlative
(early-earlier, late-later, fast-faster, hard-harder, etc.)

o He works harder than me.

o She always arrives later than her boss.

Exercise 1: Complete the sentences with the comparative or superlative forms of the words in brackets.

1. This exam was ____________________ (easy) than the exam in May.

2. You should drive ____________________ (slowly) or you'll have an accident.

3. My new home is ____________________ (near) from work than the old one.

4. The test wasn't as ____________________ (difficult) as I thought.

5. This is the ____________________ (far) place I've ever travelled to.

6.You look much ____________________ (thin) than the last time I saw you.

7. My new computer is a bit ____________________ (good) than the old one.

8. September is the ____________________ (busy) month of the year for us.

9.There are ____________________ (few) people today because it's been raining a lot.

10. The ____________________ (tricky) part of the exam was the listening.

38
Exercise 2: Choose the correct form of the adjectives.

1. Tom’s car is as big as / the biggest his friend’s.

2. Who is shorter than / the shortest person in your family?
3. Who is more independent than / the most independent person you know?
4. These sofas are more comfortable than / the most comfortable ours.
5. My brother is taller than / the tallest in the class.
6. Is Jason’s dog older than / the oldest yours?
7. Who is the best / better than singer in the world?
8. We are younger than / the youngest the rest of the class.
9. My hair is the straightest / straighter than your hair.
10. He is more popular / the most popular singer in the world.

Exercise 3: Choose the correct option for each gap below.

1. This tea tastes a bit ______ the other.

a. bitterest than b. more bitter than c. more bitter that

2. She seems _______ since she got divorced.

a. happier b. more happy c. more happier

3. Could you speak ______, please? I don't understand you.

a. slowlier b. most slowly c. more slowly

4. Choose the two correct sentences.

a. Your car isn't any cheaper than ours.

b. Your car isn't as cheaper as ours.

c. Your car is no cheaper than ours.

5. The economy is getting ______.

a. more and more worse b. every day worse c. worse and worse

6. Which two sentences mean the same?

a. Tom is more intelligent than David.

b. David is more intelligent than Tom.

c. David isn't as intelligent as Tom.

39
7. I'm trying to do it ______ I can.

a. as fast as b. as faster as c. faster as

8. He has more talent than ______. Choose TWO correct options.

a. me b. I do c. I have

9. He is ______.

a. the most patient teacher I've ever met

b. the most patient teacher I've never met

c. more patient teacher I've never met

10. It was the best day ______ my life.

a. of b. in c. than

Exercise 4: What do you think about Medellín and Bogotá? Lana is calling Terry because she is moving to
Medellín with her husband. Read the dialogue and fill in the blanks using the right form of the adjective.
Use the comparative or the superlative form.

Terry: hi, is Lana home?

Lana: yeah, Lana speaking.

Terry: I called you because I ‘m moving to Medellìn and I know you lived there for a couple of years. Tell me
about the city.

Lana: Let’s see. People in Medellìn are 1 ______________________ (friendly) than people in Bogotá. Also, it is
2 ___________________ (clean) than Bogotá. Why do you want to move?

Terry: because my husband got a job there. The job he is going to have is 3____________________ (good)
than the one he has here.

Lana: I see. And you? To get a job in Medellín is 4__________________________ (difficult) than in Bogotá.
“Paisas” hire “Paisas”. They are not5 __________________ (easy) people in Colombia when we talk about
work, I’m afraid you can’t get a job.

Terry: that’s not a problem. I have a friend that will help me get a job. We were 6____________ (good) friends
when she lived in Bogotá. We used to talk about everything and we prepared 7______________________
(delicious) sandwiches when we lived together.

Lana: that’s fantastic because Medellìn’s weather is 8 ___________________ (great) in all Colombia. Also,
Bogotá is 9 _____________________ (dangerous) and 10___________________ (polluted) than Bogotá. Have
a great time there and call me when you arrive.

Terry: Thanks, I will.

40
Infinitives and gerunds – verb patterns

41
Use gerund

➪ When the verb is the subject of a sentence.

 Reading on tablets and phones isn’t very good for your eyes.

➪ After a preposition.

 I’m tired of waiting. Let’s go home.

➪ After some verbs.

 I don’t mind waiting.

 She recommended visiting this museum.

Common verbs followed by a gerund

Some common verbs that are followed by a gerund are avoid, enjoy, finish, hate, keep, like, love, don’t mind,
prefer, recommend, spend time, stop, suggest, etc.

Negative gerund

The negative form of the gerund is not + -ing.

 He enjoys not having to wake up early at weekends.

Use infinitive without to

➪ After the auxiliary verb do, does, did in negative sentences and questions.

 He didn’t say anything.

 Does Tim work with you?

 I don’t believe you.

➪ After modal verbs (will, can, must, should, might, may, etc.)

 You should come with us.

 I can’t play the guitar.

Use to + infinitive

➪ After adjectives.

 It’s important to arrive early at the station.

➪ To express a reason or purpose (why).

 I went to Madrid to visit some family.

 I need time to study for the exam.

➪ After question words.

42
  I don’t know what to eat.

 I want to learn how to play the guitar.

➪ After some verbs.

 Don’t forget to call me.

 She seems to be distracted.

Common verbs followed by a to -infinitive

Some common verbs that are followed by a to–infinitive are ask (someone), decide, forget, help, hope, learn,
need, offer, plan, promise, remember, seem, try, want, would like, would love, would hate, would prefer,
etc.

The negative form of to-infinitive

The negative form of to + infinitive is not to + infinitive.

 She decided not to enter the competition.

Infinitives and gerunds – verb patterns

Exercise 1

Choose the correct infinitives and gerunds to complete the sentences below.

1. She offered ___ me.

a) help b) helping c) to help

2. We've decided ___ soon.

a) get married b) getting married c) to get married

3. I stopped ___ football when I got married.

a) play b) playing c) to play

4. We should ___ very early in the morning.

a) arrive b) arriving c) to arrive

5. I'm not very good at ___ sports.

a) play b) playing c) to play

6. You promised ___ the children to the cinema.

a) take b) taking c) to take

7. Have you finished ___ the house?

a) paint b) painting c) to paint

8. You should avoid ___ to strangers.

a) talk b) talking c) to talk
9. ___ around the world has always been my dream.

43
 a) Travel b) Travelling c) To travel

10. I couldn't ___ you because I didn't have my phone.

a) phone b) phoning c) to phone

11. I would like _____ my grandmother next year.

a) visit b) visiting c) to visit

12. I might _____ late today. I have a lot of work.

a) be b) being c) to be

13. We are planning _____ to Switzerland next year.

a) go b) going c) to go

14. Keep quiet, I need _____ on my homework.

a) concentrate b) concentrating c) to concentrate

15. My brother is trying _____ smoking.

a) quit b) quitting c) to quit

16. Tennis is okay, but I prefer _____ padel.

a) play b) playing c) to play

17. I enjoy _____ stories to my children.

a) read b) reading c) to read

18. You must never _____ him the truth.

a) tell b) telling c) to tell

19. I hope _____ a job soon.

a) find b) finding c) to find

20. What do you want _____ tonight?

a) do b) doing c) to do

Exercise 2

Fill in the gaps with the correct infinitive or gerund forms of the verbs in box below.

be buy do eat go lock look rain travel work

EXAMPLE: It was nice to see her again after so many years.

1. The weather was nice, so I suggested ______________ for a walk.

2. I'd prefer ______________ in a restaurant today.
3. When it stopped ______________ we went for a picnic.

44
4. ______________ a police officer in this city can be very dangerous.
5. I don’t mind ______________ long hours because I love my job.
6. We are planning ______________ to Australia this summer. We have already saved the money for the trip.
7. I forgot ______________ the door when I left home.
8. I’m thinking of ______________ for a new job.
9. I went to the greengrocer’s ______________ some food.
10. Could you show me how ______________ this exercise?

45
QUANTIFIERS
Much, many, little, few, some, any

Many/much

Many for countable, much for uncountable in (?) (-)

We use many before plural (countable) nouns and much before uncountable nouns. We use them
in negative sentences and questions. We don’t normally use them in affirmative sentences.

 There isn’t much coffee in the jar.

 Were there many people in the party?
Too much/too many

Note that we don’t normally use much/many in affirmative sentences, but we can use too much and too
many in affirmative sentences.

46
  There’s too much salt in the soup.
 You eat too many biscuits.

How much/how many

We use how many and how much to ask about quantity.

 How many concerts have you ever been to?

 How much coffee have you had today?
A lot of/lots of

Before both countable and uncountable

We use a lot of or lots of (more informal) before both plural (countable) and uncountable nouns. We
normally use them in positive sentences.

 She spends a lot of time watching TV.

 We had lots of good moments together.
Of before noun but NOT at the end of sentence

We must always use a lot of or lots of including of before a noun. However, we can use the expressions a
lot or lots (without of) at the end of a sentence.

 ‘How many beers did you have?’ ‘I don’t know; I had lots/a lot.’
 I like her a lot.
(A) few/(a) little/a bit of

Few for countable; little for uncountable

We use (a) few before plural (countable) nouns and (a) little or a bit of (more informal)
before uncountable nouns.

 I have to do a few things this afternoon.

 He always gets good results with very little effort.
 Can you put a bit of sugar in the tea?
Few or a few? little or a little?

A few means ‘some but not many; enough’, and a little means ‘some but not much; enough’.

Few/little mean ‘almost none; not enough’.

Normally, the difference between a few/little (WITH a) and few/little (WITHOUT a) is that a few/little is
positive in meaning, and few/little is negative. Compare:

 There’s little milk in the fridge; we have to buy more. (Not enough; we need more)

47
  ‘Shall I buy some beers?’ ‘No, it’s OK, there are a few in the fridge.’ (=Enough; we don’t need more)
 ‘Do you speak English?’ ‘No, I speak very little English.’ (=Negative)
 ‘Do you speak English?’ ‘Yes, I speak a little English.’ (=Positive)
Some/any

Some in (+); any in (?) (-)

We use some in affirmative sentences and any in negative sentences and questions.

 Is there any sugar in the cupboard?

 Have you got any new friends?
 I have some questions to ask you.
With both countable (plural) and uncountable

Both some and any can be used before countable and uncountable nouns. But if we use them before a
countable noun, the noun must be in the plural form.

 Is there any student in the classroom?

 Are there any students in the classroom?

Some for offers and requests

We use some (NOT any) in interrogative sentences when we are offering or requesting (=asking for)
something.

 Would you like some help?

 Can I have some tea, please?
Exercise 1: Fill in the gaps with a lot of, much, many, how much, how many.

1. There were ____________________ people in the streets.

2. Are there ____________________ new students this year?

3There isn't ____________________ cheese left in the fridge.

4. ____________________ backpackers travel to the east coast every summer.

5. We went to that hotel because we didn't have ____________________ options.

6. ____________________ milk do you want in your coffee?

7. Not ____________________ people know his secret.

8. Was there ____________________ turbulence during the flight?

9. There are ____________________ things that I haven't told you yet.

10. ____________________ visitors does this museum have every day?

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Exercise 2: Fill in the gaps with few, little, a few, a little.

1. 'Were there any people at the conference?' 'Yes, _____________________.

2. There were _____________________ people on the beach because it was raining.

3. We have very _____________________ money, so we can't afford to buy a new car.

4. I've got _____________________ cranberries. Let's make a cake.

5. There is _____________________ coffee left. Would you like one?

6. We've bought _____________________ new cushions for the sofa.

7. I've got _____________________ money saved; I think I'll buy a new bike.

8. There are _____________________ things that I haven't told you. I always tell you everything.

9. I speak _____________________ English, so when I'm in England I don't have problems.

10. There's very _____________________ snow in the street. We don't need the snow boots.

Exercise 3: Fill in the gaps with some or any.

1. Are there _____________________ eggs in the fridge?

2. Can I have _____________________ tea, please?

3. My brother took _____________________ interesting photographs.

4. Do you know _____________________ good restaurants in the centre?

5. Don't worry, I don't need _____________________ help.

6. There are _____________________ things that we need to ask you.

7. Can you play _____________________ instruments?

8. Would you like _____________________ wine?

9. We didn't find _____________________ decent restaurants in the area.

10. Do you have _____________________ brothers or sisters?

Exercise 4: Choose much, many, little, few, some, any to complete each sentence.

1. We haven't got _____ petrol. We need to stop and get some.

a. much b. many c. little

2. We had ________ rain last autumn.

a. a lot of b. much c. many

3. There was ________ food in the fridge. It was nearly empty.

a. little b. a little c. few

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4. You travel a lot. Have you been to _____ countries?

a. much b. many c. few

5. It costs _____ money to give your children a good education.

a. much b. many c. a lot of

6. There was ________ space for all the people who came.

a. very little b. very few c. many

7. "Have you got any coins for the vending machine?" "Yes, I have ________."

a. a little b. a few c. few

8. There's _____ of sun cream in the bottle.

a. a bit b. a little c. a few

9. We need to go to the greengrocer's. There are _____ potatoes left.

a. few b. a few c. a little

10. There was _____ traffic so we arrived very early.

a. a little b. a few c. little

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Should, shouldn’t – Form

The same form for all persons

The form of should is the same for all persons:

 I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they should see a specialist.

Should(n’t) + infinitive

Should is a modal verb, and all modal verbs are followed by an infinitive (without to).

 You should to listen to me.

 You should listen to me.

Should not= shouldn’t

The negative form of should is should not or shouldn’t.

 You should not be here. = You shouldn’t be here.

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Questions

To ask questions, we use should + subject + infinitive. We don’t use the verb do to ask questions.

 Do we should call him?

 Should we call him?

Should, shouldn’t – Use

Giving advice

We use should or shouldn’t to give somebody advice and to say what is or isn’t the right thing to do.

 You look tired. You should have some rest.

 He shouldn’t drive so fast. He’ll have an accident one day.

I think you should …

We often say I think … should … to give somebody advice.

 I think you should buy a new pair of shoes for the party.

 I think we should go home; it’s very late.

Note that in a negative sentence, we often say I don’t think… should… (NOT I think… shouldn’t…)

 I think you shouldn’t call her now; she’s very upset.

 I don’t think you should call her now; she’s very upset.

We often say Do you think … should … to ask for advice.

 Do you think I should look for another apartment?

Ought to, ought not to

We can also use ought to instead of should and ought not to instead of shouldn’t.

 You ought to have some rest.

 He ought not to drive so fast.

Should, shouldn’t

Exercise 1

Complete the sentences using should, shouldn’t and the words in brackets ( ).

1. You have a great job; you _______________________ (change) it.

2. You _______________________ (drink) so much coffee; it's bad for your blood pressure.

3. The government _______________________ (help) people in need.

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4. It's an incredible film. You _______________________ (watch) it.

5. It's a very dangerous area. Tourists _______________________ (go) there.

6. I think I _______________________ (apply) for a new job.

7. You _______________________ (go) to that restaurant. The food is terrible.

8. When someone does you a favour, you _______________________ (say) thank you.

9. He _______________________ (study) more if he wants to pass his exam.

10. Children _______________________ (drink) sugary drinks. It's not very healthy.

Exercise 2

Complete the sentences with should, shouldn’t and a verb in the list.

ask call do drink eat give speak take watch wear

EXAMPLE: You shouldn’t lie about what happened. It’s important to tell the truth.

1. I ______________________ more vegetables, but I hate them.

2. You ______________________ so many questions. You are going to get into trouble.

3. Parents ______________________ medicine to their children without going to the doctor first.

4. I ______________________ more exercise. I have gained some weight.

5. What kind of dress ______________________ I ______________________ for tonight's ceremony?

6. You ______________________ John immediately. He needs to speak to you urgently.

7. Your children ______________________ TV all day. Take them to the park sometimes.

8. It's raining. I think we ______________________ a taxi.

9. You ______________________ some water or you will dehydrate.

10. Children ______________________ to strangers.

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Must/mustn’t, have to/don’t have to – Form

Must/mustn’t

Use must + infinitive without to

Must is a modal verb, and modal verbs are followed by an infinitive without to.

 I must to go to the doctor.

 I must go to the doctor.

No -s

Modal verbs don’t add -s after he/she/it.

 He must comes with us.

 He must come with us.

Use must/mustn’t in negatives and questions

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Must is an auxiliary verb. This means that it has a negative and an interrogative form. Do not use do/did in
negatives and questions.

 We don’t must arrive early.

 We mustn’t arrive early.

 Do we must arrive early?

 Must we arrive early?

Have to/don’t have to

Use do and did in negatives and questions

The verb have in have to is not an auxiliary verb. Use do/don’t, does/doesn’t, did/didn’t in questions and
negative sentences in present and past.

 Have you to get up early tomorrow?

 Do you have to get up early tomorrow?

 Did you have to buy a new sound card?

 We don’t have to stay until the end.

No contraction

The verb have in have to cannot be contracted to ‘ve.

 I‘ve to study for the exam tomorrow.

 I have to study for the exam tomorrow.

Past and future forms

Only have to has a past and a future form. Must does not have a past or a future form.

 Yesterday, I must take a taxi.

 Yesterday, I had to take a taxi.

 You will must take a taxi if it rains tomorrow.

 You will have to take a taxi if it rains tomorrow.

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Must vs have to / mustn’t vs don’t have to – Use

Have to

Rules and obligations

We use have to to talk about rules and obligations, something that is necessary.

 I have to get to work before 7 tomorrow.

 The car broke down and we had to call a taxi.

Must

Rules and obligations

Must is very similar to have to. We use must + infinitive (without to) to talk about rules and obligations.

 I must go to the doctor.

 I must get up early tomorrow.

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Don’t have to / Don’t need to – not necessary

If you don’t have to do something, it means that you ‘don’t need to’ do something (there is no obligation).
You can do it but you don’t need to do it if you don’t want to do it.

 You don’t have to pick me up at the station. I can take a taxi. (=You can pick me up, but you don’t
need to do it).

Mustn’t - Prohibition

Use mustn’t to talk about something that you can’t do. It’s necessary that you don’t do it.

 You mustn’t call me before 8. (=You can’t call me before 8.)

 I mustn’t lose my concentration now.

Must vs have to

Must

Obligation from the speaker

We normally use must to talk about obligations that come from the opinion of the speaker. The speaker
thinks it’s necessary or important to do something.

 MANAGER: You must get up early tomorrow. The meeting is at nine. (=The obligation comes from the
manager. The manager thinks it’s necessary.)

 DOCTOR: You must stop smoking. (=It’s the doctor’s opinion. The doctor thinks it’s necessary.)

 SMOKER: I must stop smoking. (=It’s the smoker’s opinion. The smoker thinks it’s necessary to stop
smoking.)

Have to

External obligation

We normally use have to when there’s an external obligation. The obligation doesn’t come from the speaker’s
opinion; another person thinks it’s necessary.

 WORKER: We have to get up early tomorrow. The meeting is at nine. (=The obligation comes from the
manager, not from the worker.)

 SMOKER: I have to stop smoking. (=It’s the doctor’s opinion, not the smoker’s opinion. The doctor
thinks it’s necessary.)

Mustn’t vs don’t have to

Don’t have to

You don’t need to do it; not necessary; no obligation

Don’t have to and mustn’t have opposite meanings. We say that we don’t have to do something when we
don’t need to do something; we can do it, but it’s not necessary.

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  You don’t have to wait here. (=You can do it, but it’s not necessary)

Mustn’t

Prohibition; it’s necessary that you don’t do it

We say that we mustn’t do something when we cannot do something; it is necessary that we don’t do
something.

 You mustn’t wait here. (=You cannot do it; it’s against the rules)

Have to, don’t have to, must, mustn’t

Exercise 1

Complete the sentences below with the correct forms, don’t have to, mustn’t.

1. You ______________ apologise; it isn't necessary.

2. You ______________ tell the boss what happened, or he'll fire you.

3. I ______________ wear a tie; I do it because I like wearing ties.

4. You ______________ smoke in here; smoking is not allowed.

5. I ______________ be late. It's the most important meeting of the year.

6. You ______________ go now; you can stay a bit longer.

7. Visitors to the zoo ______________ feed the animals.

8. You ______________ drive so fast; we have a lot of time.

9. We ______________ cook more; there's enough food.

10. You ______________ put salt in her food; the doctor said she can't eat salt.

Exercise 2

Choose the most appropriate forms, have to, don’t have to, must, mustn’t, to complete the following
sentences.

1 I _____ leave early because I wasn't feeling well.

a. had to b. must c. have to

2 You _____ do something to solve this problem.

a. have to b. has to c. must

3 I don't like these clothes, but I _____ wear them at work.

a. must b. has to c. have to

4 Teacher: 'You _____ arrive on time for class.'

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 a. must b. mustn't c. have to

5 We didn't have money, so we _____ find a cash dispenser.

a. must b. had to c. have to

6 You ____ tell anyone; it's a secret.

a. don't have to b. have to c. mustn't

7 _____ pay for the car repair or did the insurance cover it?

a. Did you have to b. Do you have to c. Must you

8 We ______ leave now; it's 10 and the conference doesn't start until 12.

a. don't have to b. have to c. mustn't

9 We had an accident, but it was OK, we _____ go to the hospital.

a. didn't have to b. don’t have to c. mustn’t

10 The doctor has put me on a strict diet. I _____ eat more fruit and vegetables and do more exercise.

a. must b. have to c. 've to

Exercise 3

Read an interview with a woman about her job. Fill in the gaps with the verbs in brackets and the correct
forms of have to (affirmative, negative, interrogative) in present or past simple.

EXAMPLE:
Interviewer: What did you have to do(you/do) at home when you were a child?
Claire: I had to clean (clean) my room and make the bed every day.

Interviewer: 1_________________ (you/work) at night?

Claire: Yes, I 2 _________________ (work) night shifts once every three weeks.

Interviewer: 3 _________________ (you/work) long hours?

Claire: No, I 4 _________________ (not work) long hours, but I can do paid overtime if I want.

Interviewer: Before you started to work for this company, 5 _________________ (you/do) on-the-job
training?

Claire: Yes, and I 6 _________________ (study) a lot too.

Interviewer: What is the most difficult part of your job?

Claire: Well, I usually 7 _________________ (get up) very early and every three weeks I 8 _________________
(work) nights. In my previous job, a few years ago, I 9 _________________ (not work) night shifts and I 10
_________________ (not get up) so early.

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When do we use might and might not?

Might (not)= Maybe it is (not) true

We use might/might not when we think something is (not) or will (not) be true, but we aren’t sure.

 ‘Suzan isn’t answering the phone.’ ‘She might be in the garden.’

 The sky is clearing up. It might not rain this afternoon.
 They might win the competition.
I might (not)= It is possible that I will (not)

We say that someone might do something to mean that ‘it is possible that someone will do something‘.

 I might go for a run this afternoon. (=It’s possible that I will go for a run.)
 She might come to the conference.
We say that someone might not do something to mean that ‘it is possible that someone won’t do
something‘.

 I might not come to the party. (=It’s possible that I won’t come to the party.)
 He might not go to work tomorrow.
May, may not

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May= might

We can use may and may not instead of might and might not.

 She may be late for class this morning.

 They may not like your decision.
May I…?

We don’t often use might or may in questions. However, we can use may I in questions to ask for permission.

 May I sit here? (=Can I sit here?)

 May I come in?
When do we use might and might not?

Exercise 1: Complete each sentence using might, might not and one of the verbs in the box.

be get go have play spend rain remember stay win

1. 'Where are you going next summer?' 'We don't have any money, so we ____________________

anywhere.

2. 'Collin isn't at home.' 'He ____________________ in his office.'

3. He's trained very hard. I think he ____________________ the competition.

4. 'Why hasn't Nick called him?' 'He ____________________his number.'

5. If you don't take a map, you ____________________lost.

6. I don't feel like going out. I think I ____________________at home.

7. She ____________________what happened because she hit her head very hard.

8. Look at those clouds. It ____________________this afternoon.

9. If it doesn't rain, I ____________________tennis tomorrow.

10. He said he ____________________the money he won on a new car.

Exercise 2: Choose on the right option for each sentence.

1. Take some water with you.

a. We might be late. b. I might not go to the party tonight.

c. She might be stuck in traffic. d. You might get dehydrated.

e. There is a new restaurant we want to try.

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2. Don't wait for us.

a. We might be late. b. I might not go to the party tonight.

c. She might be stuck in traffic. d. You might get dehydrated.

e. There is a new restaurant we want to try.

3. We might eat out today.

a. We might be late. b. I might not go to the party tonight.

c. She might be stuck in traffic. d. You might get dehydrated.

e. There is a new restaurant we want to try.

4. Sally isn't at work yet.

a. We might be late. b. I might not go to the party tonight.

c. She might be stuck in traffic. d. You might get dehydrated.

e. There is a new restaurant we want to try.

5. I'm really tired and I need to rest.

a. We might be late. b. I might not go to the party tonight.

c. She might be stuck in traffic. d. You might get dehydrated.

e. There is a new restaurant we want to try.

6. If you don't get up early,

a. I may not watch it. b. You might cut yourself.

c. They might be brothers. d. He might not have his phone.

e. you might miss your plane.

7. He looks like Jonah.

a. I may not watch it. b. You might cut yourself.

c. They might be brothers. d. He might not have his phone.

e. you might miss your plane.

8. Be careful with those scissors.

a. I may not watch it. b. You might cut yourself.

c. They might be brothers. d. He might not have his phone.

e. you might miss your plane.

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9. He isn't answering.

a. I may not watch it. b. You might cut yourself.

c. They might be brothers. d. He might not have his phone.

e. you might miss your plane.

10. They say the film is not very good.

a. I may not watch it. b. You might cut yourself.

c. They might be brothers. d. He might not have his phone.

e. you might miss your plane.

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Zero Conditional

We use the zero conditional to talk about general truths or results that always happen if a condition is present.
We are talking in general, not about one particular situation.

 If the milk smells bad, I don’t drink it.

 If water reaches 100 degrees, it boils.
 If I’ve drunk, I never drive.
 If people are talking all the time, I can’t concentrate.
If we put the main clause at the beginning, we don’t use a comma between the two clauses.

 I never go to bed late if I have to get up early.

We can usually replace the if in this conditional with when without changing the meaning.

 Dogs can attack you when you are scared.

 When the weather is bad, people don’t go shopping.

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First conditional

If clause and main clause

All conditional sentences have two parts: the if clause and the main clause. It doesn’t matter which clause
comes first, but when the if clause comes first, we should put a comma after it.

 If it rains, we’ll stay home

 We’ll stay home if it rains.
If + present, future

In the first conditional, the verb in the if clause is present, and the verb in the main clause is future.

 If you don’t go to sleep, you’ll be very tired tomorrow.

The if clause may have a present or a future meaning, but the verb is always in the present (NOT future)

 If you will be a good boy tomorrow, mummy will buy you a present.

 If you are a good boy tomorrow, mummy will buy you a present.
Main clause: will, modal verb, imperative

In the main clause, we can also use may, might, can, must, should instead of will.

 If he doesn’t train harder, he may/might lose the championship.

 If your room is tidy, you can leave.

65
  If you want to lose weight, you must/should eat less sugary things.
We can also use an imperative instead of will.

 If you arrive after midnight, ring me on my mobile.

Unless = if (not)

We can also use unless in conditional sentences to mean if … (not)

I won’t go on holiday unless I save some money.

= I won’t go on holiday if I don’t save some money.

First vs zero conditional

We use the first conditional to talk about a particular situation, whereas we use the zero conditional to talk
about what happens in general.

 If you don’t use oil, it tastes awful. (=I’m talking about what happens every time.)
 If you don’t use oil, it will taste awful. (=I’m talking about this particular occasion.)
Exercise 1: Match and make sentences.

a) wear a coat 1) get wet

b) go to bed late 2) have an accident

c) touch a hot pan 3) not be cold

d) take an aspirin 4) be tired tomorrow

e) not take an umbrella 5) feel better

f) not hurry 6) burn yourself

g) drive too fast 7) lose it

8) leave your bag here 8) be late

1) If you wear a coat, you aren’t cold.

2) ______________________________________________________________________________.

3) ______________________________________________________________________________.

4) ______________________________________________________________________________.

5) ______________________________________________________________________________.

6) ______________________________________________________________________________.

7) ______________________________________________________________________________.

8) ______________________________________________________________________________.

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Exercise 2: Rewrite the sentences using “unless”.

1.-If he doesn’t come to the party, I’ll be really bored.

________________________________________________________________________________.

2.-You’ll make a lot of money if you sign the contract.

________________________________________________________________________________.

3.-We’ll talk to her if she apologizes.

________________________________________________________________________________.

4.- Her father won’t let her go out if she doesn’t promise to come before midnight.

________________________________________________________________________________.

5.-The baby will cry louder if you don’t give him some more milk.

________________________________________________________________________________.

6.-Your friends will get lost if they don’t buy a good map.

________________________________________________________________________________.

7.-Martha won’t buy her a new car if she doesn’t get her wages soon.

________________________________________________________________________________.

8.-That student will fail the exam if he doesn’t answer correctly.

________________________________________________________________________________.

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Future time clauses

When, as soon as, before, after, until

When we use a verb after when, as soon as, before, after or until to talk about the future, we have to use this
verb in the present tense (NOT future). We use the future in the other part of the sentence.

 I’ll retire when I will be 70.

 I’ll retire when I‘m 70.

 I won’t call you until I will arrive.

 I won’t call you until I arrive.

Similar to the first conditional

Future time clauses are similar to the first conditional. There’s a main clause and a when/after/etc. clause.
We use the verbs in these clauses like in the first conditional.

We use a comma when the when/after/etc. clause is at the beginning of the sentence. But we don’t use a
comma if the when/after/etc. clause is at the end of the sentence.

 I’ll retire when I’m 70.

 When I’m 70, I’ll retire.

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We use the present in the when/after/etc. clause, and we use the future in the main clause.

 Before you go to sleep, Daddy will tell you a story.

In the main clause, we can also use may, might, can, must, should or an imperative instead of will.

 As soon as you finish, you can leave.

 After you arrive, call me.

Exercise1: Choose the correct endings.

1. I’ll be very disappointed if a) she doesn’t leave now.

2. If she studies hard, b) you hurry.
3. She will be late if c) I’ll just wear a coat.
4. I will visit you if d) I will help him.
5. If it’s cold, e) you will understand me.
6. If I feel tired, f) he will need some money.
7. If he asks me nicely, g) you don’t pass this test.
8. If he goes out, h) I arrive early.
9. You will catch the bus if i) I usually go to bed early.
10. If you are smart enough, j) she’ll get an A in the exam.

1.___ 2. ___ 3. ___ 4. ___ 5. ___ 6. ___ 7. ___ 8. ___ 9. ___ 10. ___

Exercise 2: Circle the correct alternative.

1. She will stay at home if it rains / doesn’t rain.

2. I’ll use your computer if you mind / don’t mind.

3. If you are / aren’t here on time, we will leave without you.

4. If she leaves / doesn’t leave her bag there, someone will take it.

5. We’ll feel ill if we eat / don’t eat all these pies.

6. If she is / isn’t careful, she’ll hurt herself.

7. Sam will be happy if you take / don’t take him to Disney World.

8. We’ll miss our Math class if we run / don’t run.

9. If you pay / don’t pay attention in class, you will understand what the teacher says.

10. If he goes / doesn’t go to bed now, he’ll be tired tomorrow.

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Exercise3: Make sentences. Use the cues.

1. we / go / for hamburgers / as soon / as the film / end

We’ll go for hamburgers as soon as the film ends

2. I / go/ to bed / after / I / check / my Whatsapps

_____________________________________________________________________________________

3. we / text/ you / when / we / go to the shopping mall

_____________________________________________________________________________________

4. I / watch TV/ when / I finish/ my / homework

_____________________________________________________________________________________

5. we / make some sandwiches/ as soon as/ we / get/ home

_____________________________________________________________________________________

6. we / check / the weather forecast / before / we leave for holidays

_____________________________________________________________________________________

7. I / play games on my cell phone / while / I / wait / Anna

_____________________________________________________________________________________

8. we / watch / a film on Netflix/ after we have dinner

___________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 4: Choose the correct forms to complete the first conditional sentences and future time clauses
below.

1. How will you celebrate if you _____ the exams?

a. might pass b. will pass c. pass

2. When you see Tom, you ____ surprised to see how much he has changed.

a. are b. will be c. might

3. We won't find peace until we ____ who did this.

a. find b. will find c. should find

4. You will know what true love is as soon as you _____ it.

a. find b. will find c. may find

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5. If you don't believe me, _____ John.

a. ask b. you ask c. you will ask

6. If I _____ a job soon, I won't have enough money for the rent.

a. won't find b. don't find c. should find

7. I _____ it until I see it.

a. won't believe b. don't believe c. am not believing

8. If you open those files attached to your email, your computer ____ infected.

a. get b. gets c. might get

9. When I _____ older, I'll buy a Ferrari.

a. am b. might be c. will be

10. If he studies more, he _____ the exam.

a. pass b. 'll pass c. won’t pass

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Present and past simple passive

Active sentences vs passive sentences

When A does B, we have two possible ways of talking about it: active or passive. In active sentences, A is the
subject (before the verb). In passive sentences, B is the subject. Check the following examples:

Present simple

• Somebody cleans the classroom every day. (Active)

• The classroom is cleaned every day. (Passive)

Past simple

• Somebody cleaned the classroom yesterday. (Active)

• The classroom was cleaned yesterday. (Passive)

As you can see, the object of an active sentence is the subject of a passive sentence. In an active sentence, the
subject is the ‘doer’ of the action, and the object is the ‘receiver’ of the action. In a passive sentence, the
subject is the receiver of the action, NOT the doer. Compare:

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• Somebody broke the window.

• The window was broken (by someone).

In the first sentence, ‘somebody’ is the doer of the breaking, and in the second sentence, ‘the window’ is the
receiver of the breaking.

When do we use the passive?

The passive is more formal than the active, and it is more common in written language. We often use the
passive when we don’t know, when it is obvious, or when we don’t want to say who or what is responsible for
the action.

• A bank was robbed yesterday. (We don’t know who robbed the bank.)

• The robber was arrested last night. (It’s obvious that the police arrested the robber.)

• I was told that you insulted my brother. (I don’t want to say who told me.)

• Jurassic Park was filmed by Spielberg in 1993. (I’m talking about Jurassic Park and not about
Spielberg.)

Passive voice + by

We can use by to say who or what is responsible for the action.

• The painting was bought by a very rich American.

• Penicillin was invented by Alexander Fleming.

Present and past simple passive: ‘be’ + past participle

Exercise 1

Choose the correct present and past simple passive or active forms to complete the following text.

The earliest credible evidence of coffee-drinking 1 appears / is appeared in the middle of the 15th century in
Yemen. It was here in Arabia that roasted coffee seeds 2 boiled / were boiled for the first time. Coffee 3
prepared / was prepared then in a very similar way to how we 4 prepare / are prepared it in the present day.
Coffee 5 used / was used by Sufi circles to stay awake for their religious rituals.

In the 16th century, coffee 6 reached / was reached the rest of the Middle East, Persia, Turkey, and northern
Africa. And not long after that, coffee 7 exported / was exported to Italy and to the rest of Europe, and to the
Americas.

In Europe, coffee 8 arrived / was arrived in Venice first, and from Venice, it 9 introduced / was introduced to
the rest of Europe. Coffee became more widely accepted after Pope Clement VIII 10 said / was said that it was
a Christian beverage in 1600; many people wanted to ban coffee because they said it was a "Muslim drink". The
first European coffee house opened in Rome in 1645.

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Exercise 2

Transform the following active sentences into passive sentences without by.

1 Somebody found him in the South of Spain ⇒ He ___________________ in the South of Spain.

2 Did anyone lock the door last night? ⇒ ___________________ last night?

3 They paint the house every five years. ⇒ ___________________ every five years.

4 They made the robot with three sensors. ⇒ ___________________ with three sensors.

5 Someone found my keys in the street. ⇒ ___________________ in the street.

6 Someone injured two police officers during the incident. ⇒ ___________________ during the incident.

7 They postponed the match because of the rain. ⇒ ___________________ because of the rain.

8 They teach students to show respect. ⇒ ___________________ to show respect.

9 The major operators sell the mobile phones. ⇒ ___________________ by the major operators.

10 They learn something new every day. ⇒ ___________________ every day.

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Used to/ Didn’t use to

Used to

Past habits

We use used to to talk about past habits or things that happened repeatedly in the past but don’t happen
anymore.

 I used to play chess every day, but now I don’t play very often.
 When the economy was better, we used to eat out every week.
Past states

We use used to with non-action verbs (be, have, etc.) for past states: things that were true in the past but are
not true anymore.

 She used to be very shy when she was a child.

 I used to like her music, but now I hate it.
Didn’t use to, did you use to?

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We use did/didn’t + use to for negatives and questions.

 He didn’t use to travel a lot.

 ‘Did he use to live here?’ ‘Yes, he did.’
We can also use never for negatives

 We never used to argue.

Past simple vs used to

Past simple + always, usually, often, etc.

We can also use the past simple tense + frequency adverbs for past habits.

 I always met her at the bar down the street. (= I used to meet …)
 I usually had a big salad for dinner. (= I used to have …)
Past simple (NOT used to)

But we use the past simple (NOT used to) for actions that happened once or when we mention when they
happened.

 Last week, I used to meet her at the bar down the street.

 Last week, I met her at the bar down the street.

 I used to have a big salad for dinner last Sunday.

 I had a big salad for dinner last Sunday.

Usually or used to?

Used to is only used in the past. To talk about present habits, we should use the present simple tense
with usually or normally.

 I use get up very early at weekends.

 I usually get up very early at weekends.

 We don’t use to play on Sunday.

 We don’t usually play on Sunday.

Exercise 1: Complete the following sentences about how things used to be 50 years ago. Fill in the gaps with
the correct form of used to and the words in brackets.

1. Not too many people ____________________ (live) in the cities.

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2. Salaries ____________________ (be) much lower.

3. People ____________________ (not buy) so much stuff.

4. People ____________________ (not get) divorced.

5. People ____________________ (not eat) so much processed food; their diet was healthier.

6. People ____________________ (have) more children and at a younger age.

7. People ____________________ (not travel) so often, or they just didn't travel at all.

8. People ____________________ (write) letters because they didn't have computers.

9. People ____________________ (not live) together before getting married.

10. Families ____________________ (be) closer and more connected than they are today.

Exercise 2: Complete the text with used to, didn’t use to, did … to and the words in brackets.

Interviewer: What 1 ____________________ (you/be) like when you were a child?

Sally: I remember I 2 ____________________ (wear) very thick glasses, and I 3 ____________________ (be)
quite short and uncoordinated. To be honest, I 4 ____________________ (not like) myself very much.
However, I'd say I had a very happy childhood.

Interviewer: What 5 ____________________ (you/do) for fun?

Sally: Oh, I have great memories. We 6 ____________________ (not have) phones or technology of any kind
and the streets 7 ____________________ (be) safer than now, so we 8 ____________________ (play)
outdoors all the time.

Interviewer: 9 ____________________ (you/get) good marks in school?

Sally: Yes, I 10 ____________________ (study) very hard.

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Phrasal verbs: transitive and intransitive, separable and inseparable

Phrasal verbs consist of a verb + a preposition or an adverb. When we add the preposition or the adverb to
the verb, the original meaning of this verb changes. The adverb or preposition that we add to the verb is called
the ‘particle‘. Verb + particle = phrasal verb.

 wake + up = wake up

 sit + down = sit down

 throw + away = throw away

 pick + up = pick up

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  take + off = take off

Some phrasal verbs consist of a verb + two particles; for example:

 I am looking forward to my holiday.

 I get on with my father.

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Transitive verbs are verbs that need an object. The object is the receiver of the action, and it goes after the
verb. For example, in the sentence “I bought a T-shirt”, the verb is “buy”, and “a T-shirt” is the object because
it tells us what was bought. If you use a transitive verb without an object, the verb does not make sense
because it needs an object; for example:

 I bought.

 I bought a T-shirt.

 They wrote.

 They wrote a letter.

Intransitive verbs, on the other hand, are verbs that do not have an object. They describe an action or
occurrence that does not involve a direct object. Here are a few examples of intransitive verbs:

 He slept.

 She laughed.

 They danced.

The action described by these verbs is NOT done to anything or anybody; we do NOT *sleep something;
we just sleep.

Intransitive phrasal verbs – Inseparable

As we said, intransitive phrasal verbs have no object, and this means the verb and the particle are always
together; they cannot be separated. For this reason, intransitive phrasal verbs are called inseparable. Here are
some examples:

 I like to get up late.

 Joe isn’t here. He’s gone out.

 The price of oranges has gone up.

Transitive phrasal verbs – Separable

Transitive phrasal verbs need an object, and they can be separable or inseparable. When a phrasal verb is
separable, we can use either verb + particle + object or verb + object + particle.

 You need to put on your jacket.

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  You need to put your jacket on.

 I took off my shoes.

 I took my shoes off.

We can also replace the object with a pronoun, but then the object MUST go between the verb and the
particle.

 You need to put it on.

 You need to put on it.

 I took them off.

 I took off them.

Transitive phrasal verbs – Inseparable

Some other transitive phrasal verbs can NEVER be separated, even if the object is replaced by a pronoun.

 I am looking for my notebook.

 I am looking for it.

 I am looking my notebook for.

 I am looking it for.

Examples of each type of phrasal verb:

Intransitive phrasal verbs (Always inseparable).

 COME BACK: Jim is coming back from Italy soon.

 GET ALONG: My sister and I get along very well.

 GO AWAY: I told him to go away.

 GROW UP: He needs to grow up.

 HURRY UP: Please hurry up!

 STAND UP / WALK AWAY: I stood up and walked away.

Transitive separable phrasal verbs

 FILL IN: We filled our forms/them in. | We filled in our forms.

 LOOK UP: I looked the word/it up. | I looked up the word.

 PAY BACK: I paid the money/it back. | I paid back the money.

 THROW AWAY: I threw the bread/it away. | I threw away the bread.

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  CALL OFF: They called the concert off. | They called off the concert.

 TRY ON: I tried the dress/it on. | I tried on the dress.

 TURN ON: Please turn the light/it on. | Please turn on the light.

 TURN UP/DOWN: Can you turn the music/it up? | Can you turn up the music?

 WRITE DOWN: I wrote his name/it down. | I wrote down his name.

Transitive inseparable phrasal verbs

 GET ON WITH: I don’t get on with my brother/him.

 LOOK AFTER: I looked after the children/them.

 LOOK FOR: He is looking for his keys/them.

 SEARCH FOR: I searched for my ring/it.

 TAKE CARE OF: She takes care of the garden/it.

Phrasal verbs: transitive and intransitive, separable and inseparable

Exercise 1
Choose the correct phrasal verb forms to complete the sentences below.

1 I'm really _____.

a. looking my holiday forward to b. looking forward to my holiday c. Both A and B are correct

2 He _____ because he fell in love with another woman.

a. called the wedding off b. called off the wedding c. Both A and B are correct

3 My shoes were uncomfortable, so I _____.

a. took off them b. took them off c. Both A and B are correct

4 I helped Joe _____.

a. look for his keys b. look his keys for c. Both A and B are correct

5 The teacher gave us a form and told us to _____.

a. fill in it b. fill it in c. Both A and B are correct

6 She closed the door and _____.

a. turned up the music b. turned the music up c. Both A and B are correct

7 I didn't know the meaning of the word, so I _____.

a. looked up it b. looked it up c. Both A and B are correct

8 I have a good relationship with my cousins. I _____ very well.

a. get on them with b. get on with them c. Both A and B are correct

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9 The food didn't smell good, so I _____.
a. threw it away b. threw away it c. Both A and B are correct

10 As soon as I left the classroom, I _____.

a. turned my phone on b. turned on my phone c. Both A and B are correct

Exercise 2

Fill in the gaps with the phrasal verb in brackets in the present or past simple. Use a OBJECT PRONOUN IF
NECESSARY.

EXAMPLE: The light is on. Please turn it off when you leave. (turn off)

1 Before buying those shoes, you should really __________________. (try on)

2 At the end of the show, the audience __________________ and clapped. (stand up)

3 I dropped the pencil on the floor, then I __________________. (pick up)

4 Jean has a granddaughter. She __________________ every Saturday morning. (look after)

5 I hope to be much taller when I __________________. (grow up)

6 I took my jeans out of the wardrobe, then I __________________. (put on)

7 After losing my bag, I __________________ everywhere, but I couldn't find it. (look for)

8 If I forget milk out of the fridge for a few hours, I always __________________. (throw away)

9 I walked over to the sofa, then I __________________. (sit down)

10 When we discovered that the gold was missing, we __________________ for hours. (search for)

So….that & Such….that

The movie was so boring that John fell asleep.

It was such a boring movie that John fell asleep.

We use so with an adjective or adverb: We use such with an adjective and a noun:

The tea was so hot that she couldn’t drink it. It was such an interesting book that I read it in one
hour.
She speaks so quietly that you can’t hear her.

NOTE: When an uncountable noun or plural countable noun follows “such”, no article is used.

It was such nice food that we ate it all at once.

There are such good books in the market that I want to read them all.

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TASK 1. Fill in the blanks with so or such:

1. The weather was ____________ hot that we had to stay in our hotel.
2. The dessert is ____________ tasty that I can't put it down.
3. He was ____________ a nice person that everybody loved him.
4. There was ____________ heavy snow that all the roads were closed.
5. The house had ____________ beautiful view that he immediately rented it.

TASK 2. Join the sentences using so / such (a/an)…that as necessary.

1. The exam was hard. I'm sure I won't pass.

______________________________________________________________.

2. Skiing was a good experience. I decided to do it again.

______________________________________________________________.
3. It was very cold. We had to stop the game.
______________________________________________________________.
4. I'm having a wonderful time. I don't want to leave.
______________________________________________________________.
5. He is terribly rich. He can afford to buy almost anything.
______________________________________________________________.
6. She's got an excellent English accent. Everybody thinks she is British.
______________________________________________________________.

TASK 3. Rewrite the sentences using so / such (a/an)…that.

1. The play was so boring that we left early.

It was ____________________________________________________________________.
2. This book is so good that I can't put it down.
This is ____________________________________________________________________.
3. He eats such a lot of food that he is getting really fat.
He eats ___________________________________________________________________.
4. Nadal is such a good tennis player that he wins all his matches.
Nadal plays tennis __________________________________________________________.
5. The soup was so cold that we couldn’t eat it.
It was ____________________________________________________________________.

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Too & Enough

⮚ ‘Too’ comes before adjectives and adverbs. It shows something is more than needed or wanted, and it has
a negative meaning.

● too + adjective/adverb + to infinitive

e.g.: Tim is too old to join the basketball team. = Tim is very old, so he can’t join

the basketball team.

Tom ran too slowly to win the race.

● too + adjective/adverb + for somebody/something + to infinitive

e.g.: She is speaking too fast for me to understand her. = She is speaking very fast, so I
can’t understand her.

This ring is too expensive for me to buy.

This house is too small for us to live in.

⮚ ‘Enough’ comes after adjectives and adverbs, but before nouns. It shows there is the right amount of
something, and it has a positive meaning.

● adjective/adverb + enough + to infinitive

e.g.: You have to be 18 to smoke. We are old enough to smoke. (We are at least 18 years old.)

We are not old enough to smoke. (We are under 18 years old.)

I ran quickly enough to win the marathon.

I did not run quickly enough to win the marathon.

● adjective/adverb + enough + for somebody/something + to infinitive

e.g.: The soup was warm enough for me to eat. = the soup was the right temperature, so I
wanted to
eat it.

The mouse wasn’t slow enough for the cat to catch.

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 e.g.: The worker spoke slowly enough for the tourist = The worker spoke at the right speed,

to understand. so the tourist understood him.

The perfume smelled beautiful enough for the woman to buy.

She is not experienced enough for the company to give her a job.

My father did not explain the rules of Backgammon clearly for me to learn.

● enough + noun + to infinitive

e.g.: We have got enough money to go on holiday this year. = We have got the right amount of

money, so we can go on holiday.

There is not enough food to have dinner with 20 people.

• enough + noun + for somebody/something + to infinitive

e.g.: The bookstore has enough books for the students to buy. = The bookstore has the right
amount
books, so all of the students can
buy
a book.

There is not enough food for everyone to eat.

TASK 1. Combine the sentences using too or enough. Some sentences are negative.

1. He has the right amount of energy. He will be a good kindergarten teacher. (enough)
___________________________________________________________________________________

2. These shoes are very small. I cannot wear them. (too/for)

___________________________________________________________________________________

3. I arrived late. I couldn’t see the beginning of the movie. (too)

___________________________________________________________________________________

4. They have got plenty of space. They can have a party. (enough)
___________________________________________________________________________________

5. Paul is rich. He can buy a yacht. (enough)

___________________________________________________________________________________

6. It’s hot outside. You can’t wear a coat. (too)

___________________________________________________________________________________

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7. Mary is only a little beautiful. The modelling company won’t give her a job. (enough/for)
___________________________________________________________________________________

8. The pool has the right amount of water in it. We can swim. (enough/for)
___________________________________________________________________________________

9. I am very old. I can’t wear skinny jeans. (too)

___________________________________________________________________________________

10. The singer sings very loudly. I do not enjoy her music. (too/for)
___________________________________________________________________________________

11. I am not very strong. I cannot carry this heavy box. (enough)
___________________________________________________________________________________

12. He was very drunk. He couldn’t answer my question. (too)

___________________________________________________________________________________

TASK 2. Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets. Some words will change.

1. He is too short to be a basketball player. (enough)

___________________________________________________________________________________

2. The exam was too difficult to pass. (enough)

___________________________________________________________________________________

3. The robber didn’t run fast enough to escape the police. (too)
___________________________________________________________________________________

4. You aren’t old enough to drive a car. (too) _________________________________________________

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Purpose Clauses

Clauses of purpose tell the purpose of an action. They explain why someone does something. They are
introduced with the following words/expressions:

 to –infinitive
She went shopping to look for some new clothes.

He went on a diet to lose weight.

 in order to / so as to + infinitive (formal)

She went to the market in order to buy some milk.

He went to France so as to practice his French language skills.

NOTE: In negative sentences, we use in order not to or so as not to.

We took a taxi in order not to be late.

She went on a diet so as not to be fat.

 so that/in order that + can/will (about the present or future)

We are leaving now so that we can arrive early.

Emma has booked a first-class plane ticket in order that she can travel comfortably.

He’s going to study all weekend so that he will be ready for his exam on Monday.

 so that/in order that + could/would (about the past)

He recorded the match in order that he could watch it later.

She stayed at work late so that she could complete the project.

She hid the presents in order that the children wouldn’t find them.

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TASK 1. Use the words in brackets to rewrite the sentences.

1. He drove the car out of the garage. He wanted to wash it. (to)
___________________________________________________________________________________.

2. Bob went to the doctor. He wanted to get some medicine. (so as to)
___________________________________________________________________________________.

3. My parents gave me some money. I want to buy a car. (in order to)
___________________________________________________________________________________.

4. She is studying medicine. She wants to become a doctor. (so that)

___________________________________________________________________________________.

5. We put the letters on the table. We didn’t want to forget to post them. (so as not to)
___________________________________________________________________________________.

6. Tony became a police officer. He wanted to help his community. (so that)
___________________________________________________________________________________.

7. She put on sun cream. She didn’t want to get sunburnt. (in order not to)
___________________________________________________________________________________.

8. Mark called Ben. He wanted to ask him for some advice. (to)
___________________________________________________________________________________.

9. We will pay for your classes. You can focus on your lessons. (in order that)
___________________________________________________________________________________.

10. I wore boots because I didn’t want my feet to get wet. (so that)
___________________________________________________________________________________.

11. Sarah went to London. She visited her mother. (to)

___________________________________________________________________________________.

12. Izmir built a tramway system. This improved public transportation. (in order to)
___________________________________________________________________________________.

13. We’re going to buy a car. We can travel around the city more easily. (in order that)
___________________________________________________________________________________

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TASK 2. Fill in the gaps with the correct word. Write only ONE WORD.

1. I’m giving you my number so ________ you can call me later.

2. I bought a car so ______ not to take the bus every day.
3. The mother entered the bedroom quietly in______not to wake up the baby.
4. Q: Why are you going to England?
A: _____order to learn English quickly

5. People use ovens ______ make bread.

6. I am studying every day in order _______ I will pass my math exam tomorrow.
7. Q: Why did you go to Trabzon last weekend?
A: _____ visit my family
8. Last year, Tommy got a job so that he _______ pay for his classes.
9. I wear earphones ______ that other people can’t hear my music.
10. I eat a lot of fruit so that I ______ live a long and healthy life.

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