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8th Physics Ch-Light Notes (2)

The document discusses the formation and characteristics of images by plane mirrors, including concepts like lateral inversion and multiple reflections. It explains the functions of periscopes and kaleidoscopes, which utilize multiple reflections, and describes the dispersion of light and its effects, such as rainbows. Additionally, it details the structure and functioning of the human eye, including its various parts and their roles in vision.

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7 views4 pages

8th Physics Ch-Light Notes (2)

The document discusses the formation and characteristics of images by plane mirrors, including concepts like lateral inversion and multiple reflections. It explains the functions of periscopes and kaleidoscopes, which utilize multiple reflections, and describes the dispersion of light and its effects, such as rainbows. Additionally, it details the structure and functioning of the human eye, including its various parts and their roles in vision.

Uploaded by

idhantjainisop
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Formation of the image by a plane mirror

Characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror are the following:


 The image is virtual and erect.
 It has the same size as that of the object.
 The distance of the image in the plane mirror is equal to the distance of the object from the
mirror.
 The image is laterally inverted.
What is lateral inversion?
Lateral Inversion
When an image is formed in a mirror the, the left side of the object appears at the right side of the
image and vice versa. This is called a lateral inversion.

Note – The word AMBULANCE on the hospital vans is written in the form of its mirror image

as .
This is because when we are driving our car and see the hospital van coming from behind in our rear-
view mirror, then we will get the laterally inverted image of and read it as
AMBULANCE. Since an ambulance carries seriously ill patients, we can make way for it to pass
through and reach the hospital quickly.
Multiple Reflection-
Multiple reflections can be obtained by placing more than one mirrors at certain angles to each other
which results in reflection of light for multiple times between the reflecting surfaces. This phenomenon
is used in certain scenarios such as:
 In a Periscope to see hidden objects.
 In a kaleidoscope to see beautiful patterns.
 In a barbershop to see the back of the head of a person getting a haircut.

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What is a Periscope?
 A Periscope is an instrument that is used to look at objects that are not in the line of sight of the
observer.
 In other words, it is used to see objects that are hidden.
 The Periscope works on the phenomena of multiple reflections of light.
 Inside the periscope, there are two mirrors that are inclined at an angle of 45
 Periscopes are generally used in submarines, tanks and bunkers by the soldiers.

(Structure of a Periscope)

What is a Kaleidoscope?
Kaleidoscope is an instrument containing loose bits of coloured material (glass of pla stic)
between two flat plates and two plane mirror so placed that changes of position of the bits of
material are reflected in an endless variety of patterns.

Structure of a Kaleidoscope
 It is a device that works on the phenomena of multiple reflections with the help of multiple mirrors.
 It has a cylindrical structure with three plane mirrors inside it.
 It contains several pieces of beads, broken glass, colourful bangles, pebbles etc.
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 The observer can look into the Kaleidoscope from one end and the light enters into the
Kaleidoscope from the other end.
 When the light falls upon these objects in the Kaleidoscope, multiple reflections of these objects
are created in the three Mirrors.
 This results in the formation of beautiful and colourful patterns.
 Since the reflection of light is not always the same the observer never sees a similar pattern
in the kaleidoscope.
Sunlight - white or coloured
 The sun is the biggest source of light on the earth.
 The sunlight is white in colour however this white light often disperses into several colours which
results in different colours of the sky at different times of the day.
 The white light consists of seven colours namely VIBGYOR (violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow,
orange and red).
 This arrangement of seven colours of a white light is called as Spectrum.
 All these colours mixed together and form the white light. However, due to the reflection of light,
the seven colours can split and be seen as separate colours rather than a single white light.
 This phenomenon of the splitting of light into its constituents is called Dispersion of light.

Dispersion of Light
 Examples of dispersion of light:
 Formation of rainbow due to the dispersion of white light through the water droplets.
 Passing of Sunlight through a prism
 Dispersion of light through the soap Bubbles
 Dispersion of light on the CDs

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Human Eye
The human eye is a spherically shaped sense organ (diameter about 2.3 cm) that gives the sense of
sight and helps us perceive colours and depth.

The structure and working of the human eye


 Eyes are sensory organs that allow us to see things present in the environment.
 The eyes absorb the light rays and form a visual image and transform this information of the image
to the brain.
 The eye has a spherical structure which is called the eyeballs. The eyeballs are attached in
the eye socket and various muscles are connected to them called the eye muscles. These
are muscles allow the movement of the eyeballs.
 The eyes are protected with eyelids. They prevent an excess of light and dust to enter into
the eyes and therefore save the eyes from any outer objects.

The parts of the human eye


(1) Cornea - It is a transparent covering present on the outer side of the eyes. It consists of 6 layers.
Tear fluid covers cornea and protects the eye.
(2) Iris - It is a dark coloured muscular structure present in the centre of the cornea. The Iris consists
of a small opening call Pupil through which the light enters into the eye. The Iris has colourful
pigments like grey, blue, black, green, brown etc. The amount of light that enters the eye is
controlled by the Iris. In other words, Iris controls the Pupil.
(3) Lens - It is like a sphere of liquid present inside the eye. The eye lens is located behind the Pupil
which helps in the formation of an image in the eye.
(4) Retina- Retina is a layer located behind the lens at the back of the eye. The eye lens focuses the
light that enters into the eye over the retina. The retina consists of different Nerve cells that
perform different tasks. There are sensory cells that detect the light. They then transform that
information into an electrical impulse. These electrical impulses are sent to the brain via the optic
nerve. Two types of vision cells in the retina are:
(5) Rods or chopsticks - They get activated in darkness or dim-light and the responsible for light-
dark vision.
(6) Cones - they react to bright light and therefore sense colour in an object.
(7) Vitreous Chamber - The inner space of the eyeball called the transparent vitreous chamber
consists of a gel-like substance. This substance maintains the right pressure in the eye and
maintains the stability of the eyeball.

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