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TYPES-OF-MULTILINGUALISM

The document outlines various types of multilingualism, categorizing individuals based on their language acquisition and proficiency. It includes definitions for early and late learners, simultaneous and sequential acquisition, as well as balanced, dominant, subordinate, coordinate, and compound multilinguals. Additionally, it distinguishes between folk and elite multilinguals, and describes additive, subtractive, incipient, receptive, and productive language users.

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7 views

TYPES-OF-MULTILINGUALISM

The document outlines various types of multilingualism, categorizing individuals based on their language acquisition and proficiency. It includes definitions for early and late learners, simultaneous and sequential acquisition, as well as balanced, dominant, subordinate, coordinate, and compound multilinguals. Additionally, it distinguishes between folk and elite multilinguals, and describes additive, subtractive, incipient, receptive, and productive language users.

Uploaded by

alwinaure22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TYPES OF MULTILINGUALISM:

Early A person who acquires more than one language in the pre-
adolescent phase of life.
Late A person who acquires a second language after the pre-adolescent
phase of life.
Simultaneous A person who acquires two or more languages at around the same
time, early in life.
Sequential A person who acquires two or more languages at different stages of
his life, one after the other.
Balanced A person who has similar degrees of proficiency and mastery in two
or more languages.
Dominant A person who has greater proficiency in one language (usually his
first language) compared to the other languages he knows.
Subordinate A person who understands and interprets his additional languages
through the semantic system of his first language. He may know two
or more languages, each with their own vocabularies, but he relates
them to the concepts he has formed in his first language.
Coordinate A person who uses separate semantic systems for the two or more
languages he knows. Usually arises if the person learns the
languages in different contexts (e.g. one in the home, the other in the
community, or one from the father and one from the mother, etc.).
Compound A person who uses one semantic system for the two or more
languages he knows. Usually arises if the person learns the
languages in the same context (e.g. both in the home, or both in the
community), thereby developing one notion/concept for equivalent
verbal expressions in the languages he knows.
Folk (also known as A member of a minority language community which does not have
Natural or high social status and who learns additional languages by
Circumstantial) requirement or circumstance.

Elite (also known as A member of a majority language community with high social status
Academic or Elective) that learns one or more languages by choice, usually for added
social/economic benefit.

Additive A person who learned or can learn an additional language or


languages without losing proficiency in their first language.
Subtractive A person whose first language proficiency was negatively impacted
in the process of learning and additional language or languages.
Incipient A person just beginning to learn an additional language besides his
first language, with basic understanding and little or no speaking
ability.
Receptive A person who can understand another language besides his first
language, but cannot speak it. Such a person can also be called a
“passive” bi/multilingual.
Productive A person who can understand and speak another language besides
his first language.

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