3.

0 MAGNETISM
3.1 The magnetic field:
A magnetic Field is a region or space in which:
a) a magnetic dipole (magnet) experiences a force.
b) a current carrying conductor experiences a force or a moving charge experiences a
force
c) an emf is induced in a moving conductor
Field lines are used to represent the direction and magnitude of the magnetic field. The strength
of the magnetic field is proportional to the density of the field lines.
The direction o the magnetic field is represented by the magnetic field lines. The magnetic field
lines are taken to pass through the magnet, emerging from the North Pole and returning via the
South Pole. The lines are continuous and do not cross each other.

S N

Magnetic fields due to a straight wire carrying current

Current out of paper Current into paper

 x

Maxwell’s right hand rule:

This is used to find the direction of the field.
If one grasps the current carrying straight wire in the right hand with the thumb pointing in the
direction o current, then the fingers curl pointing in the direction of the magnetic field.
Magnetic field due to a current carrying circular coil

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 x
Magnetic fields near the center of the circular coil are uniform hence the magnetic field lines are
nearly straight and parallel.
Magnetic fields due to a solenoid
A solenoid can be viewed as consisting o many circular coils, wound very closely to each other.

S N

Use right hand grip to determine direction of field. (fingers show direction of current; thumb
direction)
In the middle of the solenoid, the magnetic field lines are parallel to the axis of the solenoid. At
the ends of the solenoid, the lines diverge from the axis. The magnetic field due to a current
carrying solenoid resembles that of a bar magnet. The polarities of the field are identified by
looking at the ends of the solenoid. If current flow is clockwise, the end of the solenoid is South
pole, and if anticlockwise then it is North pole.

3.2 Magnetic force due to a current carrying conductor in the magnetic

field
When a current carrying conductor is placed in the magnetic field, a force is exerted on it.
Experiments show that the magnitude o the force exerted is proportional to:-
i) the current I in the conductor
ii) the length, l, of the conductor
iii) the strength of the magnetic field by a quantity called magnetic flux density, B.
iv) Sin , Where  is the angle between the conductor and the magnetic field.

I
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θ B
FBIlSin
F  kBIlSin Where k = constant o rotation.
The unit of B is the Tesla(T)
The Tesla is the magnetic flux density in a magnetic field when the conductor of length 1m,
carrying a current of 1A, at right angles to the magnetic field is 1N.
When B =1T then F = 1N, I = 1A, l = 1m,  = 900
1 = k x1 x 1 x 1 x 1
k=1
Therefore F  BIl sin 

The direction of the force carrying current in the magnetic field is determined using Fleming’s
left hand rule.
If the thumb, the 1st finger and the 2nd finger of the left hand are positioned mutually at right
angles, with the 1st finger pointing in the direction of the magnetic field and the 2nd finger
pointing in the direction of current, then the thumb points in the direction o the force.
3.4 Force of a charge in a magnetic field.
Consider a wire o length l, carrying a current I, in a uniform magnetic field o flux density B.
I

θ B

F
The current I  neAV where n is the number of electrons per unit volume, A is the cross-
sectional area, V is the drift velocity of electrons, and e is the electron charge.
The magnetic force on the wire F  BIl sin 
but I =neAV.

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Hence F  BneAV l sin 
but nAl = N= total number of electrons.
F  BNeV sin 
but Ne = total charge = q
F  BqV sin  force on any charged particle.
Force on one electron; F  BeV sin 
The force on any charged particle is F  BqV sin  .

If the particles velocity is at right angles to B,   90 0

Hence F  BqV
F
B
qV

Hence magnetic flux density B at a point in a magnetic field, is the force exerted on a charge o
1C, moving with a velocity of 1ms-1, at right angles to the magnetic field.

3.5 Motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field

Suppose a positively charged particle is projected with velocity V at right angles to a uniform
magnetic field o flux density B.

x x x x Vx
x x x x x
x x x x x
x x Fx x x
x x x x x
x x x x x

The force F  BqV at right angles to V(using Fleming’s left hand rule.)
dk
The rate of change of Kinetic energy (K.E)  F  V  0 since (F is perpendicular to V)
dt
Where k = kinetic energy.

Hence k  1 2 mV 2  constant

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It follows that the speed of the charged particle remains constant. Hence the particle moves in a
circular path.
For circular motion
mV 2 mV
 BqV . Hence r 
r Bq
2 r 2m
Period T   2  
 V Bq
1 Bq
Frequency, f  
T 2m

The kinetic energy of the particle is k  1 mV 2

2
Bqr
but V 
m
B2q2r 2
k1
2 m

3.6 Torque on a current carrying coil in a uniform magnetic field

Consider a rectangular coil carrying a current I, in a uniform magnetic field of flux density B.
Suppose the plane o the coil makes an angle  with the magnetic field.

I f
θ B
e F2
I
F1
B B
l
F1
I F2
g
B
h I
b

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By Fleming’s left hand rule, the force on the side ef on the coil is F1  BIb sin  , vertically

downwards, whereas the force on hg is F1  BIb sin  , vertically upwards.

The forces F1, compress the coil and are resisted by the coil’s rigidity. On the side eh, F 2 BIl,

into the plane. The force on fg is F 2 BIl, perpendicularly out of the plane o the figure. The
forces on eh and fg are equal and opposite and hence constitute a couple. The moment of this
couple, is the torque.

F1 b

θ
 bcosθ
F1

Torque,   F1  b cos
but F 1 BIl,
  BIlb cos
but lb = A, cross-sectional area of coil.
  BIAcos
For a coil of N turns   NBIAcos .
  NIBAcos .
If α is the angle between the field and the normal to the plane of the coil, then
    900
  900   
  NBIAcos900   
  NIBAsin 
m  NIA is called the magnetic moment of the coil.
When B  1,  0 0

  NIA Magnetic moment = NIA

Therefore m, the magnetic moment is the torque exerted on a coil when it is placed with its plane
parallel to a field of magnetic flux density 1T.

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3.7 MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER

Linear scale

Light pointer

I
S2

C
N S

S1 I
Jewelled bearing
Coil of fine insulated
copper wire wound on an
alluminum former

A moving coil galvanometer consists of a rectangular coil of fine insulated copper wire wound
on an aluminium frame and pivoted by means of jewel bearing in a radial magnetic field
provided by concave soft iron pieces of a powerful permanent magnet. In between the pole
pieces lies a cylindrical core C of soft iron.
S1 and S2 are springs that provide a resisting torque on the coil and from inlets and outlets for
current to be measured.
When the current I, to be measured is passed through the coil via spring S1, the torque on coil is
  BANI ; since   0 for radial fields.
The coil will turn until the restoring torque due to twist in the springs is equal to   BANI .
The restoring torque is directly proportional to the deflection  of the coil,
hence restoring torque = k .
Where k is the torsional constant.
Hence k  BANI .

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  BAN

I k

is the current sensitivity.
I
A radial field in that field in which the plane of the coil in all position remain parallel to the
direction of the magnetic field.
Hence   I therefore a linear scale is obtained.
 
Factors affecting sensitivity  
I
A galvanometer is said to be sensitive if it shows a large deflection when a small current passes
through it. Hence to obtain a large sensitivity:-
i) N should be large (number of turns)
ii) Area, A should be large
iii) B should be large (strong magnetic field)
iv) k should be small (hence use weak springs which can easily turn)
Note
1: Since large A and N imply a bigger and heavier coil, and yet a large B implies a small
gap between the poles of the permanent magnet, a compromise must be sought.
2: The magnetic field is made radial so as to obtain a linear scale.
3: The coil is wound on a metal frame so that eddy currents induced in the coil when it is in
motion cause damping, thus making the instrument dead beat.
(Dead beat means that coil comes to rest in the shortest time possible)
If a coil just moves to its final position without oscillating about it, it is said to have a dead beat
action.
The aluminium frames help damp oscillations of the coil so that the coil doesn’t oscillate.
To achieve a linear scale, the magnetic field is made radial by making the poles semi-circular
and placing the soft iron cylinder at the center or between the poles.
The soft iron also helps to concentrate the field.
Eddy currents are formed when a conductor is rotated in a uniform field or placed in a changing
field.

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3.8 MAGNETIC FLUX
Consider an area A, the normal of which makes an angle  with the uniform magnetic field of
flux density B.

B
B
θ
B

Normal

The component of B along the normal to the area is B cos . The product   A B cos  is
called the magnetic flux through the area. Hence magnetic flux is the product of the area and the
magnetic flux density along the normal to the area.
If the magnetic field is perpendicular to the area A, then magnetic flux   AB cos ,

but   0 . Thus B 
A
Magnetic flux density is the magnetic flux threading an area of 1 m2, placed with its plane
perpendicular to the magnetic field.
For a coil of N turns, the total flux linking the coil is called the magnetic flux linkage. The unit of
magnetic flux is the Webber (Wb).
Magnetic flux linkage   N  NAB cos

3.9 Magnetic flux density of current carrying conductors

(i) Magnetic flux density at a point a distance d from a long straight wire carrying
current, I.

d B
x

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 0 I
B where  0 is the permeability in free space.
2d
 0  4  10 7 Hm 1 
(ii) Magnetic flux density at the center of a circular path of N turns each of turns each
of radius R and carrying a current I.

B R

 0 NI
B
2R
(iii) Magnetic flux density along the axis of a long solenoid of n turns per meter, each
carrying a current I.
 o NI
B   0 nI 
l
Where N is the number of turns and l is the length o the solenoid.

3.10 Magnetic force in a current carrying straight line

Consider a single straight wire carrying current at right angles to a uniform magnetic field.
Weak field
F= BIL
X

Strong Field
X is neutral point
The magnetic force F  BIl on the wire is in that direction which would take the wire from the
region of strong field of weak field.
Magnetic field due to two straight wires carrying current in the same direction

X is neutral point
 F X F 

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A force on each wire acts from a region of strong field hence straight parallel wires carrying
current to the same direction attract i.e. “like currents attract”
Magnetic field due to straight wires carrying unlike current

F  x F

“Unlike currents repel”

Magnitude of the force between two wires carrying current.
Consider like currents.

I2
I1

B2  F1 F2 x B1

(2)
(1)
0 I 2
The magnetic flux density B2 due to current I2 is given by B2  .
2d
 0 I1 I 2
The force per unit length F1 on wire 1 due to current I1 is given by F1  B2 I1 
2d
 0 I1
The magnetic flux density B1 due to current I1 is given by B1  .
2d
 0 I1 I 2
The force per unit length F2 on wire 2 due to current I2 is given by F2  B1 I 2 
2d
 0 I1 I 2
Hence F1 = F2 = F 
2d

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  0 I1 I 2
Hence F1 = F2 =
2d
If I1 = I2 = 1A, d = 1m,
 0 4  10 7
then F    2  10 7 Nm 1
2 2
Hence the ampere is the steady current which when maintained in each of the two straight and
parallel conductors of infinite length and negligible cross section area separated by 1m in a
vacuum, produces between the conductors a force of 2x10-7 Nm-1.

3.12 Absolute measurement of current using the current balance

H

D C
Zero adjuster  E
E

m
 L 
A
G
M

A K

With no current flowing the zero adjuster is adjusted until plane ALCD is horizontal. The switch
is closed, so that current flows through ALCD and EHGM in series. The conductors HG and CL
repel, masses m are added to the scale pan to make ALCD horizontal again. The magnetism
u0 I 2 l
force between force between HG and CL, F  where l is the length of HG and CL and d is
2d
the suspension of HG and CL when I is 0. The separation d is measured using a traveling
microscope.
The apparatus is arranged so that the distance of the scale pan from AD is equal to the
distance CL from AD.
 0 I 2l
Hence mg  .
2d
2dmg 2dmg
I2  
0l 4x10 7 l

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 dmg
I
2 x10 7 l

Advantage over ordinary pointer ammeter

- it gives an accurate method because it involves measurement of fundamental quantities of
length and mass.
Disadvantages
- It is not portable
- It doesn’t give direct readings and requires a skilled person.
Examples 10cm
1. Y W rider
2cm 10cm

X Z
I

A rectangular wire WXYZ is balanced horizontally so that the length XY is at the center at a
circular coil of 500 turns of means radius 10cm. The a current I is passed through XY and the
circular coil, a rider of mass 5x10-4kg has to be placed at a distance of 9.0cm from WZ to restore
balance.
Find the value of I.
Taking moments about WZ.
Fx10 = mgx9

F9 mg
10
But F  BIl
u 0 NI
B
2R
u 0 NIl 9
Hence F   mg.
2R 10
0.9 x5 x10 4 x9.8 x 2 x10 x10 2
I2 
4x10 7 x500 x 2 x10  2
I 2  7.019x101
I  8.38 A

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2. A current o 1.0A flows in a long solenoid o 100 turns per meter. If the solenoid has a mean
diameter of 80cm, find the magnetic flux linkage on one meter length of the solenoid.
 0 NI 410 1 10001
B  = 1.275x10-3
l 1

  NAB cos  1000 x40 x10 2  xx1.275 x10 3 x1 = 6.317 x10 1Wb .
2

3. Two parallel wires each of length 75cm are placed 1.0cm apart. When the same current is
passed through the wires, a force of 5.0x 10-5N develops between the wires. Find the magnitude
of the current.
 0 I1 I 2l
F
2d
5 4  10 7  I 2  0.75
5  10 
2  .01
I
4. A small circular coil of 10 turns and mean radius of 2.5cm is mounted at the center of a long
solenoid. If the current in the solenoid is 2.0A, Calculate:-
(i) The magnetic flux density inside the solenoid.
(ii) The initial torque on the circular coil when a current of1.0A is passed through it.
(i) B   0 nI

= 4x10 7 x750x20
= 1.88x10-3T
(ii)   NIBAcos
  NIBA
 1.88 x10 3 xx0.25  x10 x1
2

=3.7x10-5Nm
5. (i) Sketch the magnetic field due to two long parallel conductors carrying respective currents
of 12A and 8A in the same direction. (see notes)
(ii) If the wires are 10cm apart, find where a third parallel wire also carrying a current must be
placed so that the force it experiences is zero.

I2 = 8A
I1 = 12A

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F1 F2
x
Let the third wire carry current I and be x m from wire carrying a current of 12A.
F1 is force exerted on wire due to current 12A, F2 is force exerted on wire due to current of 8A.
 0 I1 I 2l
F
2d
 0  12 Il  0 8Il
F1  , F2 
2x 2 0.1  x 
If net force is zero , then F1 = F2
 0  12 Il  0  8Il
Hence, 
2x 2 0.1  x 
12 8

x 0.1  x 
x  0.06m
Exercise
1. The coil of a galvanometer is 0.02m by 0.08m. It consists of 200 turns o wire and is in a
magnetic field of 0.2T. The restoring torque constant of the suspension is 1x10-5 Nm per degree.
Assuming the magnetic field is radial.
(i) What is the maximum current that can be measured by the galvanometer if the scale
accommodates a 450 deflection?
(ii) What is the smallest current that can be detected if the minimum observed deflection of 0.10
(7.03x10-3A, 1.56x10-5A)
2 . A moving coil galvanometer has the following characteristics.
- Number of turns = 80
- Area o the coil = 50mm2
- Flux density of the radial field = 0.2T.
- Torsional constant of the suspension wire = 5x10-9Nm rad-1
- Resistance of the coil = 20

15 | P a g e
Calculate the angular deflection provided by
(i) a current of 0.01mA (1.6rad)
(ii) a p.d of 0.01mV. (0.08rad)
3. A lat circular coil of 50 turns of mean diameter 40cm is in a fixed vertical plane and has a
current of 5Aflowing through it. A small coil 1cm square and having 120 turns is suspended at
the center of the circular coil in a vertical plane at an angle of 300 to that o the larger coil.
Calculate the torque that would act on the small coil when it carries a current o 2ma.
(9.42x10-9)
4. A square coil of side 1.2cm and with 20 turns of fine wire is mounted centrally inside and with
its plane parallel to the axis of the long solenoid which has 50 turns per cm. The current in the
coil is 70mA and the current
Squarein the solenoid is 6.2A.
coil

Find
(i) the magnetic flux density inside the coil
(ii) the torque on the square coil

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 3.13 HALL EFFECTS
A current carrying conductor in a magnetic field has a small potential difference across its sides
at right angles to the field.


D C
+ + + + ++
I
- - - - - - - t
mV A G
B

Consider a metal slab carrying current in a magnetic field. The flow of electrons is in opposite
direction to a convectional current. If the metal is placed in a magnetic field B, at right angles to
the face ACDG of the slab and directed out of paper, a force BeV then acts on each electron in
the direction from CD to AG. (Fleming’s left hand rule)
Therefore electrons accumulate along then side AG of the metal making AG negatively charged
and DC positively charged. Hence a p.d or emf which opposes the electron low is set up. This
effect is called the hall effect (i.e. of producing this emf)
The flow o electrons across ceases when the emf reaches a particular value called hall voltage.
The magnitude of Hall Voltage
VH e
Force on each electron  Ee  where VH is the hall voltage.
d
This force which is directed upwards from AG to DC is equal to the force produced by the
magnetic field, when the electrons are in equilibrium. i.e. when the electrons are not deflected.
Hence in equilibrium; Ee  Bev
E  Bv
VH
 Bv
d

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 VH  Bvd
I
The drift velocity of the electrons is given by v 
neA

BId
VH  But A=txd.
neA

BId BI
VH   .
netd net

Note: The Hall Effect provides a practical method of measuring magnetic flux density. A given
strip (hall probe) is calibrated by measuring the hall voltage V0 to a given current in a magnetic
field of known magnetic flux density B0. The magnetic flux density B of the unknown magnetic
field can then be determined by placing the strip in the magnetic field and measuring the hall
voltage V.

B0 I BI
Vo  V 
net net

V B

V0 B0

Exercise
1. A metallic strip of width 2.5cm and thickness 0.1cm carries a current of 10amps. When a
magnetic is applied normally to the broad side of the strip, a hall voltage of 2mV develops. Find
the magnetic flux density if the conduction electron density is 6.0x1028m-3.

2. A metal strip 2cm wide and 0.1cm tick carries a current of 20A at right angles to a uniform
magnetic field of flux density 2T. The hall voltage is 4.27mV.
B
Calculate
I (i) the drift velocity of the electrons in the strip
0.1cm
2 cm
18 | P a g e
 (ii) the number density of charge carries in the strip.

(i) VH  Bvd

VH 4.27 x10 6
v  2
 1.067 x10 4 ms 1
Bd 2 x10 x 2

BI
(ii) VH 
net

3.14 ASSIGNMENT

1. A vertical straight conductor X of length 0.5m is situated in a uniform horizontal

magnetic filed of 0.1T. (i) Calculate the force on X when a current of 4A is passed
into it. Draw a sketch showing the directions of the current, filed and force.
(ii) Through what angle must X be turned in a vertical plane so that the force on X
is halved?

2. a straight horizontal rod X, of mass 50 g and length 0.5 m, is placed in a uniform

horizontal magnetic field of 0.2T perpendicular to X. Calculate the current in X if
the force acting on it just balances its weight. Draw a sketch showing the directions
of the current field and force.

3. A narrow vertical rectangular coil is suspended from the middle of its upper side
with its plane parallel to a uniform horizontal magnetic field of 0.02T. The coil has
10 turns and lengths of its vertical and horizontal sides are 0.1m and 0.05m
respectively.
(i) Calculate the torque on the coil when a current of 5A is passed into it.
(ii) What would be the new value of the torque if the plane of the vertical coil was
initially at 60º to the horizontal as shown below?

4. a horizontal rod PQ, of mass 10 g and length 0.10 m, is placed on a smooth

plane inclined at 60º to the horizontal as shown. A uniform vertical magnetic field
of value B is applied in the region of PQ. Calculate B if the rod remains stationary
on the plane when a current of 1.73A flows in the rod. What is the direction of the
current in the rod?
19 | P a g e
 P
Q
60º

5. An electron beam, moving with a velocity of 106ms-1 moves through a uniform

magnetic field of 0.1T which is perpendicular to the direction of the beam.
Calculate the force on an electron if the electron charge is – 1.6x10-19C.

7. A rectangular coil of 50 turns hangs vertically in a uniform magnetic field of

magnitude 10-2T, so that the plane of the coil is parallel to the filed. The mean
height of the coil is 5cm and its mean width 2cm. Calculate the strength of the
current that must pass through the coil in order to deflect it 30º if the torsional
constant is 10-9Nm per degree.

8. If the coil of a moving galvanometer having 10 turns and resistance 4Ω is

removed and replaced by a second coil having 100 turns and of resistance 160Ω.
Calculate
(a) the factor by which the current sensitivity changes and
(b) the factor by which the voltage sensitivity changes.

9. A copper wire has 1.0x1029 free electrons per cubic metre, a cross sectional area
of 2.0mm2 and carries a current of 5.0 A. Calculate the force acting on each
electron if the wire is now placed in a magnetic field of flux density 0.15T which is
perpendicular o the wire.

10. In the diagram below X is a very long straight conductor carrying a current of
5A. A metal rectangle PQRS is suspended with PS 2cm from X as shown. A
current of 2A flows in the coil. Calculate the force on PQRS in magnitude and
direction. X P 2A Q

5A 10cm
2cm

S R
3cm
12. A horizontal wire, of length 5 cm and carrying a current of 2A, is placed in the
middle of a long solenoid at right angles to its axis. The solenoid has 1000 turns
per metre and carries a steady current I. calculate I if the force on the wire is
vertically downwards and equal to 10-4N.
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13. A horizontal straight wire 5cm long weighing 1.2gm-1 is placed perpendicularly
to a uniform horizontal magnetic filed of flux density 0.6T. If the resistance of the
wire is 3.8Ωm-1, Calculate the p.d that has to be applied between the ends of the
wire to make it just self supporting.

10cm
Y W rider
2cm 10cm

X Z
I

14. A rectangular wire WXYZ is balanced horizontally so that the length XY is at

the center at a circular coil of 500 turns of means radius 10cm. The current I is
passed through XY and the circular coil, a rider of mass 5x10-4kg has to be placed
at a distance of 9.0cm from WZ to restore balance. Find the value of I.

15. A current o 1.0A flows in a long solenoid of 100 turns per meter. If the
solenoid has a mean diameter of 80cm, find the magnetic flux linkage on one meter
length of the solenoid.
16. Two parallel wires each of length 75cm are placed 1.0cm apart. When the same
current is passed through the wires, a force of 5.0x 10-5N develops between the
wires. Find the magnitude of the current.

17. A small circular coil of 10 turns and mean radius of 2.5cm is mounted at the
center of a long solenoid. If the current in the solenoid is 2.0A, Calculate:-
(i) The magnetic flux density inside the solenoid.
(ii) The initial torque on the circular coil when a current of1.0A is passed through
it.

18. A moving coil galvanometer reads 15mA when it is connected in series with a
source of negligible internal resistance and a resistor of resistance 100Ω. The
galvanometer reads 10 mA when the 100Ω resistor is replaced with one of
resistance 200Ω. Find the (i) resistance of the galvanometer (ii) emf of the source.

19.A long solenoid has 1500 turns m-1 along its length. It is placed with its axis
parallel to the field lines of a uniform magnetic field of flux density 2.4x10 -2T, so
the field lines pass along the solenoid axis.
(i) calculate the steady current that must be passed through the solenoid to give
zero resultant magnetic flux density at its centre. (ii) Sketch arrangement in c(i)
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and show the directions of current and the external field. (iii) If the solenoid
current is changed to 3.5A, determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant
magnetic flux density inside the solenoid.

20. A vertical wire carries a down ward current of 5A and 12cm eat of this wire
there is another vertical wire carrying an equal upward current. The earth’s
horizontal component of flux density is 1.6x10-5T. What is the flux density at a
distance 2cm from the first wire and 10cm from the other?

21.
Two straight wires carrying currents I1 = 20A and I2 = 15A arranged as shown.
Find the magnetic flux density at P.
20 cm
•
I1
P

10 cm

x I2

22. A rectangular coil PQRS of 100 turns and cross sectional area of 5x10-4m2 is
carrying a current of 5A. The coil is placed in a magnetic field of flux density B of
0.2T as shown above. The side SR is 0.01m and the force 0.6N acts on it. Calculate
(i) the angle α. (ii) the torque on the coil.
P
Q B
B
S
B
α B
R
23.

5.0 cm • I2=3A
I3=4A
x 2.0 cm

5.0 cm •
I1=2A

The diagram above shows three wires, each of length 15.0 cm, carrying currents I1,
I2 and I3. Find the net force exerted on wire carrying current I1.
A C
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B B
60˚
60˚
B
24.
The figure above shows two straight conductors AB and BC joined at B, carrying
of 2.0A and in a uniform magnetic field of flux density 0.01T. Both AB and BC
are 5.0 cm long. (i) Calculate the force on AB and BC. (ii) What movement do the
two forces together try to produce?
25. A current o 1.0A flows in a long solenoid o 100 turns per meter. If the
solenoid has a mean diameter of 80cm, find the magnetic flux linkage on one meter
1
length of the solenoid. ( 6.317 x10 Wb .)

26. Two parallel wires each of length 75cm are placed 1.0cm apart. When the same
current is passed through the wires, a force of 5.0x 10-5N develops between the
wires. Find the magnitude of the current.

27. A small circular coil of 10 turns and mean radius of 2.5cm is mounted at the
center of a long solenoid. If the current in the solenoid is 2.0A, Calculate:-
(i) The magnetic flux density inside the solenoid. (1.88x10-3T)
(ii) The initial torque on the circular coil when a current of1.0A is passed through
it. (3.7x10-5Nm).

28. (i) Sketch the magnetic field due to two long parallel conductors carrying
respective currents of 12A and 8A in the same direction. (see notes)
(ii) If the wires are 10cm apart, find where a third parallel wire also carrying a
current must be placed so that the force it experiences is zero. ( x  0.06m )

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