NOTES IN WASTE How do people generate different types of waste

WASTE - be defined as material for which no use or ( solid, liquid or gas)?

reuse is intended.
environmental wastes - generated from the natural Types of solid waste
processes and anthropogenic activities which pollute Municipal waste – includes materials that people in the community
the environment and make the earth an unhealthy planet. no longer want because they are broken, spoiled or useless.
Agricultural waste – derived from farming and poultry.
Industrial solid waste – comes from industrial sources other than
mining. Includes demolition waste, scraps, and ash from
combustion
Mining waste – generated in 3 ways:
a. In most mining operations, large amount of rock and
soil are removed to extract the valuable ores and waste materials
are left outside the mining site.
TYPES OF WASTES b. In milling operations, the grinding and sorting of
materials produce solid waste called tailings, which are dumped and
• SOLID WASTE – wastes in solid (from domestic, commercial, and
stored in ponds near the milling site.
industry) such as plastics, Styrofoam, papers, scrap iron, and c. Water that is pumped from mines flows from piles of
sludge from wastewater treatment plant or air control facility. waste rock or tailings that contain hazardous materials.
TYPES OF WASTE ACCORDING TO GENERATION (ORIGIN)
- generally made up of objects or particles that accumulate
on site where they are produced. • MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES
Solid wastes that include household garbage, rubbish,
• LIQUID WASTE – wastes such as chemicals, oils, and wastewater construction and
from ponds and manufacturing industries. It also includes sewage demolition debris,
as well as wastewater from industrial processes and agricultural sanitation residues,
processing. packaging materials, trade
refuges, and others
- are the liquid part of the waste material. managed by any
- includes effluents of industries, fertilizer and pesticide solutions municipality.
from agricultural fields, leachate from landfills, urban runoff of • INDUSTRIAL WASTES
untreated waste water and garbage, mining wastes etc. Liquid and solid wastes
- may contain nontoxic inorganic substances or toxic organic that are generated by
substances. manufacturing and
processing units of various
• GASEOUS WASTE - usually originates from chopping and dissolution industries like chemical, petroleum, coal, metal, gas, sanitary,
operations. Burning waste can facilitate harmful and toxic gases. and papers.
• AGRICULTURAL WASTES
- are generated in to environment mainly due to anthropogenic Wastes generated
activities. from farming activities.
- include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), chlorofluorocarbon These substances are
(CFC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), mostly biodegradable.
oxides of sulfur (SOx) etc. • FISHERY WASTES
- can cause serious environmental hazards. Waste generated due
to fishery activities like
CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE fish viscera, fish bones,
and scales. These are
extensively found in
coastal and estuarine
areas.
• RADIOACTIVE WASTES
Wastes containing
radioactive materials
which are commonly by-
products of nuclear processes.
Some industries not directly involved in nuclear activities
may also produce radioactive waste such as radio-isotopes
and chemical sludge
 • E-WASTES Effects of Waste on Health
Electronic wastes generated from any modern • Birth defects and reproductive disorders
establishments. They may be described as • Cancer - gastrointestinal, esophageal, stomach, colon and
discarded electrical or electronic devices. rectal cancer
Some electronic scrap • Self-reported health symptoms- include respiratory
components such as CRTs symptoms, irritation of the skin, nose and eyes,
may contain gastrointestinal problems, fatigue, headaches, psychological
contaminants such as problems and allergies
lead, cadmium and
beryllium or brominated Effects of Waste on the Environment
flame retardants. • Soil acidification due to deposition of acid gases
• BIOMEDICAL WASTES • Contamination of ground and surface water with metals,
Solid or liquid wastes organic compounds
including containers, • Bioaccumulation of toxic materials in flora and fauna
intermediate or end • Contamination of groundwater or surface waters
products generated • Air Pollution
during diagnosis,
treatment, and research Waste Management
activities of medical sciences.

Methods of Waste Disposal

1. Landfill – constructed above an impermeable clay later
lined with impermeable membrane. Every deposit is
covered with layer of soil to prevent being blown around.
2. Incineration – involves burning in a controlled manner
using an incinerator. The waste material is burned and
converted into gas, particles and heat.
3. Mulch and compost – simplest method to dispose waste
at home.
4. Source reduction – method of designing, manufacturing,
purchasing, using and reusing materials to reduced amount
and toxicity of waste.
5. Recycling – method of collecting throwaway materials and
turning them into useful products.
1. Reduce waste at the source
Description of Some important products obtainable from solid wastes 2. Reuse and recycling
3. Treatment of waste
1. Electricity can be generated from incinerated plastics.
2. Synthetic oil can be produced from plastic wastes. The main objective of waste management is to reduce the quantity
3. Waste papers and cardboards from sugar cane bagasse can be used and type of hazardous substances used to avoid adverse impact on
for the preparation of unbreakable dolls, packing cardboards etc. human health and environment.
4. Metals can be recycled from the industrial scrap.
Transformation of waste into usable secondary products can be
5. Ethyl alcohol can be produced from agricultural wastes.
done through recycling, reusing, repurposing, reducing, and
6. Heavy metals can be extracted by bioleaching technology.
recovering.
7. Waste glasses can be used for the preparation of new glass bottle.
8. Bricks and concretes can be prepared by using ash generated by power Thus, the waste generated from different industries and societies
plants, slit from water works and red mud from aluminum industry. must be classified in order to apply the correct form of
management.

The 3R’s of WASTE MANAGEMENT