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Motion (Kinematics)

This document is a lecture on motion in a plane, covering fundamental concepts in mechanics, including kinematics and dynamics. It explains key terms such as distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration, providing definitions and examples for clarity. The lecture emphasizes the importance of understanding motion to grasp the workings of the physical world.

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Noli Vergel Kirit
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8 views

Motion (Kinematics)

This document is a lecture on motion in a plane, covering fundamental concepts in mechanics, including kinematics and dynamics. It explains key terms such as distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration, providing definitions and examples for clarity. The lecture emphasizes the importance of understanding motion to grasp the workings of the physical world.

Uploaded by

Noli Vergel Kirit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MOTION IN

A PLANE
LECTURE 2 (PHYSICS 101)
INTRODUCTION
• Studying motion is a natural start toward understanding how
the world around us works.
• The study of motion of objects and the related concepts of
force and energy form a field in physics called mechanics.
• Mechanics is divided into parts:
• Kinematics
- is the quantitative description of an object’s motion
• Dynamics
- deals with forces and answers the question “why
objects move as they do?”
FRAME OF REFERENCE
• A set of coordinate axes is usually constructed to represent
a frame of reference for a certain motion.

+y
+y

-x

-x +x 0
0
+x

-y
-y
DISTANCE &
DISPLACEMENT
DISTANCE, (d, x or y)
- is a scalar quantity
- is simply the total path length traversed in moving from
one location or point to another.
- is always taken as positive.
DISPLACEMENT, (d, x or y)
- is a vector quantity
- distance between two points along with the
direction.
• The distance can be greater or equal to the magnitude
of the displacement but the magnitude of the
displacement can never be greater than the distance.
• The magnitude of the displacement can b equal to the
distance only if the motion of the body is a straight line.
• Linear displacement, along x-axis
Direction is given
by the sign (+ or -)

where: xI – initial position


xF – final position “change in x”
EXAMPLE DISTANCE & DISPLACEMENT
1. A girl walks 50 m due east from A to B for 2 seconds.
Determine the distance traveled and the displacement of
the girl from her starting point.

A 50 m B

Solution:
Distance, x = 50 m Displacement, x = 50 m, East
EXAMPLE (CONT’D.)
2. A man walks 40 m due north. He turns and continues
walking 30 m due east. Calculate the distance
traveled and the displacement of the man from its
starting point.
N
30 m

40 m

Solution:
distance traversed by the man is:
d = 40 m + 30 m
d = 70 m
SPEED &
VELOCITY
SPEED
Average speed, vave
- is the total distance traveled divided by the total
time elapsed in traveling that distance.
𝑑 − 𝑑𝑜 ∆𝑑 𝑑 In some cases, we set the
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑒 = = = initial quantities do and to
𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 ∆𝑡 𝑡
equal to zero
where; d is the final location
do is the initial location SI unit: m/s
Δd is the total distance English system unit: ft/s, often mi/h

Δt is the total time elapsed


SPEED (CONT’D)
Instantaneous speed or speed
- is how fast something is moving at a particular
instant of time.
- is a scalar quantity.

Equation;

𝑑
𝑣=
𝑡
VELOCITY
SI unit: m/s
English system unit: ft/s, often mi/h
Average velocity, 𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒆
- is the displacement divided by the total travel time.

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑 − 𝑑𝑜 ∆𝑑
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑒 = = =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 ∆𝑡
• Suppose that at some time, to an object is on the x-axis
at point xo in a coordinate system and at some later
time t, is at point x.
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 ∆𝑥
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑒 = = =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 ∆𝑡
VELOCITY (CONT’D)
Instantaneous velocity or velocity
- tells you how fast and in what direction.
- it is a vector quantity.
∆𝑑 𝑑 − 𝑑𝑜
𝑣= =
∆𝑡 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜
Linear displacement,
∆𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜
𝑣= =
∆𝑡 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜
ACCELERATION
Average acceleration, 𝑎𝑎𝑣𝑒
- the change in velocity divided by the
time taken to make the change.
𝑣 − 𝑣𝑜 𝑚
𝑎𝑎𝑣𝑒 = SI unit: 𝑠2
𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜
ACCELERATION (CONT’D)
Instantaneous acceleration or acceleration
- is the rate at which the velocity changes during a certain
interval of time.
- vector quantity 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑜
𝑎=
𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜

• A large acceleration means that the


velocity of the object is changing rapidly
and abruptly.
• A small acceleration signifies that the
velocity is changing slowly.
• If the acceleration is zero, the velocity
remains constant in magnitude and
direction.
ACCELERATION (CONT’D)

• When a car • When a car


speeds up while slows down, the
traveling in direction is
straight line, the opposite to the
direction of the displacement.
acceleration is
the same as that • Indicated by a
of the minus sign
displacement of
the car.

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