Int. J. Computational Science and Engineering, Vol. 24, No.

4, 2021 363

Design and implementation of chicken egg

incubator for hatching using IoT

L. Niranjan*
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
HKBK College of Engineering,
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Email: [email protected]
*Corresponding author

C. Venkatesan
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
HKBK College of Engineering,
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Email: [email protected]

A.R. Suhas
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
HKBK College of Engineering,
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Email: [email protected]

S. Satheeskumaran
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Anurag Group of Institutions,
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Email: [email protected]

S. Aaquib Nawaz
ACI Worldwide Pvt. Ltd.,
Bangalore, Karnataka 560008, India
Email: [email protected]

Abstract: In this paper, the egg fertilisation is one of the major factors to be considered in the
poultry farms. The smart incubation system is designed to combine the IoT technology with the
smart phone in order to make the system more convenient to the user in monitoring and operation
of the incubation system. The incubator is designed first with both setter and the hatcher in one
unit and incorporating both still air incubation and forced air incubation which is a controller and
monitored by the controller keeping in mind the four factors: temperature, humidity, ventilation
and egg turning system. Here we are setting with three different temperatures for the
experimental purpose at T1 = 36.5°C, T2 = 37.5°C and T3 = 38°C. The environment is
maintained same in all the three cases and which is the best temperature for the incubation of the
chicken eggs is noted.

Keywords: IoT; poultry farms; embryo; brooder; hatchery; Blynk app.

Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Niranjan, L., Venkatesan, C., Suhas, A.R.,
Satheeskumaran, S. and Nawaz, S.A. (2021) ‘Design and implementation of chicken egg
incubator for hatching using IoT’, Int. J. Computational Science and Engineering, Vol. 24, No. 4,
pp.363–372.
Biographical notes: L. Niranjan is pursuing his PhD in Electronics and Communication
Engineering under Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgavi, India. He currently serves as
an Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, HKBK College
of Engineering, Bangalore, India. He was also the Chief of Research Department for R.R
Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India. He has research and teaching experience of more than

Copyright © 2021 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

2 L. Niranjan et al.

ten years and his research interests include wireless sensor networks, embedded systems, and
cloud computing. He has published more than 38 research papers in reputed
journals/conferences.

C. Venkatesan received his BE from the Anna University, Chennai, India in 2006 and ME with
Distinction in Applied Electronics from Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
in 2009. He received his PhD under Information and Communication Engineering in Anna
University, Chennai, India. Currently, he is working as a Professor in the Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, HKBK College of Engineering, Bengaluru,
Karnataka, India. His areas of research include bio-medical signal processing, cloud computing
and VLSI. He has 13 years of experience in teaching and research. He published many research
articles in various national and international journals such as Springer, IEEE, Elsevier, etc.

A.R. Suhas received his BE in Electronics and Communication Engineering, MTech in Digital
Electronics and Communication and he is on verge of completing PhD in Electronics and
Communication Engineering from Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, India.
Currently he is working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, HKBK College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. His
areas of research include wireless sensor networks and IoT. He has ten years of experience in
teaching and research, published research articles in various national and international journals
such as Springer, Inderscience, Emerald, etc. Also, he is a member in various international
bodies.

S. Satheeskumaran received PhD in Information and Communication Engineering in 2016 from

the Anna University, Chennai, India. Currently he serves as a Professor and the Research Head in
the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Anurag Group of Institutions,
Hyderabad, India. He is a lead guest editor for Inderscience, Emerald and Springer journals and
served as a volume editor for Springer conference proceedings. He received the Best Faculty
Award and Emerging Researcher Award. He has published more than 50 research papers in
SCI/Scopus journals and reputed conferences. He also served as a keynote speaker and advisory
committee member for IEEE conferences.

S. Aaquib Nawaz received his MTech in Electronics and Communication Engineering from
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum, India. He currently serves as a Senior
Software Engineer, ACI Worldwide Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India. He has research and industrial
experience of more than ten years. His research interests include wireless sensor networks, fuzzy
logic, machine learning, internet of things (IoT), biomedical signal processing, and artificial
intelligence-based applications. He has published more than 14 research papers in reputed
journals/conference.

1 Introduction maintained in the incubation system, hence during eggs

In incubation system the fertile eggs should be kept warm incubation period of 17 days 50% of the eggs will be dead.
for the proper embryo development in the chicken egg In winter season the temperature drops below 20°C
(Boleli et al., 2016). The incubation process can be of two (Deeming, 1989), which effects the incubation system
types: one is natural incubation and the other one is artificial majorly. The hatching unit is controlled by using Arduino
incubation. In the natural incubation the hen sits on the egg Nano and the sensors used here are the LM35 and DHT22
to give warmness to hatch. In artificial incubation system for temperature and humidity in the incubator. As per the
the entire environment such as temperature, humidity and observation the semiconductor type sensors have linear
ventilation is monitored and controlled by the controller response but also have lowest accuracy that is 10 to 50 in
which is the crucial task in the incubation process. The change and the response time varies from 5 seconds to
advantages of the artificial incubation are that the hatched 60 seconds. The interaction with the web server were in the
eggs are relatively larger throughout the year. Egg embryos information from the device to the web server is through the
are delicate, hence the change in the temperature, humidity, Wi-Fi, without the internet the user cannot control the unit
ventilation and egg rotation system will affect the growth remotely, and the information such as bulb on or off and fan
and hatching time (Tona et al., 2003). Hence creating a low on or off is monitored in the web server (Islam et al., 2019).
cost and efficient incubator is difficult. Most of the people During mini hatcheries, late or early hatching, sometime
in the country are fond of using mini incubation system, the chicks got piped but deceased, blood ring are formed and
major problem is the lack of adequate financial and deceased embryos are seen at the primary stage are the
technical support (Kutsira et al., 2019). Due to this usual problems (Tolentino et al., 2018). The egg incubators
technology and adequate knowledge, the proper existing in the market have inappropriate temperature,
temperature, humidity and ventilation could not be humidity and ventilation control due to lower cost control
equipment and sensors which are not robust to handle
 Design and implementation of chicken egg incubator for hatching using IoT 365

(Huang and Sun, 2015). The systems which are available the metabolic balance so the total weight loss should
are not user friendly to maintain, smaller in size and not be greater than 12% to 13%. In the first 17 days the
expensive (Kabir and Abedin, 2018) which in turn means relative humidity level should be maintained at 65%
that smaller villages cannot afford the system. and the last four days the relative humidity level should
The first and foremost step is to build an incubator with be around 70% to 75%.
good housing, good thermal insulation to keep the eggs
warmer throughout the incubation period (Aldair et al., 4 Temperature: Temperature is the most critical part and
2018). Here the incubator has both hatchery and brooder in it plays the key role in the incubation system. To have
a single unit which saves the space and the money. Add-on good embryo development and hatchability the
to the system an IoT technology is incorporated using the temperature should be maintained at the optimal level.
Blynk app to help the farmers to control and monitor the During the first 17 days the temperature should be
smart incubator from distance. According to the market maintained between 37.5°C to 38°C. In the last four
demand the size of the incubator varies, it has its own days the temperature should be maintained at 36.5°C to
advantages of accommodating more eggs in turn it hatches 37.5°C. This can be done by using forced air incubation
more baby chicks when ever need arises (Gutierrez et al., system to maintain the temperature at optimal level.
2019). The objective of this paper is to increase the number
5 Disinfection: The disinfection should be done before
of chicks produced by controlling temperature, humidity,
keeping the eggs inside the incubator, this will prevent
ventilation and egg turning.
fungus, bacteria, yeast and virus to develop which can
The information signal from the sensors is sent to the cause serious damage to the growing embryo. This can
controller, each signal is individually monitored in the be achieved by using disinfection liquid before placing
system (Sanjaya et al., 2018). The information is then the eggs in the incubator.
passed on to the Blynk cloud server in a timely manner. The
information is then passed to the user via internet through Figure 1 Environmental factors during egg incubation
the Blynk app. The information related to the unit is (see online version for colours)
monitored and also controlled remotely.

2 Theoretical background
Poultry found in south Asia are of many different species,
farmers raise the poultry to consume eggs and meat. Eggs
have many nutrition factors such as vitamin, fat protein and
minerals. The process of egg incubation is to develop the
eggs embryo until hatching is achieved. Most of the
research development is based on microcontroller to
develop a smart egg incubator which can control the
humidity, temperature, egg turning and ventilation.
Figure 1 shows the environmental factors to be
considered for better results, as noted below:
1 Air quality: The adequate oxygen level should be
maintained in the incubator during the incubation
process. To do so the air in and air out exhaust fans 3 Structural design for the incubator
should be used to regulate the oxygen level in the
incubator. This is controlled by the proposed method The structure is build using mechanical materials like
using the controller. plastic egg tray, corrugated sheets, Styrofoam sheets and
plastic angles which are easily available and low cost
2 Egg turning: The most essential part in the incubation is materials. The electronics materials include temperature
the egg turning, in the 1st week the embryo has no sensor, humidity sensor, light sensor, egg tilt sensor, liquid
circulation system hence egg rotation is critical, this level sensor, microcontroller, egg turning DC motor,
helps proper development of additional embryonic humidifier, water pump, node, MCU, solar panel, light bulb,
membrane which in turn helps the chick to pep out LCD display, SMPS and UPS. Figure 2 shows the structure
without any problem. Eggs must be turned every 2 hrs of the incubator with necessary air circulation and placing
in the 24 hrs duration for proper development of chick. of egg trays in the unit. Figure 3 shows the electrical
The egg rotating also helps to transfer the yolk nutrients connections of the incubator. The forced air and still air
to embryo through the sub embryonic fluid. incubation can be achieved by controlling the fan and the
3 Humidity and evaporation: The rate at which the water vent using the controller. The enclosure is designed in such
evaporates depends on humidity present in the hatching a way to keep the eggs warm and maintain the uniform
unit. The important factor for incubation is to maintain temperature throughout the incubator, this is achieved by
using the Styrofoam sheets and aluminium foil. In the
366 L. Niranjan et al.

proposed method in order to save space and money the Figure 4 Block diagram of the proposed method (see online
hatcher and the brooder are in the same unit. version for colours)

Figure 2 Structural of hatchery and brooder in one unit

(see online version for colours)

The temperature and humidity are maintained using the

DS18B20 and DHT11 respectively. The signal information
is fed to analogue input of the PIC16f887. Here the water
level sensor is used to maintain the water level in the
humidifier which is designed for the incubator to keep the
Figure 3 Electrical part of the incubator humidity level as designed. The temperature of the unit is
maintained using incandescent lamp. The light sensor is
used here to check the condition of the light whether the
light source is ON or OFF condition to overcome the
problems associated with failure of the bulb during the
incubation. The egg tray angle is maintained using two leaf
switches on both the sides of the tray. Each one will take
care of the angle of rotation of the motor in the incubation
unit.
The flow of action takes place from the 1st unit to 2nd
and then the 3rd unit to complete the entire flow process.
The LCD shows the specification like the set point
values of the temperature, humidity, ventilation fan control
speed, water level in the tray and egg turning control.
1 There are two main types of temperature sensors in the
market, but the characteristics vary according to the
application. One is contact temperature sensor and the
other one is non-contact temperature sensor. The
contact type sensors should be in contact with the
object to be sensed, whereas the non-contact type
senses the radiant energy in the system which is emitted
by the object. The thermally sensible resistor called as
4 Block diagram of the incubator thermistor can be used, they are divided into two types.
One is of positive temperature coefficient and the other
The proposed method is divided into three parts, 1st part
one is negative temperature coefficient. In negative
shows the connectivity of the sensors of the incubator, the
temperature coefficient the resistance goes low with
2nd part shows the connectivity of the controller to the
respect to increase in temperature in the same way we
sensor, display, power supply unit and the driver unit. The
have positive temperature coefficient in this the
3rd part is the driver unit where in the controller is
resistance increases with respect to the increase in the
connected via the relay module which in turn controls the
temperature. The DS18B20 temperature sensor is used
specific parameters temperature, humidity, ventilation, egg
enclosed in a metal conductor which can work in
tilt so on. The 3rd part also includes the access to the
parasite power mode which allows the sensor to work
internet via the NodeMCU unit to the smartphone.
without the local supply. This parasite power is useful
for applications where remote temperature monitoring
is required.
 Design and implementation of chicken egg incubator for hatching using IoT 367

2 Temperature sensor: DS18B20 is used to maintain the microcontroller is used to control all the parameters in the
temperature in the unit. Here two sensors are used, one incubator unit, the ESP8266 (NodeMCU) is used to
at the top and the other one at the bottom of the unit, control and monitor the unit remotely by using Blynk
which regulates the heat uniformly. app by the user.
3 Humidifier: HSM-20G is used to maintain the humidity 7 Ventilation unit: The air circulation is controlled by six
in the unit. Here two sensors are used, one at the top DC fans which are synchronous with the temperature.
and the other one at the bottom of the unit, which The controller takes care of the air circulation by
regulates the humidity uniformly. monitoring the temperature and humidity level in the
4 Egg tilt sensor: Reed switch is used to maintain the tilt unit.
of the eggs in the trays. There are two reed switches
which are connected in opposite onto the tray, which
indicates the tilt of the trays using logic operation. 5 Circuit diagram and flow chart of the
incubator
5 Water level sensor: Three stainless steel rods are used
to check the water level. The one for the upper level The circuit is designed using the Proteus Design tool. The entire
and the one for the lower level. The third one is for the simulation is done using this tool and the inputs are varied
reference to both the levels. in the simulator to check the actions taken care by the
controller. The coding is done using the MP-Lab software
6 Controllers: PIC16F887 and ESP 8266 are used to
using c-code.
control the entire unit remotely by the user. The

Figure 5 Circuit diagram of the incubator using Proteus Design tool (see online version for colours)
368 L. Niranjan et al.

Figure 6 Flowchart of incubation unit for temperature, humidity, egg turning and ventilation control (see online version for colours)

6 Experimental method and

mathematical analysis Xˆ k  AXˆ  Buk (3)
k 1

The main criteria in incubation system are to maintain the Pk  APk 1 AT  Q (4)
temperature and humidity level stable. To do this a
continuous monitoring and a closed loop system should be where Pk is error covariance and Q is the process noise
maintained. The data coming from the sensor may not be covariance.
correct due to noise from the environment, to overcome this The measurement equations are illustrated by:
problem Kalman filter is proposed (Lim et al., 2016). By Kk  Pk HT  HPk HT  R1  (5)
using the Kalman filter algorithm it can screen out the
unwanted signals resulting which the data with respect to Xˆ  Xˆ  Z  HXˆ  (6)
K
k k K k
humidity and temperature to be more precise. k

The Kalman filter model at time (k) derives from state Pk   I  Kk H  Pk (7)
(k – 1) of the state-space model.
X k  AX k 1  Buk  Wk where K is the Kalman gain, H is observation model and R
(1)
1 is observation noise covariance.
where A is the state transition model form the previous state In the proposed method totally 300 fertile eggs were
Xk–1 and B is the control input model that controls the Uk used for incubation. Totally three tests were carried out, at
and Wk–1. T1 36.5°C, T2 37.5°C and T3 38°C. Among these the
Zk  Hxk  37.5°C is proposed best for incubation with 0.2°C variations
(2)
Vk in the incubation system. Blynk app is used to control and
where H is the measurement model and Vk is the the monitor incubator remotely, this helps the user to
measurement noise. continuously monitor the system. The incubation system
The Kalman filter equation has two parts. The time with the IoT technology is an add-on to the user to monitor
update equation used to update estimation from the current and control anywhere in the world. This helps a lot for the
time step to next time step. This equation is also known as user to continuously check the status of the system.
predict equation. The other part is measurement update As shown in Figure 9, the temperature (36.5°C) with
equation which is responsible for feedback. It is also known respect to humidity is plotted for totally 21 days. The results
as correct equation. show there is a variation in the humidity with respect to
temperature.
 Design and implementation of chicken egg incubator for hatching using IoT 369

Figure 7 Temperature measurement and estimation (see online Figure 10 Temperature (37.5°C) vs. humidity for 21 days
version for colours) (see online version for colours)

Figure 11 Temperature (38°C) vs. humidity for 21 days

(see online version for colours)
Figure 8 Humidity measurement and estimation (see online
version for colours)

Figure 12 Egg tilt with respect to temperature (36.5°C)

(see online version for colours)

Figure 9 Temperature (36.5°C) vs. humidity for 21 days

(see online version for colours)

Figure 13 Egg tilt with respect to temperature (37.5°C)

(see online version for colours)

As shown in Figure 10, the temperature (37.5°C) with

respect to humidity is plotted for totally 21 days. The results
show there is a slight variation in the humidity with respect
to temperature.
As shown in Figure 11, the temperature (38°C) with
respect to humidity is plotted for totally 21 days. The results
show there is a slight variation in the humidity with respect
to temperature.
As shown in Figure 12, the egg tilt angle with respect to
temperature (36.5°C) is plotted for totally 21 days.
As shown in Figure 13, the egg tilt angle with respect to As shown in Figure 14, the egg tilt angle with respect to
temperature (37.5°C) is plotted for totally 21 days. temperature (38°C) is plotted for totally 21 days.
370 L. Niranjan et al.

Table 1 Experimental results for T1, T2 and T3 temperatures

Temperature
Day
T1 = 36.5°C T2 = 37.5°C T3 = 38°C
(Chicks =100) (Chicks =100) (Chicks =100)
1 100 No development 100 No development 100 No development
2 100 Appearance of tissue 100 Appearance of tissue 100 Appearance of tissue
development development development
3 100 Appearance of blood vessels 100 Appearance of blood vessels 100 Appearance of blood vessels
4 97 (3 chicks) without heart beats 100 Heart beats 100 Heart beats
5 97 Eye pigmented 100 Eye pigmented 100 Eye pigmented
6 97 Appearance of elbow and knees 100 Appearance of elbow and knees 100 Appearance of elbow and
knees
7 97 Appearance of beak 100 Appearance of beak 100 Appearance of beak
8 97 Appearance of growth and 100 Appearance of growth and 98 Appearance of growth and
moment (3 chicks dead) moment moment (2 chicks dead)
9 96 Embryo starts to look like bird 100 Embryo starts to look like bird 98 Embryo starts to look like bird
(4 chicks dead) (2 chicks dead)
10 95 Toe nails and mouth opening 98 Toe nails and mouth opening 96 Toe nails and mouth opening
(5 chicks dead) (2 chicks dead) (4 chicks dead)
11 95 Tail feather appears (5 chicks 98 Tail feather appears (2 chicks 96 Tail feather appears (4 chicks
dead) dead) dead)
12 94 Toe fully formed (6 chicks 97 Toe fully formed (3 Chicks 95 Toe fully formed (5 chicks
dead) dead) dead)
13 92 Body covered lightly with 96 Body covered lightly with 94 Body covered lightly with
feathers (8 chicks dead) feathers (4 chicks dead) feathers (6 chicks dead)
14 91 Embryo turns heads towards 96 Embryo turns heads towards 93 Embryo turns heads towards
large end of egg (9 chicks dead) large end of egg (4 chicks dead) large end of egg (7 chicks
dead)
15 89 Feather covered completely 95 Feather covered completely 93 Feather covered completely
(11 chicks dead) (5 chicks dead) (7 chicks dead)
16 88 Albumen nearly gone 94 Albumen nearly gone (6 chicks 90 Albumen nearly gone
(12 chicks dead) dead) (10 chicks dead)
17 88 Head is between legs (12 chicks 94 Head is between legs (6 chicks 90 Head is between legs
dead) dead) (10 chicks dead)
18 86 Growth of embryo nearly 93 Growth of embryo nearly 88 Growth of embryo nearly
complete (14 chicks dead) complete (7 chicks dead) complete (12 chicks dead)
19 85 Embryo occupies completely 92 Embryo occupies completely 88 Embryo occupies completely
not in air cell (15 chicks dead) not in air cell (8 chicks dead) not in air cell (12 chicks dead)
20 83 Embryo become a chick 92 Embryo become a chick 86 Embryo become a chick
(17 chicks dead) (8 chicks dead) (14 chicks dead)
21 81 Chick piped out (19 chicks 92 Chick piped out (8 chicks dead) 86 Chick piped out (14 chicks
dead) dead)

Table 2 Outcome of the incubation unit

Figure 15 shows the front end of the Blynk application on
Day 21 mobile device.
Temperature
Figure 16 shows the code written on NodeMCU for
T1 = 36.5°C T2 = 37.5°C T3 = 38°C various trials before implementing on to the PIC controller.
(Chicks = 100) (Chicks = 100) (Chicks = 100) As per the experimental results it was observed that
81% hatching 92 hatching 86 hatching 37.5°C is best temperature for incubation of chicken eggs.
rate rate rate The implemented incubator and the hatched chicks are
shown in Figures 17 and 18 respectively.
 Design and implementation of chicken egg incubator for hatching using IoT 371

Figure 14 Egg tilt with respect to temperature (38°C) Figure 17 Incubator inside view (see online version for colours)
(see online version for colours)

Figure 15 Blynk app using IoT flat form to control and

monitoring of incubator (see online version
for colours)

Figure 18 Hatched chickens outside the brooder (see online

version for colours)

Figure 16 NodeMCU code connecting to cloud, LCD and 7 Conclusions

sensor value through PIC (see online version
for colours) The PIC controller-based low cost forced air incubator has
been designed. The materials used in the incubator are
locally available materials at a very low cost. The incubator
hatching test was conducted for three temperature values
T1, T2 and T3. The test confirmed that temperature T2 is
the best temperature to get better yield. The incubator
combines both hatcher and brooder in the same chamber.
The incubator at the start takes around 12 minutes to
achieve the set temperature, i.e., T2 (from 21°C to 37.5°C).
The power consumption at the time was around 62 watts
and running time after attaining the set temperature was
around 22 watts. The test was also carried out using the
Kalman filter for better results. The entire unit can be
controlled anywhere with the help of Blynk app from the
smartphone. The incubator is designed to be adopted by
villages for small scale poultry farming and can be used for
egg embryo investigation and laboratory works.
372 L. Niranjan et al.

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