UMAR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

SUBJECT: BIOLOGY CLASS: 12TH CHP#22(NOTES)

1- Mendel’s idea that pairs of characters separate during gamete formation is called the law of:
a) Particulate inheritance b) Dominance c) Segregation d) Independent assortment
2- The allele that masks the effects of the other and the masked allele are known as:
a) Homozygous, heterozygous b) Homozygous, recessive c) Dominant, recessive d) Dominant, incomplete
3- What is the most common outcome in the F2 generation of a cross between a tall plant and a dwarf plant?
a) 1 tall : 1 dwarf b) 3 tall : 1 dwarf c) 1 tall : 2 medium : 1 dwarf d) All tall
4- Two carriers of albinism have four children. One of their children is albino and the remaining three are
normally pigmented. What is the probability that their next child will be albino?
a) 0% b) 25% c) 75% d) 100%
5- Kathy’s brother has cystic fibrosis. Her husband has no family history of cf. What is the chance that Kathy’s
child has inherited the cystic fibrosis?
a) 1/2x 1/2 = 1/4 b) 1/3 x 1/2 = 1/6 c) 2/3 x 1/4 = 1/6 d) 2/3 x 1/2 = 1/3
6- The occurrence of affected individuals in every generation in a family suggests which of these traits?
a) An autosomal dominant b) An autosomal recessive c) Either dominant or recessive d) Sex-linked
7- Which genotype is normally not found in a gamete?
a) AB b) Ab c) aa d) ab
8- Which of the following crosses is a test cross?
a) Unknown x AA b) Unknown x Aa c) Unknown x aa d) Unknown x Unknown
9- In the cross AaBb aabb, what percentage of the offspring are expected to show a completely dominant
phenotype?
a) 0 b) 25 c) 50 d) 100
10- Which rule of probability is useful in calculating the risk that certain individuals will inherit a particular
genotype?
a) Product b) Summation c) Additive d) None of the above
11- A recessive gene can be expressed if the genotype is:
a) Homozygous recessive b) Homozygous dominant c) Heterozygous d) (B) and (C)
12- The part of DNA which controls a specific character is:
a) Allele b) Gene c) Locus d) Factor
13- The position of gene is:
a) Gene b) Allele c) Factor d) Locus
14- Variations are produced due to:
a) Allele b) Locus c) Gene d) Mutation
15- Partners of gene pair are:
a) Allele b) Gene c) Locus d) Factor
16- The form of appearance of trait is:
a) Gene pool b) Genotype c) Phenotype d) Mutation
17- Mendel selected pea because it is naturally:
a) Cross fertilized b) Self-fertilized c) Unisexual d) Long generation time
18- Which is irrelevant for pea?
a) Self-fertilized b) Hermaphrodite c) Sharply distinct trait d) None of the above
19- True breeding variety is:
a) Self-fertilized b) Cross fertilized c) Unisexual d) Hermaphrodite
20- Which of the followings is true breeding variety?
a) Tt b) Rr c) RR d) Ss
21- The organisms produced by self-cross differing in one character are:
a) True breed b) Dihybrids c) Monohybrids d) Hybrid
22- The genetic complement of an individual is called:
a) Mutation b) Phenotype c) Genotype d) Gene pool
23- Total genes found in a population is:
a) Gene pool b) Genotype c) Phenotype d) Mutation
24- Match bean in beanbag with one of the followings:
a) Gene pool b) Gene c) Phenotype d) Allele
25- A sample population of 100 plants has number of alleles:
a) 50 b) 100 c) 200 d) 400
26- Mendel laid the foundation of:
a) Hereditary genetics b) Classical genetics c) Cytological genetics d) Modern genetics
27- Which of the following scientists rediscovered the work of Mendel?
a) De Varies b) Tschernimach c) Correns d) All of the above
28- The work of Mendel remained neglected for:
a) 23 years b) 34 years c) 44 years d) 54 years
29- The law of segregation gives phenotypic ratio in F2 as:
a) 2:1 b) 4 : 1 c) 3 : 1 d) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
30- If an organism has TtRr genotype, then which of the following gametes does not follow law of independent
assortment?
a) TR b) tr c) Rr d) Tr
31- Blood group MN has antigen:
a) M b) N c) MN d) None of the above
32- ABO blood group system was discovered by:
a) Carl Correns b) Landsteiner c) T.H. Morgan d) Mendel
33- The blood group without antigen is:
a) A b) AB c) B d) O
34- The blood group without antibody is:
a) A b) AB c) B d) O
35- The genetic basis of ABO blood group system was discovered by:
a) Carl Correns b) Landsteiner c) T.H. Morgan d) Bernstein
36- Which of the followings is not multiple allele?
a) ABO blood group b) Human height c) MN blood group d) Skin colour
37- In AB blood group IAIB is:
a) Complete dominance b) Incomplete dominance c) Codominance d) Over dominance
38- The antiserum contains:
a) Antibody b) Antigen c) Albumin d) None of the above
39- Which of the following traits is not sex-linked recessive?
a) Hemophilia b) Colour blindness c) hypophosphatemic ricket d) tfm syndrome
40- Blood group A can be donated to:
a) B b) AB c) O d) All of the above
41- Blood group O can receive:
a) A b) B c) AB d) None of the above
42- A man with blood group AB married a woman with blood group A. Which of the following blood groups
cannot be found in their offspring?
a) A b) B c) AB d) O
43- Rh blood system was discovered by:
a) Carl Correns b) Landsteiner c) T.H. Morgan d) Bernstein
44- Rh+ can be donated to:
a) Rh+ b) Rh- c) Both (A) and (B) d) All of the above
45- An albino woman was married to normal male whose father was albino. The ratio of albino in their offspring
will be:
 a) All albino b) 3: 1 c) 1 : 1 d) All normal
46- The plant 4’o clock shows:
a) Complete dominance b) Incomplete dominance c) Codominance d) Over dominance
47- Erythroblastosis foetalis can occur if marriage occurs between:
a) Rh+ male Rh+ female b) Rh+ male Rh- female c) Rh- male, Rh- female d) Rh male Rh+ female
48- Erythroblastosis foetalis is characterized by the symptom of:
a) Fever b) Heart problem c) Jaundice d) Death of baby
49- The effect of gene pair on another gene pair present on different locus is:
a) Codominance b) Epistasis c) Pleiotropy d) Over dominance
50- Bombay phenotype is due to:
a) Codominance b) Pleiotropy c) Epistasis d) Over dominance
51- Which of the followings is not continuously varying trait?
a) Human height b) Red white flower c) Human skin Colour d) Cornel Colour in wheat
52- The polygenic character is:
a) Tall/dwarf b) Round/wrinkle c) Human height d) Diabetes
53- The phenomenon in which genes are present on the same chromosomes is:
a) Cross over b) Segregation c) Independent assortment d) Linkage
54- Tong rolling trait is:
a) Qualitative b) Quantitative c) Polygenic d) None of the above
55- The linked gene does not follow:
a) Cross over b) Segregation c) Independent assortment d) Linkage
56- The genes for the blue opsin are present on autosomes number:
a) 5 b) 7 c) 9 d) 11
57- X-linked dominant inheritance is more common in:
a) Male b) Female c) Both d) None of the above
58- Which of the following diseases is multifactorial?
a) Beard growth b) Colour blindness c) Baldness d) Diabetes
59- In birds:
a) XX is a female b) XO is a female c) XY is female d) All of the above
60- Complete or partial absence of pigment from skin, half and eyes in many species of mammals including
man:
a) Dwarfism b) Gigantism c) Albinism d) Pigmentism

IMPORTANT SHORT QUESTIONS

Q1- What is gene? **
Ans. A gene is a fundamental unit of heredity and biological information. It is a segment of DNA that contains the
instructions for building and maintaining the structures and functions of living organisms. Genes are inherited from
one generation to the next, passing genetic information from parents to offspring.
Q2- Define locus. **
Ans. A locus, in genetics, refers to the specific physical location or position of a gene or a DNA sequence on a
chromosome. Each gene has a unique locus on a chromosome, and the locus provides a precise address for the
genetic information carried by that gene.
Q3- Define Genotype and Phenotype. **
Ans. Genotype: Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, specifically the combination of alleles
present in an individual's DNA. It represents the complete set of genes or alleles that an organism possesses for a
particular trait. Genotype is often represented using letters, with different letters denoting different alleles.
Phenotype Definition: Phenotype refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism,
resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. It represents the expression of genes in terms
of traits or features that can be visually or functionally identified. Phenotype includes traits such as height, color,
behavior, and other observable characteristics.
Q4- Define Trait.
Ans. A trait is a distinct and observable characteristic or feature of an organism that results from the expression of
one or more genes. Traits can encompass a wide range of characteristics, including physical attributes such as height,
color, and shape, as well as behavioral traits.
Q5- Define gene pool. **
Ans. Any group of interbreeding organisms of the same species that exist together in both time and space is called a
population. All the genes/alleles found in a breeding population at a given time are collectively called the gene pool.
It is the total genetic information encoded in the total genes in a breeding population existing at a given time
Example: For convenience, we can focus on the gene pool for a single particular trait. A sample population of 100
diploid plants, some of which bear red lowers, others bearing white lowers has a sum total of 200 of all the diferent
alleles (R or r) for lower colour trait as its gene pool.
Q6-What did Mendel mean by "true-breeding" lines or varieties? **
Ans. True-breeding lines or varieties produce offspring identical to the parents when self-fertilized. For example, a
true-breeding round-seeded plant always produces round seeds upon self-fertilization.
Q7- Why did Mendel choose pea plants for his experiments?
Ans. Mendel chose pea plants because they were hermaphrodite, easy to cultivate, had a short generation time, and
exhibited distinct traits with clear alternative forms, making them suitable for controlled breeding experiments.
Q8- Define law of segregation.
Ans. According to law of segregation, the two coexisting alleles for each trait in an individual segregate (separate)
from each other at meiosis, so that each gamete receives only one of the two alleles. Alleles unite again at random
fertilization of gametes when zygote is formed.
Q9- What is test cross? **
Ans. Mendel devised a cross called test cross, which is used to test the genotype of an individual showing a dominant
phenotype. It is a mating in which an individual showing a dominant phenotype is crossed with an individual showing
its recessive phenotype. This cross inds out the homozygous or heterozygous nature of the genotype.

Q10- Define law of independent assortment.

Ans. Mendel formulated Law of Independent Assortment: “When two contrasting pairs of traits are followed in the
same cross, their alleles assort independently into gametes.” Alleles of one pair inherit independently of alleles of
the other pair. The distribution of alleles of one trait into gametes has no influence on the distribution of alleles of
the other trait.
Q11- What is probability? **
Ans. Probability is the chance of an event to occur. Inheritance of seed shape is an independent event. In F2 offspring
of a monohybrid cross the independent chance for a seed to be round is 3/4 , or it to be wrinkled is 1/4. Inheritance
of seed colour is another separate event.
Q12- What is product rule? **
Ans. When two independent events are occurring simultaneously like Dihybrid cross, the ratio of each joint
phenotypic combination can be obtained by multiplying the probabilities of individual phenotypes. It is called
product rule. The joint probability that both of the independent events will occur simultaneously, is equal to the
product of individual probabilities of each event.
Q13- Define dominance.
Ans. Dominance is a physiological efect of an allele over its partner allele on the same gene locus. There are four
types of dominance relations among alleles, each indicating a different style of their functional effect upon each
other. 1.Complete dominance 2. Incomplete dominance 3. Co-dominance 4. Over dominance
Q14- Differentiate between complete dominance and over dominance. **
Ans. Complete Dominance: When one allele (R) is completely dominant over the other (r), presence of the recessive
allele is functionally hidden, so the heterozygote (Rr) has the same round phenotype as (RR) homozygote. The
contrasting pairs of alleles for all the seven characters chosen by Mendel showed complete dominance.
Over-Dominance: This dominance relation is fascinating because the over dominant heterozygote exceeds in
quantity the phenotypic expression of both the homozygotes. In fruit ly Drosophila the heterozygote (w+ / w) has
more quantity of fluorescent pigments in eyes than wild (w+ / w+) or white eye (w / w) homozygotes.
Q15- Differentiate between incomplete and co-dominance. **
Ans. Incomplete Dominance: When the phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between phenotypes of the
two homozygotes, it is called incomplete or partial dominance. For example, when we crossed a true breeding red
flowered plant with a true breeding white flowered 4 O’clock, all the F1 hybrids had pink flowers. This new
phenotype had a shade intermediate between those of the parents due to an intermediate amount of pigment in
petals.
Co-Dominance: Codominance occurs when both the alleles express independently in heterozygote. The codominant
heterozygote would have both substances at the same time. Different alleles of a gene that are both expressed in a
heterozygous condition are called codominant. For example, in MN Blood group system MN phenotype has both M
and N antigens, simultaneously produced by their alleles LM and LN.
Q16- What are multiple alleles? **
Ans. All such altered alternative forms of a gene, whose number is more than two, are called multiple alleles. Gene
mutations may produce many different alleles of a gene. Some genes may have as many as 300 alleles. Any two of
these multiple alleles can be present in the genome of a diploid organism, but a haploid organism or a gamete can
have just one of them in its genome.
Q17- What type of antigens and anti-bodies are present in different blood groups?
Ans. Blood group A has antigen A but anti-B antibodies. Blood group B has antigen B but anti-A antibodies. Blood
group AB has antigen A and antigen B but don’t has any antibodies. Blood group O has no antigen but has both anti-
A and anti-B antibodies.
Q18- What are serum and anti-serum? **
Ans. Serum is the fluid part of blood after clotting. The blood serum containing antibodies is called anti-serum.
Q19-What is Rh Blood group system? **
The Rh blood group system, or Rhesus system, is a classification of blood types based on the presence or absence
of the Rh factor (also known as the Rhesus factor or D antigen) on the surface of red blood cells. A person can be Rh-
positive if they have the Rh factor or Rh-negative if they lack it. The Rh factor is important in blood transfusions,
organ transplants, and pregnancy.
Q20- What is the role of antigen and antibodies in Rh blood group system? **
Ans. Anti-Rh antibodies production require a stimulus by the human Rh antigen itself. An Rh- person does not
produce anti - Rh antibodies unless he is exposed to Rh antigen. Rh+ donor is totally incompatible for Rh- recipient.
If an Rh- person receives Rh antigen through wrong Rh+ blood transfusion, he will begin to produce anti - Rh
antibodies against Rh antigens.
Q21- What is Erythroblastosis fetalis? **
Ans. Erythroblastosis fetalis, also known as hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), is a condition in which a
pregnant woman's immune system attacks and destroys red blood cells in her fetus. This typically occurs when the
mother is Rh-negative, and the fetus is Rh-positive, causing Rh incompatibility. The first exposure to Rh-positive
blood usually happens during childbirth or pregnancy, and subsequent pregnancies with Rh-positive fetuses can lead
to an immune response that harms the baby. Erythroblastosis fetalis can result in severe anemia and other
complications for the newborn. To prevent this condition, Rh-negative pregnant women are often treated with Rh
immunoglobulin (RhIg) to prevent the development of Rh antibodies.
Q22- What is epistasis? **
Ans. When an effect caused by a gene or gene pair at one locus interferes with or hides the effect caused by another
gene or gene pair at another locus, such a phenomenon of gene interaction is called epistasis.
Q23- What is Bombay Phenotype? **
Ans. The Bombay phenotype is a rare blood type characterized by the absence of A, B, and H antigens on the surface
of red blood cells. This condition is caused by mutations in both the H gene (FUT1) and the Bombay gene (FUT2),
leading to the inability to produce the precursor glycoprotein (H antigen) required for ABO blood group antigens.
Despite carrying A or B alleles, individuals with the Bombay phenotype show blood type O characteristics.
Q24- Define pleiotropy. **
Ans. When a single gene affects two or more traits, the phenomenon is called pleiotropy. Such a gene with multiple
phenotypic effect is called pleiotropic. For example, 1. White eye gene in Drosophila also affects the shape of sperm
storing organs (spermathecae). 2. Genes that affect growth rate in humans also influence both weight and height.
3. In cats, the dominant allele W not only makes fur pure white but also causes deafness. In ww homozygous normal
pigmented cats, melanocytes produce pigment of fur and also contribute to ‘hair cells in inner ear that sense sound.
Q25- What are polygenic trait and polygenes? **
Ans. Continuously varying trait is encoded by alleles of two or more different gene pairs found at different loci, all
influencing the same trait in an additive way. These quantitative traits, are called polygenic traits, and their genes
are polygenes. Each polygene has a small positive or negative effect on the character.
Q26- Explain the genetic basis of wheat grain color variation.
Ans. Wheat grain color variation is controlled by three different gene pairs (Aa, Bb, Cc) at three loci, contributing to
a continuously varying trait. The cumulative effect of alleles at these loci determines the grain color phenotype.
Q27- Describe the role of environmental factors in influencing wheat grain color.
Ans. Environmental factors, such as light, water, and nutrients, can influence the amount of grain color in wheat.
These factors contribute to the smooth and continuous distribution of grain color phenotypes.
Q28- How is human skin color inherited, and what influences it?
Ans. Human skin color is a quantitative trait controlled by three to six gene pairs. The number of pigment-specifying
genes determines the darkness of the skin. Environmental factors, such as sun exposure and nutrition, also influence
skin color.
Q29- How does the continuous variation in height produce a normal distribution curve?
Ans. The continuous variation in height results in a normal distribution curve, also known as a bell-shaped curve.
Most individuals fall within the average or mean height, with fewer individuals at the extremes of tall or short
heights.
Q30- What is the genetic basis of tongue rolling ability?
Ans. Tongue rolling ability is a discontinuous trait controlled by a single dominant gene. Individuals who can roll their
tongue have at least one copy of the dominant allele, while non-rollers lack this dominant allele. The frequency
distribution of tongue rolling ability forms an asymmetric distribution curve, with a much greater frequency of
individuals who can roll their tongue compared to those who cannot.
Q31- What is frequency histogram? **
Ans. A frequency histogram is a simple graph. It shows variations. X axis indicates the range of different phenotypes
of a trait within a population. Y axis indicates the number of individuals or their percentage in the population.
Q32- What is gene linkage? OR What is linkage group? **
Ans. All the genes located on the same chromosome are linked to each other. This phenomenon of staying together
of all the genes of a chromosome is called linkage. Gene linkage is a physical relationship between genes. A
chromosome carries its linked genes in the form of a linkage group. Man has 23 linkage groups. Genes for colour
blindness, hemophilia, gout etc. form one linkage group on human X - chromosome. Similarly, gene for sickle cell
anemia, leukemia and albinism make another linkage group on human chromosome 11.
Q33- Can linked gene assort independently?
Ans. Linked genes whose loci are close to each other do not obey Mendel’s law of independent assortment, because
these cannot assort independently during meiosis. Gene linkage also minimizes the chances of genetic
recombination and variations among offspring.
Q34- What is crossing over? **
Ans. Crossing over is an exchange of segments between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during
meiosis. Linked genes can be separated by crossing over. Closer the two gene loci, more strongly are their genes
linked. The farther apart two genes lie, greater are chances of their separation through crossing over. If crossing over
does not occur, only the two parental types of gametes are formed. Parental types of gametes produce parental
types of offspring, while recombination gametes produce recombinant types of offspring.
Q35- What do you know about recombination frequency? **
Ans. Recombination frequency is like a measure of how often genes on a chromosome shuffle during reproduction.
By crossing different versions of genes, we can figure out how far apart they are on the chromosome. The more
shuffling, the greater the recombination frequency. This helps us create a kind of map for genes on a chromosome.
This shuffling during reproduction creates variety in traits among offspring, providing the basis for adapting to
different environments over time.
Q36-How did Morgan observe differences in sex chromosomes? OR What is the genetic basis of sex
determination?
Ans. T.H. Morgan observed that in Drosophila, the fourth pair of chromosomes showed differences between males
and females. Females had two similar X-chromosomes, while males had one X-chromosome and a morphologically
different Y-chromosome. The genetic basis of sex determination involves the presence of sex chromosomes, which
carry genes responsible for determining an individual's sex.
Q37-What is the role of SRY in sex determination? OR What is the significance of the SRY gene in human? **
Ans. SRY (Sex-determining Region of Y) is the male-determining gene located at the tip of the short arm of the Y-
chromosome. It triggers the development of maleness in humans. Its presence leads to male development, while its
absence results in the female development pathway.
Q38- What are sex chromosomes? Or Describe the sex chromosomes in humans. **
Ans. Sex chromosomes are chromosomes that carry genes responsible for the determination of an individual's sex.
Humans have 46 chromosomes, including 23 pairs. One pair is of sex chromosomes (XX in females, XY in males).
Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X chromosome and a shorter Y chromosome.
Q39- Explain the XO - XX type of sex determination. **
Ans. In the XO - XX type, found in grasshoppers, males (XO) have only one X chromosome, and females (XX) have
two X chromosomes. Males produce two types of sperms (with or without an X chromosome), determining the sex
of the offspring.
Q40- Describe the XY - XX type of sex determination. **
Ans. In the XY - XX type, found in Drosophila, humans, and many organisms, males (XY) have one X and one Y
chromosome, while females (XX) have two X chromosomes. Males produce two types of sex-determining sperms (X
or Y), determining the sex of the offspring.
Q41- Explain the ZZ - ZW type of sex determination. **
Ans. In the ZZ - ZW type, common in birds and butterflies, females (ZW) are heterogametic and males (ZZ) are
homogametic. Females produce two kinds of eggs (Z and W), and the type of egg fertilized determines the sex of the
offspring.
Q42- How does Drosophila differ from humans in sex determination despite both following the XY - XX pattern?**
Ans. In Drosophila, the presence of the 'SRY' gene is not essential for sex determination. The X chromosome in
Drosophila is female-determining, and autosomes play a significant role. The number of X chromosomes relative to
autosomes influences sex determination in Drosophila.
Q43- What are some examples of sex determination mechanisms in plants? **
Ans. In plants, sexual characteristics can vary widely. Some, like Ginkgo, are dioecious, having separate male and
female plants. Male plants produce flowers with only stamens, while female plants have flowers with only carpels.
Certain dioecious plants have sex chromosomes (X - Y system), often displaying an X - chromosome - autosome
balance system for sex determination. Additionally, sex-determining mechanisms in plants include those involving
specific pollens. Some plants produce two types of pollens, and the type that fertilizes the egg determines the sex
of the resulting plant.
Q44- Explain the results of Morgan's cross between a white-eyed male and a red-eyed female? Or What was
Morgan's proposed explanation for the inheritance of eye color?
Ans. In the F1 generation, all offspring had red eyes, indicating that red eye is a dominant trait. However, in the F2
generation, the proportion of red-eyed to white-eyed flies did not follow a Mendelian 3:1 ratio, and all white-eyed
flies were males. Morgan proposed that the gene for eye color is located on the X chromosome, and the alleles for
eye color are present only on the X chromosome. There is no corresponding allele for this trait on the Y chromosome.
Q44- What does the term "hemizygous" mean in the context of sex linkage? **
Ans. Hemizygous refers to the condition in males where they carry only one allele on their only X chromosome. This
occurs because the Y chromosome does not have the corresponding allele for the trait.
Q46- What is an X-linked trait, and why is it commonly referred to as a sex-linked trait? **
Ans. An X-linked trait is a trait whose gene is present on the X chromosome and has no counterpart on the Y
chromosome. It is commonly referred to as a sex-linked trait because the inheritance of these traits is associated
with the sex chromosomes.
Q47- What are pseudoautosomal genes, and why are they called so? **
Ans. Pseudoautosomal genes, also known as X-and-Y linked genes, are genes present on both the X and Y
chromosomes. They are called pseudoautosomal genes because their pattern of inheritance is similar to autosomal
genes, despite being located on sex chromosomes.
Q48- Explain the inheritance pattern of haemophilia A and B.
Ans. Haemophilia A and B are X-linked recessive traits. They affect males more than females. The traits are passed
from an affected grandfather through a carrier daughter to a grandson in a zigzag fashion. The inheritance does not
pass directly from father to son.
Q49- How does X-linked recessive inheritance differ from X-linked dominant inheritance? **
Ans. In X-linked recessive inheritance, the trait is more commonly expressed in males, and it passes from carrier
mothers to affected sons in a zigzag fashion. In X-linked dominant inheritance, the trait is expressed more in females,
and affected fathers pass the trait equally to both sons and daughters.
Q50- What is the basis of normal trichromatic color vision.
Ans. Normal trichromatic colour vision is based on three different kinds of cone cells in the retina, each sensitive to
only one of the three primary colour, red, green or blue. Each type of cone cell has specific light absorbing proteins
called opsins. The genes for red and green opsins are on X chromosome, while the gene for blue opsin is present on
autosome 7.
Q51- What is dichromacy, and how does it relate to color perception?
Ans. Dichromacy is a condition where an individual can perceive only two primary colors due to the absence of one
type of cone cell. Protanopia is red blindness, deuteranopia is green blindness, and tritanopia is blue blindness.
Q52- What is monochromacy, and how does it differ from dichromacy? Or Why is blue cone monochromacy
considered an X-linked recessive trait? **
Ans. Monochromacy is true color blindness, where an individual can perceive only one color. Unlike dichromacy,
which involves the absence of one cone type, monochromacy is a more severe form of color blindness. Blue cone
monochromacy is considered an X-linked recessive trait because the genes for red and green opsins, which are
affected in this condition, are located on the X chromosome. The trait follows the pattern of X-linked recessive
inheritance.
Q53- What is Testicular feminization? **
Ans. Testicular feminization syndrome is a rare X-linked recessive trait. Although the persons affected by this trait
have a male set of XY chromosomes, yet tfn gene on their X chromosome develops them physically into females.
They have breast, female genitalia, a blind Vagina but no uterus. Degenerated testis are also present in abdomen.
Such individuals are happily married as females but are sterile. It is an androgen insensitivity syndrome. Male sex
hormone testosterone has no effect on them.
Q54- What are sex limited traits? **
Ans. A sex-limited trait is limited to only one sex due to anatomical differences. Such trait affects a structure or
function of the body present in only males or only females. These trails may be controlled by sex-linked or autosomal
genes. Genes for milk yield in dairy cattle affect only cows. Similarly beard growth in humans is limited to men. A
woman does not grow a beard herself but she can pass the genes specifying heavy beard growth to her sons.
Q55- What are sex influenced traits? **
Ans. Sex influenced trait occurs in both males and females but it is more common in one sex. It is controlled by an
allele that is expressed as dominant in one sex but recessive in the other. This difference in expression is due to
hormonal difference between the sexes. Pattern baldness is a sex influenced trait. Many more men than women are
bald.
Q56- What is diabetes mellitus? What are the two major types of diabetes?
Ans. Diabetes mellitus is a hereditary disease characterized by elevated blood sugar levels and an inability to
metabolize glucose effectively. The two major types of diabetes are Type I (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or
IDDM) and Type II (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or NIDDM).
Q57- What do you know about Type I diabetes?
Ans. Type I diabetes is often referred to as Juvenile diabetes because it typically occurs in early age, usually before
the age of 40. Type I diabetes is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys
insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. The insulin gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 11.
Polymorphism and genetic variations within this locus contribute to diabetes Type I susceptibility.
Q58- What is diabetes mellitus Type II, and what characterizes it?
Ans. Diabetes mellitus Type II is non-insulin-dependent and accounts for 90% of all diabetic cases. Individuals with
Type II diabetes produce some insulin, but their body cells gradually become resistant to insulin. Obesity is linked to
diabetes mellitus Type II, as it increases insulin resistance. Exercise, by reducing obesity, indirectly enhances insulin
sensitivity and improves glucose tolerance.
Q59-What is maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY)?
Ans. Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a form of diabetes that can be inherited as an autosomal
dominant trait. It typically occurs before the age of 25. About 50% of MODY cases are caused by mutations in the
glucokinase gene, which plays a role in converting glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in the pancreas. Other MODY
cases may result from mutations in genes related to pancreatic development and insulin regulation.
Q60- Is blood pressure a multifactorial trait? Why?
Ans. Yes, blood pressure is a multifactorial trait because it is influenced by both genetic factors and environmental
factors such as diet, stress, and tension. There is a correlation between the blood pressure of parents and their
children, partly due to shared genes.

IMPORTANT LONG QUESTIONS

1- Explain law of independent assortment.
2- Explain crossing over.
3- Discuss diabetes mellitus with its genetic basis.
4- Explain the sex determination phenomenon in human.
5- Explain Mendel’s law of segregation.
6- Explain ABO blood group system.