Day 1: The language System of English P1 ........................................................................

3
1. Sentence structure: constituents and function .............................................................. 3
1.1. Structure ................................................................................................................. 3
1.2. Constituents ........................................................................................................... 3
2. Phrases .......................................................................................................................... 3
3. Subject & predicate ...................................................................................................... 5
4. Addition ........................................................................................................................ 5
5. Head & complements ................................................................................................... 6
6. Ambiguity ..................................................................................................................... 7
7. Phrases in English ........................................................................................................ 8
7.1. Noun phrases.......................................................................................................... 8
7.1.1. Countable N + non-countable N...................................................................... 8
7.1.2. Pronouns .......................................................................................................... 8
7.1.3. Modification of Pronouns ................................................................................ 8
7.1.3.1. Pre-modification ....................................................................................... 9
7.1.3.2. Post-modification ...................................................................................... 9
7.1.4. Exercises ........................................................................................................ 10
7.2. Verb phrases ......................................................................................................... 12
7.2.1. Transitive V ................................................................................................... 14
7.2.2. Intransitive V ................................................................................................. 14
7.2.3. Ditransitive V ................................................................................................ 15
7.2.4. Complex transitive V..................................................................................... 16
7.2.5. Intensive V (Linking V) ................................................................................ 17
7.2.6 Prepositional verbs ......................................................................................... 18
7.3 Phrasal verbs ......................................................................................................... 18
8. Adj Phrases ................................................................................................................. 19
8.1 Functions of adj phrases ....................................................................................... 20
9. Adv phrases & functions ............................................................................................ 20
10. Prepositional phrases ................................................................................................ 21
10.1 co- ordinate phrases ............................................................................................ 21
 10.2 Adjunct adverbials in the VP .............................................................................. 22
10.3 The mobility of adverbials ..................................................................................... 23
10.4 Sentence adverbials ................................................................................................ 23
 Day 1: The language System of English P1
1. Sentence structure: constituents and function
1.1. Structure
W+W = phrase
Phrase+ phrase = bigger phrase
BP + BP = sentence
1.2. Constituents
It is divisible into parts
There are different kind of parts (categories)
The constituents are arranged in a specifiable way
Each constituent has a certain specifiable function in the structure

The very muscular gentleman ne

Nếu 1 chuỗi từ có thể bỏ ra khỏi 1 câu và ko ảnh hưởng đến cấu trúc thì câu đó là phrase
nhưng ko có nghĩa nếu nó là phrase thì có thể bỏ ra được

2. Phrases
- Sequence of words that can:
+ transform meaning
+ communicate complex ideas
+ generate multiple interpretations
- If a sequence of words:
+ Can be omitted from the sentence
+ Can be replaced with a single word
+ Can answer to the WH-questions words
=>is a phrase
Three phrase structure: ( add hình)

Sam sunbathed beside a stream that had dried up

Vế gạch chân là 1 phrase
- Constituents:
+ in the structure, word = constituents
+ Constituents is the element of the structure
Ex: if w+w = phrase => w is constituent
Phrase + phrase = bigger phrase => phrase is constituent
- In the sentence, some element is accessories and it can be removed

3. Subject & predicate

4. Addition
Ex: Their rather funny stories.
5. Head & complements
H_M (M is a complement for H) -> Optional: 1-way dep
H_C (C is a complement for H and opposite) -> Obligatory: 2-way dep

Decide whether the strings in the " " in the following sentences are constituents
a. John considered "visiting his great aunt".
b. Maria simply gazed at "the bollard she had just demolished".
c. Maria simply gazed "at the bollard" she had just demolished.
d. "In the machine" the gremlin could be heard juggling with ball-bearings.
e. "In the machine the gremlin" could be heard juggling with ball-bearings.
f. Rosy put "a silencer on the gun".
g. Sam managed to touch "the man with the umbrella".

Answer:
a. Yes. The sentence can be changed into Wh-question and it can be answered reasonably.
(John considered what?)
b. Yes. The same (Maria simply gazed at where?)
c. No. The phrases broke in the middle => Not a complete phrase. And the verb “gaze”
should be together with “at” => Phrasal verb => Gaze at something/someone.
d. Yes. The same as a and b. (Where the gremlin could be heard juggling with ball-
bearings?)
e. No. If you take away “In the machine the gremlin” in the sentence, it will be
meaningless as following “Where could be heard juggling with ball-bearings?”, we need
a subject for full complete question/sentence.
f. No. It would be “Rosy put what?”, thus it’s meaningless. It will be a constituent only if
we take away “a silencer” => “Rosy put what on the gun?”
g. Yes. (Sam managed to touch who?)

6. Ambiguity
All the following are structurally ambiguous. Identify the source of the ambiguity in
terms of two different constituent analyses.
1. This story shows what evil men can do.
2. They only sell rotten fruits and vegetables.
3. More interesting meals would have been appreciated.
4. We need an agreement between workers on overtime.
5. Bill asked the man who he had seen.

Answer:
1. This story shows [what evil] men] can do.
This story shows what [evil men] can do.
2. They only sell [rotten [fruits and vegetables].
They only sell [rotten fruits] and vegetables.
3. [More [interesting meals] would have been appreciated.
[More interesting] meals] would have been appreciated.
4. We need [an agreement between workers] on overtime].
We need [an agreement [between workers on overtime].
5. Bill asked [the man] who he had seen.
Bill asked [the man who he had seen].

7. Phrases in English
[NP, VP, AdjP, AdP, PrepoP] => minimal is the Head
7.1. Noun phrases
Pre-Modification + HEAD + Post-Modification
Ex: That old CAR in the drive.
Sub-categories of nouns
- Proper N
- Common N (countable N + non-countable N)
- Pronouns
7.1.1. Countable N + non-countable N
Ex: table honesty
- Can be preceded by articles?
- Can be preceded by numerals (one, two, several, many…)?
- Can appear in plural form?
7.1.2. Pronouns
- Definite P: she/her, they/them, it, you…
- Indefinite P: some, someone, anyone…
- Demonstrative P: this, that, these, those…
- Relative P: who, which, what…
- Possessive P: mine, yours, his, hers…
- Reflexive P: myself, themselves…
7.1.3. Modification of Pronouns
Something interesting
Something in the crowd
Nothing from the haunted house

7.1.3.1. Pre-modification
Ex: Those fifty old postage stamps
- Formula: + Pre-determiner + determiner – numeral/quantifier – adj – N modifier
+ Articles: a, an, the
+ Demonstrative adj: this, that…
+ Possessive adj: my, his, her…
+ Ordinal number + indefinite quantifier: the first few hours…
+ Ordinal number + cardinal number: the second five days…
+ Indefinite quantifier + cardinal number: several thousand people…
7.1.3.2. Post-modification
- Relative clauses:
Ex:
+ The man who came here yesterday.
+ She buys more clothes in a month than I buy in a year.
- Non-finite clauses:
Ex:
+ The man to answer the question.
+ The car coming down to the road.
+ The woman expected to arrive at any moment.
- Prepositional phrases:
Ex: The man in the queue on the boat.
7.1.4. Exercises
Make an analysis of the following NP in terms of the word classes
1. The old cupboard with the blue handles
2. All the coal stacked outside the back door
3. The third unpleasant task to be assigned to me
4. The fourth place behind Jim
5. The major upset of the year
6. This sudden disaster approaching us
7. All the eighty elderly passengers in the front coach

Answer:
1. "The old cupboard with the blue handles"
The: Determiner
old: Adjective
cupboard: Noun (Head Noun)
with: Preposition
the: Determiner
blue: Adjective
handles: Noun (Object of Preposition)

2. "All the coal stacked outside the back door"

All: Determiner
the: Determiner
coal: Noun (Head Noun)
stacked: Verb (Past Participle acting as an Adjective)
outside: Preposition/Adverb
the: Determiner
back: Adjective
door: Noun (Object of Preposition)

3. "The third unpleasant task to be assigned to me"

The: Determiner
third: Ordinal number
unpleasant: Adjective
task: Noun (Head Noun)
to be assigned: Infinitive Verb Phrase
to: Preposition
me: Pronoun

4. "The fourth place behind Jim"

The: Determiner
fourth: Ordinal number
place: Noun (Head Noun)
behind: Preposition
Jim: Proper Noun

5. "The major upset of the year"

The: Determiner
major: Adjective
upset: Noun (Head Noun)
of: Preposition
the: Determiner
year: Noun (Object of Preposition)
6. "This sudden disaster approaching us"
This: Determiner, demonstrative pronoun
sudden: Adjective
disaster: Noun (Head Noun)
approaching: Verb (Present Participle acting as an Adjective)
us: Definite pronoun

7. "All the eighty elderly passengers in the front coach"

All: Determiner
the: Determiner
eighty: Cardinal Number
elderly: Adjective
passengers: Noun (Head Noun)
in: Preposition
the: Determiner
front: Adjective
coach: Noun (Object of Preposition)

7.2. Verb phrases

- Formula: auxiliary verb + lexical verb + preposition (if some of the verbs required)
- Sub-categories of VP:
+ Transitive V.
+ Intransitive V.
+ Ditransitive V.
+ Intensive V.
+ Complex transitive V.
+ Prepositional V.

Trước hết cần phải hiểu về d.O (direct object) và indirect O ( indirect object)
Direct object là đối tượng chịu tác động đầu tiên của động từ. Nếu trong câu chỉ có một
tân ngữ thì đó chính là tân ngữ trực tiếp.
Ví dụ:
– I love chicken nuggets. (Tôi thích món gà viên không xương.)
– I play the ukulele very well. (Tôi chơi đàn ukulele rất giỏi.)
– I will write the essay tonight. (Tôi sẽ viết bài luận vào tối nay.)

Indirect object là đối tượng nhận kết quả từ hành động của động từ lên tân ngữ trực tiếp.
Indirect object sẽ xuất hiện trong các câu có 2 tân ngữ trở lên.
Indirect object thường sẽ theo sau Direct object và nối với nhau bởi 1 giới từ. Trong
trường hợp câu không có giới từ, Indirect object có thể đứng trước Direct object. Giới từ
thường gặp là for, to hoặc with.
Ví dụ:
– My mom bought me a new shirt yesterday. (Hôm qua mẹ mua cho tôi 1 cái áo mới.)
→ “me” là tân ngữ gián tiếp - người nhận kết quả từ hành động “bought”
→ “a new shirt” là tân ngữ trực tiếp - chịu tác động đầu tiên của hành động “bought”
– They gave the guidebook to me 2 days before. (Họ cho tôi quyển sách hướng dẫn 2
ngày trước.)
→ “the guidebook” là tân ngữ trực tiếp - chịu tác động đầu tiên của hành động “gave”
→ “me” là tân ngữ gián tiếp - chịu kết quả thứ 2 của hành động “gave”
7.2.1. Transitive V (động từ chuyển tiếp)

Formula: V + NP (direct object)

Giải thích:
- Sau Verb luôn phải có một direct object để nhận hành động)
- Trans V không thể đứng 1 mình, nếu một Trans V không có d.O, câu sẽ không hoàn
chỉnh và ý nghĩa của Verb đó sẽ bị thiếu.
Ex:
- Bob kicked John
- The fans applauded Jennifer’s performance.
- Jennifer’s performance was applauded by the fans.

7.2.2. Intransitive V (động từ không chuyển tiếp)

Formula: V + 
Giải thích:
- Intrans V không cần có d.O đi kèm để nhận hành động
- Không cần tân ngữ để câu có ý nghĩa đầy đủ
Ex:
Verb đứng 1 mình:
- He runs

- She sleeps
- The baby cries

Verb kết hợp với trạng từ:

- She laughed loudly

7.2.3. Ditransitive V (động từ 2 tân ngữ)

Formula: V + NP + NP/PP
Giải thích:
- Động từ hai tân ngữ cần hai đối tượng để hoàn thiện nghĩa, vì vậy cần có cả Indirect
object và direct object để hoàn thiện câu.
- Ditransitive verbs có thể thay đổi cấu trúc câu, cho phép thay đổi vị trí của hai object
trong câu bằng cách dùng giới từ, nhưng vẫn giữ nguyên ý nghĩa của câu.
Ex:
- The school board gave a raise to the teachers.
Ditran V d.O Indirect O

- The exchange student bought a thank-you gift for her hosts.

Ditran V d.O Indirect O

Đảo object giữ nghĩa:

- She gave me a gift (me là d.O, a gift là ind.O)
- She gave a gift to me (a gift là d.O, me là ind.O)

7.2.4. Complex transitive V (động từ chuyển tiếp phức tạp)

Formula: V + NP (direct object) + AP/NP/PP (object predicative)

Giải thích:
- complex transitive verb là Verb có cấu trúc đặc biệt, ngoài direct object, còn cần một
thành phần bổ sung gọi là bổ ngữ tân ngữ (object predicative). Object predicative này
có thể là một danh từ, tính từ, hoặc một cấu trúc bổ sung khác, giúp làm rõ hoặc thay đổi
nghĩa của tân ngữ trực tiếp.
Ex:
- John found his jokes extremely funny. (AP)
John => Subject
Found => complex transitive verb
His jokes => d.O
Extremely funny => object predicative, AP

- They are making John their spokesperson. (NP)

They => subject
Are making => complex transitive verb
John => d.O
Their spokesperson => object predicative, NP

- John has put the liquor under the bed. (PP)

John => subject
Has put => complex transitive verb
The liquor => d.O
Under the bed => object predicative, PP (preposition phrase)

7.2.5. Intensive V (Linking V)

Formula: V + AP/NP/PP (subject predicative => complete the meaning of the subject)
Giải thích:
- Intensive verb (động từ liên kết) là những động từ đóng vai trò nối giữa chủ ngữ
(subject) và một bổ ngữ chủ ngữ (subject complement), giúp làm rõ hoặc mô tả đặc
điểm, trạng thái hoặc thuộc tính của chủ ngữ.
Động từ liên kết không chỉ chuyển hành động từ chủ ngữ sang tân ngữ mà còn kết nối
chủ ngữ với một thành phần bổ nghĩa cho nó.
Ex:
- Jenny is very nice. (AP)
Jenny => subject
Is => intensive verb
Very nice => subject predicative, AP

- Jenny is a singer. (NP)

Jenny => subject
Is => intensive verb
A singer => subject predicative, NP

- Jenny might be in engine room. (PP)

Jenny => subject
Might be => intensive verb
In engine room => subject predicative, PP

7.2.6 Prepositional verbs

Formula: V + PP => prepositional compliment ( cụm giới từ bổ nghĩa động từ )

7.3 Phrasal verbs

A. He called up the street
V Prep
 Prep V
B. He called up the boss
Phrasal V
Giải thích:
- Phrasal verb bao gồm một động từ kết hợp với một hoặc nhiều phần tử (thường là giới
từ hoặc trạng từ). Sự kết hợp giữa động từ và phần tử này tạo thành một ý nghĩa mới,
khác với nghĩa đen của từng từ.
A PHRASAL VERB = A VERB + A PARTICLE (can appear in a position after the DO)
TRANS: call off, put off, hand down
TRANS & INTRANS: give up, give in, throw up
PREPOSITIONAL: put up (with NP), run out ( of NP ), sign up ( for NP )
a. Shout out the answers VP
b. Hang about the office Prepositional V
c. Viciously turn on John Phra
d. Give in my essay Phra
e. Look out the window Prepositional verb
f. Hand over the money Phra
g. Saw through the term Phra ( see through = finish )
h. Saw through her disguise Prepositional V
i. Take on the farm (take on = take the responsibility) Phra
j. Bring in a bill Phra

8. Adj Phrases
EX: Very enthusiastic about his latest idea

Pre modification (AdV) Post modification

Pre
Degree Adv: very, quite, rather, fairly, highly (PRE)
General Adv: frankly, oddly, annoyingly (PRE)

Post-modification ( thường là giới từ hoặc “that”)

A PP: anxious about Jim’s health
An infinitive clause: anxious to please everybody
A that clause: anxious that no one should accuse him of laziness

8.1 Functions of adj phrases ( trước N = attri, sau N = predi)

A very interesting story => attributive
John is anxious about Jim’s health => predicatively
Nếu AP đứng trước noun để modify thì gọi là attributively
Nếu AP đứng sau noun để modify thì gọi là predicatively

The charming girl => attributively

The girl is charming => predicatively

The main reason

The reason is main => sai

9. Adv phrases & functions

Very quickly => No post modification
Henry is ineffective. It is not, therefore. Worth considering him for the post. => “therefore
is an adverb to connect the phrases

Verb phrase adverbial = adjunct Adverbial

Sentence adverbial có thể là conjunct hoặc disjunct
Frankly, I don’t agree
Honestly, ….
Generally, ….

1.Adjunct F: place, time, manner

- Dùng để cung cấp thông tin thêm về địa điểm, thời gian và cách thức của hành động
- Có thể bỏ đi mà không ảnh hưởng đến cấu trúc ngữ pháp cơ bản của câu

2.Conjunct F: to link CL/sentences

- Dùng để kết nối các mệnh đề hoặc câu với nhau
- Giúp tạo mối quan hệ logic giữa các ý trong câu

3.Disjunct F: speaker’/s stance/ attitude

- Thể hiện thái độ, quan điểm của người nói về nội dung câu
- Cho biết mức độ chắc chắn hoặc cảm xúc của người nói

10. Prepositional phrases

Ex: beside (H) a stream (C)
Rather (M) funny (H)

10.1 co - ordinate phrases

Ex:
The clown and the acrobat declined to co-operate. NP = NP & NP
Moderately cheap and extremely nasty AP = AP & AP
In the foundations and under the rafters PP = PP & PP
10.2 Adjunct adverbials in the VP
Ex:
Oscar was in the engine-room /during the whole voyage.
Subject predicative Adjunct adverbial

‘Was” intensive V
“in the engine room” PP

King of Sicily imprisoned them for reasons of state.

modifier Transitive V d.O aA

William gave James some bleach on her birthday.

Ditran NP NP adjunct adverbial

Liza kept the liquor under the bed as a precaution.

complex indirect O PP modifier

Adjunct express: manner, means, purpose, reason, place, time, duration, frequency
Old Sam sunbathed beside a stream
intrans PP

Max spotted those wildcats in the spring

Trans V adjunct Adv

Sam sunbathed frequently

Aa

He spotted the wildcats quite accidentally

PP

Liz walked ten miles that afternoon

Adjunct Adv

Are these sentences grammatical?

John bought a bicycle in the supermarket and Liz did so in the store. Correct
John put his book on the table and Liz did so on the shelf. Incorrect
ở trường hợp này put his book on the table là cấu trúc put sth on sth nên cả cụm phải đi
chung, vì vậy core của câu này là cả câu chứ ko phải mỗi put his book

He guzzled cream cakes noisily under the blankets in the outhouse every night

John drove his car on the left in France.

John drove his car on the left in France and Liz did so too. Correct
John drove his car on the left in France and Liz did so in Germany too. Correct
John drove his car on the left in France but did so on the right in the States correct
Trong trường hợp này drove his car và on the left là 2 vế độc lập ko gắn kết với nhau nên
có thể lấy core là drove his car

10.3 The mobility of adverbials

10.4 Sentence adverbials
1a. John admitted everything honestly (honestly modify “admitted everything” =>
adjunct adverbial)
1b. John admitted everything, honestly (honestly is sentence adverbial, show the speaker
attitude => disjunct adverbial)

2a. John can only do the tango rather awkwardly ( adverbial phrases, modified “ do the
tango” , aA)
2b. John can only do the tango, rather awkwardly (modified the whole sentence, show the
speaker attitude => disjunct adverbial)

3a. John interfered between you and me (between you and me is a PP, interfered is trans
V=> aA)
3b. John interfered, between you and me (sentence adverbial => disjunct)

Comment/ feelings about what the speaker is reporting => disjunct Adverbial

Identify the type of verb and the function of the underlined constituent in the following
sentences.
1. He referred to the fact that you had no clothes on.
“Referred” prepositional V
“To the fact that you had no clothes on” PP, prepositional compliment

2. Most of the students do the work you set.

“Do” transitive V
“the work you set” d.O

3. They are in the office for 12 hours every single day.

“are” intensive V
“In the office” compliment
“For 12 hours” PP, adjunct adverbial
“Every single day” NP, adjunct adverbial

4. Luckily, they gave in in seconds.

5. They brought the child up too strictly, in my opinion.
6. That spot made a perfect picnic place.
7. This so-called music made me mad.
8. The manager poured everyone a glass of wine.
9. Few students worry about exams until the end of term.
10. This award is for outstanding culinary achievement.
11. I'm doing this course for my own satisfaction.
12. Eliot left most of his manuscripts to the museum.
13. Eliot left most of his manuscripts at the museum.
14. He passed the wine to Tessa.
15. He passed the house on his way to the parking lot.
16. We stayed for 10 minutes.
17. We stayed at the Hotel Intercontinental.
18. He knocked a glass of wine onto the floor.
19 He remained in the state of shock for 10 days.
20. Diana remained in the bar.

Day 2
1.Clauses
1.1 Types of dependent clauses
1.1.1 Noun clause
Ex: Whoever spilled the milk should clean it up

The number of clauses will be equal to the number of verb in the sentence
A noun clause can work as a noun
Can be a subject, object, or a complement
Begin with: Wh-word,who,when,…. Pronoun: that,whatever,….
What is a noun clause?
1.Whoever leaves last should turn o the lights. (“whoever leaves last” is a noun clause) (“should
turn o the light” is a subordinate clause)

2. You may take whichever cookie you want. ( you may take is noun clause)

3. My hope is that everyone here becomes friends. ( that everyone here becomes friends is noun
clause)

where I come from is not important

the town where I come from is famous for its pizza

=> when identifying the type of given clause, look at its function, not just words

1.1.2 Relative clause ( adjective clause )

Ex: The woman who visited me in the hospital was very kind
- Begin with a relative pronoun

- Functioning as an adjective

Restrictive: no comma, necessary

Non- restrictive: with comma, not necessary

1. The book that she read was important for her literature review. ( that she read là một core của
mệnh đề nên không thể bỏ ) RESTRICTIVE

2. Walden University, which is entirely online, has main administrative o ices in Baltimore. ( mệnh
đề phụ này chỉ bổ sung cho nghĩa và ko tác động đến mệnh đề chính nên có thể lược bỏ) NON-
RESTRICTIVE
TASK:

Restrictive & Non-restrictive

1.a. The team which won the game is my favorite.

1b. The team, which won the game, is my favorite.

2a. *The dogs which are mammals need treatment. (wrong because it’s obvious)

2b. The dogs, which are mammals, need treatment. ( u know dogs are mammals, the core is “ need
treatment”

3a. *Triangles which have three sides are fascinating. (wrong because it’s obvious)
3b. Triangles, which have three sides, are fascinating. (wrong because it’s obvious) ( correct :
triangles are fascinating, which have three sides)

The news that she had given john / shocked them ( “that” ở đây có tác dụng nối câu, và trong
relative clause này ko có object)

The new that she had given john a good kick / shocked them ( “that” ở đây ko có tác dụng gì cả, và ở
đây có object nên là noun clause)
=> Nếu trong mệnh đề “that” có vai trò trong mệnh đề phụ thì nó là relative clause, ko thì là noun
clause

1.1.3 Adverbial clause

Ex: as soon as you trust yourself, you will know th

-Play the role of an adverb

How many types c adverbial clauses

1. Adverbial Clause of Time

Ex: while she was cooking. I came in

2. Adverbial Clause of Place

I will go wherever you go

3. Adverbial Clause of Manner

The man was talking as if she was the leader of the group

4. Adverbial Clause of Reason

The man works hard because he has debts to o set

5. Adverbial Clause of Condition

I will only attend the event if you personally invite me

6. Adverbial Clause of Concession

Even though he cannot drive, he loves cars

7. Adverbial Clause of Purpose

He reads so hard so that he can graduate top of his class

8. Adverbial Clause of Comparison

You are not as troublesome as your brother

9. Adverbial Clause of Result

I was so tired that I couldn’t stay more

Task:

{} S1

[] S2

() S3

// S4

Muốn check xem S3 có thuộc về S2 không thì phải xem nó có make sense ko

a. {[Until you mentioned it], it had not struck me (that the book would make a good film)}

b. {I am surprised [Rory has learned so much] (because he is usually asleep)}

c. {[As soon as the princess had ascended], I knew (the palanquin would not budge)}

d. {The fact [that you endorse Omar's feeling (that life is too short)] doesn't imply /you should get
drunk every day/}

e. {I appears [that the new chef thought (he could slip away /before the missing steaks were
noticed/)]}

f. {I don't think [(the fact that the moped has an ejector seat)is a great selling point]}
What is a finite & a non-finite clause?

After having spent six hours at the hospital, they eventually came home ( advernial clause non
finite

Non-finite CL

Contain a verb that does not show tense

Cannot stand alone as an independent CL

Finite CL

Contain a verb that shows tense

Can stand alone as an independent CL

Non-finite clause

I saw her get o the bus => bare infinitive

We declined his invitation to taste wine => to infinitive

Once deprived of oxygen, the brain dies => passive participle

He kept me waiting => -ing participle

He like dancing => gerund ( nếu đóng vai trò noun, S, O)

The crying baby => -ing part (đóng vai trò như một N,adj,adv)

Non-finite CL ( trong 1 câu 2 clause, clause 2 là non finite nếu ko chia theo clause 1)

1 FOR & WHETHER

It will be di icult for me to get there on time.

Whether to permit such activities is a tricky question.

Fronted Wh-phrases
They don't know who to vote for.

He told me where to put it in no uncertain terms.