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DATA PACKETS

The document discusses data transmission methods, focusing on data packets, which are small segments of data that include headers, payloads, and trailers for efficient handling. It covers different transmission modes such as simplex, half duplex, and full duplex, as well as serial and parallel transmission, highlighting the advantages of USB technology. Additionally, it outlines various error detection methods and encryption techniques to ensure data integrity and security during transmission.

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3 views

DATA PACKETS

The document discusses data transmission methods, focusing on data packets, which are small segments of data that include headers, payloads, and trailers for efficient handling. It covers different transmission modes such as simplex, half duplex, and full duplex, as well as serial and parallel transmission, highlighting the advantages of USB technology. Additionally, it outlines various error detection methods and encryption techniques to ensure data integrity and security during transmission.

Uploaded by

zayanmumtaz19
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATA TRANSMITION

DATA PACKETS
 Data sent over long distances is usually broken up into data packets also called datagrams
 These packets of data are usually quite small typically 64 kilo bite. It is useful because it is easier to handle than long
streams of data.
 A packet can be split into a packet header, the payload and a trailer
 The packet header consists of the IP address of the sending and receiving device, packet size and etc.
 The payload consists of the data being sent.
 The trailer consists of an error checking method and a way of identifying the packets
 Packet switching is a method of data transmission in which message is broken up into a number of packets. Each packet can
be sent independently through routers. Routers determine the route of each packet
 The benefits of packet switching are its easier, has high data transmission rate and etc.
 Hopping is used to overcome packet lost

DATA TRANSMISSION
 Simplex data transmission has simplex mode which occurs when data can be sent in one direction only
 Half duplex data transmission has half duplex mode which occurs when data is sent in both directions but not on the same
time
 Full duplex data transmission has full duplex mode which occurs when data is send in both directions at the same time
 Serial data transmission occurs when data is sent one bit at a time over a single wire /channel
 Parallel data transmission occurs when several bits of data are sent down several wires/channels all the same time
 Serial data transmission is done at a slower rate but works better in long distances than parallel
UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS (USB)
 it is a form of serial data transmission and is very common and it allows both half and full duplex data transmission
 It’s a 4 wired shielded cable with 2 for power and other 2 for data transmission. device is detected and paired with driver
 the device is automatically detected and is paired with the correct driver
 Its benefits are such as it has become an industry standard, has different transmission rates and errors can be prevented
 Its drawbacks are very limited but such are that mostly USB hubs are needed, slower than Ethernet and etc.
 New USB-C is now becoming more common in laptops, phones and etc. It can fit either way around and is becoming an
industry standard because of its ability to achieve 4K video quality and high power.
METHODS OF ERROR DETECTION
 When data is transmitted there is always a risk that it may be corrupted or lost. Errors can be such as sewing of data, packet
switching and interference
 Party checking is one method to avoid errors. It is based on 1-bits, the party check can either be called even or odd, one of
the bits in the byte is reversed for a party bit
 A checksum is a method to avoid errors. Data is sent in blocks and an additional checksum value is sent in the end of the
block.
 When the block is transmitted the checksum is calculated on an agreed algorithm by sender and receiver. At the receiving
end the checksum value is recalculated and if both sums are same then there is no error
 Echo check, is when data is sent to another device, this data is sent again to the sender. Then the data is compared to check
errors.
 if there is a difference in the data than there must be error in some stage
 A check digit is the final digit included in a code it is calculated from all the other digits in a code.
 This is mostly used for barcodes.
 An automatic repeat request is s sent to the sender with a positive or negative message depending on the received data
 Encryption alters data into a form that is unreadable by anybody for whom the data is not intended.
 The original text is known as plain text and once it has been passed through encryption it is known as cypher text.
 Symmetric encryption uses the same key to encrypt and decrypt the encoded message
 Asymmetric encryption was developed to overcome the security problems. It has two keys a public key and a private key
 Public key can be seen by everyone while the private key can only be seen by the computer user
DATA TRANSMITION

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